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Vorheriger Titel:	Schlackenatlas
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	German
Veröffentlicht:	Düsseldorf Verl. Stahleisen 1995
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Slag > Charts, diagrams, etc Schlacke Atlas
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Schlackenatlas
Beschreibung:	XVIII, 616 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3514004579 9783514004573

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Slag atlas Autor: Allibert, M Jahr: 1995 Contents Preface .............................. V Explanation of frequently used symbols and abbreviations ...................XVII 1 Structure of liquid slags................ 1 K. C. Mills 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Methods used to determine structure 2 1.2.1 X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction 2 1.2.2 Vibration spectroscopy 2 1.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 4 1.2.4 Electron spin resonance (ESR) 4 1.2.5 Mossbauer spectroscopy 4 1.2.6 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 4 1.2.7 X-ray emission spectroscopy 4 1.2.8 X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) or electron spectroscopy for chemical analyses (ESCA) 4 1.2.9 Chromatographic separation 4 1.2.10 Molar reffactivity 5 1.3 The structure of slags containing silica and/or other complex-forming constituents 5 1.4 Appendix 6 1.5 References in Chapter 1 7 2 Basicity and optical basicities of slags .... 9 K. C. Mills 2.1 Basicity 10 2.2 Optical basicity 10 2.2.1 Introduction 10 2.2.2 Relation between optical basicity and partition of elements 11 2.2.2.1 Sulphur capacities 11 2.2.2.2 Phosphate capacities 12 2.2.2.3 Oxygen partition 13 2.2.2.4 Manganese partition 13 2.2.2.5 Vanadium partition 14 2.2.2.6 Water partition 14 2.2.3 Relation between optical basicity and the solubility of oxides in the slag 14 2.2.3.1 MgO solubility 14 2.2.3.2 K 2 0 solubility 14 2.2.4 Relation between optical basicity and thermodynamic properties 15 2.2.4.1 Activity coefficient of P 2 0 5 15 2.2.4.2 Activity coefficient of FeO 16 2.2.4.3 Activity of CaO 16 2.2.4.4 Activity of Na^ 16 2.2.5 Relation between optical basicity and structure and physical properties 16 2.2.5.1 Structure 16 2.2.5.2 Viscosity 17 2.2.5.3 Electrical conductivity 17 2.2.5.4 Thermal conductivity 18 2.2.5.5 Thermal expansion coefficient 18 2.2.6 Flux control in BOS process 18 2.3 Appendix 18 2.3.1 Methods used to obtain optical basicity values for oxides 18 2.3.1.1 Spectroscopic methods 18 2.3.1.2 Refractivity measurement 18 2.3.1.3 Curve fitting 18 2.3.1.4 Calculated values of A^ 18 2.4 References in Chapter 2 19 3 Phase diagrams....................... 21 M. Kowalski, P. J. Spencer and D. Neuschiitz 3.1 Introduction 22 3.1.1 Geometrical representation of phase equilibria 22 3.1.2 Methods of investigation of phase equilibria (by E. Woermann) 23 3.1.2.1 Starting materials 23 3.1.2.2 Crucible material 23 3.1.2.3 Quench-fumace 24 3.1.2.4 Redox reactions 24 3.1.2.5 Reaction time 24 3.1.2.6 Investigation of the run products 24 3.1.2.7 EMF-measurements 24 3.1.3 Thermodynamic models and databases for calculation of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of slags 25 3.1.3.1 Associated solution model 26 3.1.3.2 Cellular model 26 3.1.3.3 Modified quasi-chemical model 27 3.1.3.4 Sub-lattice model 27 3.1.4 Comments and selected calculated phase diagrams 27 3.2 Slag systems 30 3.2.1 Basic metal-nonmetal systems 30 Al-0 30; Ca-O 30; Co-O 31; Cr-0 31; Fe-O 32; K-O 33; Mg-0 34; Mn-0 34; Na-0 35; Ni-0 35; Si-O 36; Ti-O 36; V-O 37; Ca-F 37; Fe-S 38; Mn-S 38 3.2.2 Binary oxide systems 39 Al 2 0 3 -CaO 39; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 39; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x 40; A1 2 0 3 -K 2 0 44; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0 44; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0 x 45; Al 2 0 3 -Na 2 0 46; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 47; Al 2 0 3 -Ti0 2 48; Al 2 0 3 -Zr0 2 49; B 2 0 3 -Ba0 49; B 2 0 3 -Ca0 50; B 2 0 3 -Fe0 x 50; B 2 0 3 -K 2 0 51; B 2 0 3 -Mg0 52; B 2 0 3 -Mn0 x 52; BjOj-Na^ 53; B 2 0 3 -Si0 2 54; BaO-FeO x 54; BaO-Si0 2 55; Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 56; CaO-FeO x 57; CaO-MgO 61; CaO-MnO x 61; Ca0-P 2 0 5 62; CaO-Si0 2 63; CaO-Ti0 2 63; CaO-V 2 O s 64; Cr 2 0 3 -Fe0 x 64; Cr 2 0 3 -MgO 68; CrO x -Si0 2 68; FeO x -K 2 0 69; FeO x -MgO 70; FeO x -MnO x 72; FeC^-NajO 75; FeO x -NiO 76; FeO x -P 2 O s 77; FeO x -Si0 2 79; FeO x -SrO 81; FeO x -Ti0 2 81; FeO x -Zr0 2 83; Kp-P-jOj 84; K 2 0-Si0 2 85; K 2 0-Ti0 2 85; VII Li 2 0-Si0 2 86; MgO-MnO x 86; MgO-P 2 0 5 88; MgO-Si0 2 88; Mg0-Ti0 2 89; Mn0 x -P 2 0 5 89; Mn0 x -Si0 2 90; MnO x -Ti0 2 92; Na 2 0-P 2 0 5 93; Na20-Si0 2 94; Na 2 0-Ti0 2 94; P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 95; PbO-Si0 2 95; Si0 2 -Sr0 96; Si0 2 -TiO x 97; Si0 2 -Zn0 98; Si0 2 -Zr0 2 98 3.2.3 Ternary oxide systems 99 Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Ca0 99; Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Si0 2 99; Al 2 0 3 -Ba0-Ca0 100; Al 2 0 3 -Ba0-Si0 2 100; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 101; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 x 102; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-K 2 0 103; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0 104; A^Oj-CaO-NajO 104;A1 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 105; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Ti0 2 105; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Zr0 2 106; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 -Fe0 x 107; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0 109; Al 2 0 3 -FeO x -MgO 110; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x -Mn0 x 110; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x -Si0 2 111; Al 2 0 3 -K 2 0-Si0 2 112; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 113; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Ti0 2 115; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0 x -Si0 2 116; Al 2 0 3 -Na 2 0-Si0 2 117; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 118; B 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 x 118; B 2 0 3 -CaO-Si0 2 119; Ba0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 120; Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 120; CaO-FeO x -MgO 121; CaO-FeO x -MnO x 123; Ca0-Fe0 x -P 2 0 5 124; CaO-FeO x -Si0 2 126; CaO-FeO x -Ti0 2 130; Ca0-K 2 0-Si0 2 132; CaO-MgO-MnO x 133; Ca0-Mg0-P 2 0 5 133; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 134; CaO-MgO-Ti0 2 135; CaO-MnO x -P 2 0 5 136; CaO-MnO x - Si0 2 136; CaO-Na 2 0-P 2 0 5 137; Ca0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 138; Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 138; Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 140; Cr 2 0 3 -Fe0 x -Si0 2 140; Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 141; FeO x -K 2 0-Si0 2 142; FeO x -MgO-Si0 2 142; FeO x -MgO-Ti0 2 145; Fe0 x -Mn0-P 2 0 5 146; FeO x -MnO x -Si0 2 146; FeO x -MnO x -Ti0 2 147; Fe0 x -Na 2 0-Si0 2 148; Fe0 x -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 148; Fe0 x -Si0 2 -Zr0 2 149; K 2 0-Na 2 0-P 2 0 5 150; Li 2 0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 150; MgO-MnO x -Si0 2 151; Mg0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 152; Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 153; Mn0 x -Na20-Si0 2 153; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -V 2 0 5 154 3.2.4 Quaternary oxide systems 154 Al 2 0 3 -CaO-FeO x -Si0 2 154; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MgO-Si0 2 156; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MnO x -Si0 2 162; A^Oj-CaO-NajO-SiOj 163; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 166; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 166; B 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 x -Si0 2 168; CaO-FeO x -MgO-Si0 2 169; CaO-FeO x -MgO-Ti0 2 172; Ca0-Fe0 x -Mn0 x -P 2 0 5 173; CaO-FeO x -MnO x -Si0 2 173; Ca0-Fe0 x -P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 174; CaO-MgO-Nap-SiO., 175; CaO-MgO-P 2 O r Si0 2 176; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 178 3.2.5 Systems with five oxide components 181 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 181; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Mn0 x -Si0 2 183; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 184; Ca0-Fe0 x -Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 186 3.2.6 Slag systems containing fluorine 186 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 186; BaO-CaF 2 187; CaF 2 -CaO 187; CaF 2 -FeO x 188; CaF 2 -MgO 188; CaF 2 -NaF 189; CaF 2 -Si0 2 189; CaF 2 -Ti0 2 190; AlF 3 -CaF 2 -NaF 190; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 191; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Fe0 x 192; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0 192; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Si0 2 192; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ti0 2 193; CaF 2 -CaO-Cr 2 0 3 193; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO x 193; CaF 2 -CaO-MgO 194; CaF 2 -CaO-Si0 2 194; CaF 2 -Ca0-Ti0 2 195; CaF 2 -Fe0 x -Si0 2 195; CaF 2 -Mg0-Si0 2 195; CaF 2 -Na20-Si0 2 196; CaF 2 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 196; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO-MgO 197; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO-Si0 2 198; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0-Si0 2 199; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO x -Si0 2 199; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 200 3.2.7 Slag systems containing sulphur 201 CaO-CaS 201; CaS-FeS 202; CaS-MnS 202; Cu 2 S-FeS 203; Fe-O-S 203; FeS-MnS 204; MnO-MnS 205; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-CaS 206; Ca-Fe-O-S 206; CaO-CaS-Si0 2 208; Fe-Mn-O-S 208; FeO x -FeS-Si0 2 209; Fe-Mn-O-S-Si 209 3.2.8 Other slag systems 210 CaC 2 -CaF 2 210; CaF 2 -CaO-CaS 211; CaF 2 -Ca0-CaS-Si0 2 211 3.3 Figures and tables 212 4 Composition and structure of slags ......215 J. Geiseler 4.1 Introduction 216 4.2 Blast furnace slags 216 4.3 Steelmaking slags 217 4.3.1 Phosphate slags 217 4.3.2 Lime-silicate slags 219 4.4 ESR slags 224 4.5 References in Chapter 4 224 5 Thermodynamic activity data for slag systems.......................225 M. Allibert, R. Parra, C. Saint-Jours andM. Tmar 5.1 Preliminary remarks on the activity data 226 5.2 Thermodynamic activity data 226 5.2.1 Binary systems 226 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0 226; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 226; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0 226; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 227; BaO-FeO 227; B 2 0 3 -Mn0 227; B^j-Nap 227; B 2 0 3 -Si0 2 228; CaF 2 -CaO 228; CaF 2 -FeO 228; CaF 2 -MgO 228; CaO-FeO 229; CaO-Si0 2 229; FeO-P 2 0 5 230; FeO-Si0 2 230; FeO-SrO 230; FeO-Ti0 2 231; K 2 0-Si0 2 231; Mg0-P 2 0 5 231; MgO-Si0 2 232; VIII MnOSiOj 232; MnO-Ti0 2 233; Na20-P 2 0 5 233; Na^-SiO;, 233 5.2.2 Ternary systems 234 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 234; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Fe0 235; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0 236; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MgO 237; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 237; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0-Mn0 239; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 240; AiPj-NajO-SiOj 241; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO 241; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 242; CaO-FeO-Fe 2 0 3 242; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 243; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 244; Ca0-Na20-Si0 2 245; FeO-MgO-Si0 2 245; FeO-MnO-Si0 2 245; FeO-MnO-Ti0 2 247; Fe0-Na20-Si0 2 248; Fe0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 248; MgO-MnO-Si0 2 248; Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 248; Mn0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 249 5.2.3 Quaternary systems 249 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 249; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 249; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mn0-Si0 2 250; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0-Mn0-Si0 2 250; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO-Si0 2 250; Ca0-Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 251; CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 254 5.3 References in Chapter 5 254 6 Slag capacities........................257 6.1 Sulphide capacities....................258 H. Gaye and J. Lehmann 6.1.1 Sulphide and sulphate equilibria 258 6.1.2 Sulphide capacity 258 6.1.2.1 Sulphide capacity diagrams, preliminary remarks 258 6.1.2.2 Slag-metal sulphur partition diagrams, preliminary remarks 258 6.1.2.3 CaS saturation, preliminary remarks 259 6.1.3 Sulphide capacities calculated according to IRSID’s slag model 259 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 259; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 260; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 260; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 260; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 260; FeO-MnO-SiC 2 260; MgO-MnO-SiC 2 261 6.1.4 Sulphide capacities determined 261 6.1.4.1 CaF 2 bearing systems 261 6.1.4.2 NajO bearing systems 262 6.1.4.3 P 2 O s bearing systems 263 6.1.4.4 Ti0 2 bearing systems 263 6.1.5 Sulphur partition coefficients 265 6.1.6 CaS saturation diagrams 266 6.1.7 References in Chapter 6.1 267 6.2 Phosphate and phosphide capacities and phosphorus distribution ............ 268 D. Kimer and D. Janke 6.2.1 Phosphate capacity 268 6.2.2 Phosphide capacity 268 6.2.3 Phosphorus distribution 269 6.2.4 Symbols used in the sections 6.2.5 and 6.2.6 269 6.2.5 Phosphate capacity and phosphorus distribution diagrams 269 6.2.5.1 Ternary systems 269 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO 269; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 270; BaO-CaF 2 -FeO 270; CaF 2 -FeO-MgO 270; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO 271; CaO-FeO-P 2 O s 271; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 272; Nap-PjOj-SiOj 273 6.2.5.2 Quaternary systems 273 BaF 2 -Ba0-Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0 273; CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 273; Ca0-Fe0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 275; FeO-MgO-Nap-SiO;, 276 6.2.5.3 Systems with five and more components 276 Al 2 6 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Fe0-Li 2 C0 3 - MgO-Si0 2 276; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0- Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 277; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 277; B 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0-Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 277; BaO-CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 278; CaF 2 -CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 278; CaO-FeO-MgO-Nap-SiC^ 279; Ca0-Fe0-Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 279; Fe0-Mg0-Mn0-Nb 2 0 5 -Si0 2 279 6.2.6 Phosphide capacity 280 6.2.7 References in Chapter 6.2 281 7 Solubility of gases in liquid slags ........283 D. Kimer and D. Janke 7.1 Hydrogen 284 7.1.1 Binary systems 284 Al 2 0 3 -CaO 284; CaO-FeO n 284; CaO-Si0 2 284; MnO-Si0 2 285 7.1.2 Ternary systems 286 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 286; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 286; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 287; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 287; Ca0-Li 2 0-Si0 2 289; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 289; Ca0-Na20-Si0 2 290; Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 290; CaO-Si0 2 -SrO 290; Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 290; Fe0 n -Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 291 7.1.3 Quaternary systems 291 Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MgO-Si0 2 291; CaF 2 -Ca0-Fe0 n -Si0 2 291; CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 291 7.1.4 Industrial slags 292 7.1.4.1 Electric arc furnace slags 292 7.1.4.2 Synthetic slags 292 IX 7.2 Nitrogen 294 7.2.1 Binary systems 294 Al 2 0 3 -CaO 294; CaF 2 -CaO 298; CaO-Si0 2 299; Na20-Si0 2 300 7.2.2 Ternary systems 301 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 301; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 301; BaO-MgO-Si0 2 302; CaF 2 -CaO-Si0 2 303; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 303 7.2.3 Quaternary systems and systems with more components 303 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 303; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 305; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe 3 0 4 -FeS-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 306 7.2.4 Technological slags 307 7.2.4.1 Blast furnace slags 307 7.2.4.2 Electric arc furnace slags 307 7.3 Carbon dioxide 307 7.3.1 Binary systems 307 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0 307; CaF 2 -CaO 308; Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 308; Na^-PPj 308; NajO-SiC^ 308 7.3.2 Ternary systems 309 CaCl 2 -CaF 2 -CaO 309; CaCl 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 309; CaO-NajO-SiOj 310; Na20-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 310 7.4 References in Chapter 7 310 8 Densities of molten slags ...............313 B. J. Keene and K. C. Mills 8.1 Definitions 314 8.2 Methods 314 8.2.1 Weighing method (pycnometry) 314 8.2.2 Buoyancy method (Archimedes Principle) 314 8.2.3 Volumetric method (dilatometer) 314 8.2.4 Pressure method 314 8.2.5 Droplet method 315 8.2.6 Suspension method 315 8.3 Densities 315 8.3.1 Pure substances 315 CaF 2 315; Fe x O 315 8.3.2 Binary systems 316 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 316; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0 317; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 317; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0 318; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 318; B 2 0 3 -Ca0 318; CaF 2 -CaO 319; CaF 2 -Cr 2 0 3 319; CaF 2 -MgO 320; CaF 2 -Si0 2 320; CaF 2 -Ti0 2 320; CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 321; CaF 2 -Zr0 2 321; CaO-Fe x O 321; Ca0-P 2 0 5 322; CaO-Si0 2 322; Fe x O-SiO z 323; MgO-Si0 2 324; MnO-Si0 2 324; Nap-PPj 324; Nap-SiO., 325 8.3.3 Ternary systems 325 Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -CaF 2 325; Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Ca0 326; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 326; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0 327; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Nb 2 0 5 327; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ti0 2 328; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 328; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 328; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0 328; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na 2 0 329; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 329; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-Ti0 2 331; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-Si0 2 331; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 332; Al 2 0 3 -Na 2 0-Si0 2 332; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 333; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 333; Ca0-CaS-Si0 2 334; Ca0-Fe x 0-P 2 0 5 334; CaO-Fe x O-SiC 2 334; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 337; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 337; CaO-NajO-SiOj 338; Fe x O-MgO-SiQ 2 338; Fe x O-MnO-Si0 2 339; Fe x 0-Na20-Si0 2 339; MgO-NajO-SiOj 339; Mn0-Na20-Si0 2 339; MnO P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 339 8.3.4 Quaternary systems 339 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0 339; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0-Si 0 2 340; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Si0 2 340; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 340; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mn0-Si0 2 341; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 342; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-Mg0-Si0 2 342; CaO-Fe x O-MnO-Si0 2 343; Fe x 0-Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 343 8.3.5 Effect of Fe x O concentration 344 8.4 Appendix 345 8.4.1 Models to estimate some properties of slags 345 8.4.2 Model for estimating the density of slags 345 8.4.3 Alternative model for calculating the density of slags 345 8.5 References in Chapter 8 347 9 Viscosities of molten slags ..............349 K. C. Mills 9.1 Introduction 350 9.1.1 Temperature dependence of viscosity 350 9.2 Review of methods used to determine viscosities of slags 350 9.2.1 Capillary method 350 9.2.1.1 Applications 350 9.2.2 Falling body method 350 9.2.2.1 Applications 351 9.2.3 Concentric cylinder (rotation) method 351 9.2.4 Oscillating methods 351 9.2.4.1 Oscillating cylinder or plate 351 9.2.4.2 Oscillating vessel method 351 9.2.5 Industrial viscometers 352 9.2.6 Elerty viscometer 352 9.2.7 Krabiell immersion viscometer 352 9.2.8 Inclined plane method 352 9.3 Experimental uncertainties in viscosity measurements 352 9.4 Models for estimating the viscosities of multi-component slags 352 9.4. i Model due to Riboud et al. 353 9.4.2 Model due to Urbain et al. 353 X 9.5 Experimental data for viscosities 354 9.5.1 Pure components 354 A1 2 0 3 354; B 2 0 3 354; CaF 2 354; CaO 355; FeO 355; P 2 0 5 355; Si0 2 355 9.5.2 Binary systems 355 A1 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 355; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 355; Al 2 O r CaO 356; Al 2 0 3 -FeO 356; Al 2 0 3 -Gd 2 0 3 356; Al 2 0 3 -La 2 0 3 356; Al 2 0 3 -Nd 2 0 3 356; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 356; B 2 0 3 -Si0 2 357; CaF 2 -CaO 357; CaF 2 -Cr 2 0 3 357; CaF 2 -Li 2 0 357; CaF 2 -MgO 357; CaF 2 -Si0 2 358; CaF 2 -Ti0 2 358; CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 358; CaO-FeO z 358; Ca0-P 2 0 5 358; CaO-Si0 2 359; FeO x -Si0 2 359; FeO x -Ti0 2 359; K 2 0-Si0 2 360; Li 2 0-Si0 2 360; MgO-Si0 2 360; MnO-Si0 2 360; MnO-Ti0 2 360; Na20-P 2 0 5 361; NajO-SiOj 361 9.5.3 Ternary systems 362 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO 362; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Nb 2 0 5 363; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Si0 2 363; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ti0 2 363; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 363; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Y 2 0 3 363; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0 364; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 364; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Ti0 2 365; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Zr0 2 365; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0-Si0 2 365; Al 2 0 3 -K 2 0-Si0 2 365; Al 2 0 3 -MgO-Si0 2 366; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 366; Al 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 366; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 367; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Zn0 367; CaF 2 -Ca0-La 2 0 3 367; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 368; CaF 2 -Si0 2 -(RE) 2 0 3 369; CaO-CaS-Si0 2 369; CaO-CoO-Si0 2 369; Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 370; CaO-Fe x O-SiO z 370; CaO-MgO-SiC 2 372; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 373; CaO-Na 2 0-Si0 2 373; CaO-NiO-Si0 2 373; Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 374; Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 374; CaO-Si0 2 -ZnO 374; CoO-Na 2 0-Si0 2 374; Fe x O-MgO-Si0 2 374; Fe x O-MnO-Si0 2 375; Fe x O-Na20-Si0 2 375; Fe x O-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 375; K 2 0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 375; Li 2 0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 375; Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 376; Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 376; MnO-Na 2 0-Si0 2 376; Mn0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 376; Nap-NiO-SiCf, 376; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -SrO 376; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 376; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -Zn0 376 9.5.4 Quaternary systems 377 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0 377; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mn0 377; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 377; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 2 -Ti0 2 379; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-V 2 0 5 379; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-CaS-Si0 2 379; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 379; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Si0 2 379; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 381; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MnO-Si0 2 382; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 382; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 382; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 382; CaO-Fe x O-MgO-Si0 2 383; CaO-Fe x O-MnO-Si0 2 383; CaO-MgO-MnO-Si0 2 383; Ca0-Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 383 9.5.5 Systems with five and more components 384 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 384; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-CaS-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 384; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0-Si0 2 384; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 385; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 385 9.5.6 Iron and steelmaking slags 387 9.5.6.1 Blast furnace slags 387 9.5.6.1.1 Effect of A1 2 0 3 and MgO 390 9.5.6.1.2 Effect of Ti 2 0 3 and TiO z 390 9.5.6.2 Mould fluxes (for continuous casting and bottom pouring) 391 9.5.6.3 Open-hearth slags 392 9.5.6.4 Oxygen steelmaking slags 393 9.5.6.5 ESR slags 396 9.6 Performance of Riboud and Urbain models in predicting viscosities of industrial slags 397 9.7 References in Chapter 9 397 10 Surface tension of slag systems..........403 B. J. Keene 10.1 Definitions 404 10.1.1 Surface and interfacial tension 404 10.1.2 Contact angle, work of adhesion and spreading coefficient 405 10.2 Methods to determine surface and interfacial tension at high temperatures 406 10.2.1 Introduction 406 10.2.2 Maximum bubble pressure (MBP) and maximum drop pressure (MDP) 406 10.2.3 Sessile drop (SD) 408 10.2.4 Pendent drop (PD) 409 10.2.5 Drop weight (DW) 410 10.2.6 Detachment or maximum-pull methods 411 10.2.7 Levitating drop 412 10.3 Surface tension data 412 10.3.1 Pure components 412 A1 2 0 3 413; B 2 0 3 413; CaF 2 413; Cr 2 0 3 413; FeO, Fe 2 0 3 413; FeS 414; Mn0 414; Na 3 AlF 6 414; Si0 2 414; Ti0 2 414 10.3.2 Binary systems 415 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 415; Al 2 0 3 -CaO 415; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 416; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0 416; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 416; Al 2 0 3 -Ti0 2 416; Al 2 0 3 -Zr0 2 417; B 2 0 3 -Ca0 417; CaF 2 -CaO 417; CaF 2 -MgO 418; CaF 2 -Si0 2 418; CaF 2 -Ti0 2 418; CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 418; CaO-Fe x O 418; Ca0-P 2 0 5 419; CaO-Si0 2 420; CaO-V 2 0 5 421; Fe x O-MnO 421; Fe x O-P 2 O s 421; Fe x O-Si0 2 421; Fe x O-TiO z 422; K 2 0-Si0 2 423; Li 2 0-Si0 2 423; MgO-Si0 2 423; MnO-Si0 2 424; Na 2 0-Si0 2 424 10.3.3 Ternary systems 424 Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -CaF 2 424; XI Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Ca0 425; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 425; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0 427; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ti0 2 428; AI 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -V 2 0 5 428; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 428; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 428; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-K 2 0 429; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Li0 2 429; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0 429; AiPj-CaO-Nap 429; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 430; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Ti0 2 432; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-V 2 0 5 433; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-P 2 0 5 433; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-Si0 2 434; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 434; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 435; Al 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 435; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 435; B 2 0 3 -Ca0-K 2 0 436; B 2 0 3 -CaO-Si0 2 436; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 437; CaO-CaS-Si0 2 437; Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 438; Ca0-Fe x 0-P 2 0 5 438; (Ca0-P 2 0 5 )-Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 438; Ca0-Fe x 0-Si0 2 439; CaO-MgO-SiC 2 440; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 440; CaO-NajO-SiOj 441; CaO-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 441; Ca0-Si0 2 -V 2 0 5 441; Fe x 0-Mg0-Si0 2 442; Fe x 0-Mn0-Si0 2 443; MgO-NajO-SiOj 444 10.3.4 Quaternary systems 444 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-CaS 444; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO-MgO 444; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO-MnO 444; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 445; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-V 2 0 5 446; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0-Si0 2 446; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Si0 2 446; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MgO-Si0 2 447; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MnO-Si0 2 448; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na20-Si0 2 449; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 450; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 450; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-Mg0-Si0 2 451; CaO-CaS-MgO-Si0 2 451; CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 452; Ca0-Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 453; Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 454 10.3.5 Systems with five and more components 454 Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 454; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO-MgO-Si0 2 454; A^Oj-CaFj-CaO-NajO-SiOj 456; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 456; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Mn0-Si0 2 456; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-K 2 0-Mg0-Si0 2 457; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Na 3 AlF 6 -Si0 2 458; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 458; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-S-Si0,, 459; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 459; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -V 2 0 5 460 10.4 References in Chapter 10 461 11 Interfacial tension between ferrous melts and molten slags ......................463 B. J. Keene 11.1 Importance of interfacial tension in metallurgical processes 464 11.1.1 Metal-slag refining processes 464 11.1.2 Removal of inclusions from molten metal 464 11.1.3 Filtration of metals 465 11.1.4 Assessment of the relative cleanness of refined alloys 465 11.2 Methods to determine interfacial tension 465 11.3 Electrocapillary phenomena 466 11.4 Data for interfacial tension and work of adhesion 467 11.4.1 Solid oxides 467 11.4.1.1 Various oxides 467; A1 2 0 3 468; Cr 2 0 3 469; Si0 2 470 11.4.2 Slags containing CaF 2 470 11.4.2.1 Pure CaF 2 470 11.4.2.2 Binary systems (containing CaF 2 ) 470 A1 2 0 3 470; CaO 470; MgO 470; NaF 470; Si0 2 470; Ti0 2 470; Zr0 2 470 11.4.2.3 Ternary systems (containing CaF 2 ) 474 Al 2 O r CaO 474; CaO-Si0 2 477 11.4.2.4 Quaternary systems (containing CaF 2 ) 477 Al 2 O r CaO-CaS 477; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 478; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 478 11.4.2.5 Systems with five and more components (containing CaF 2 ) 479 Al 2 0 3 -B 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Na 3 AlF 6 -Si0 2 479; Al 2 0 3 -CaC 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 480; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-K 2 0-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 480; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 481; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 481 11.4.3 Oxide slags 482 11.4.3.1 Binary systems 482 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0 482; CaO-Si0 2 486; FeO-MnO 486; MnO-Si0 2 486 11.4.3.2 Ternary systems 487 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 487; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 487; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 492; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 492; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Ti0 2 492; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 493; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 493; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 494; FeO-MnO-Si0 2 496; Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 496; MnO-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 496; MnO-Si0 2 -Zr0 2 496; MnO-Si0 2 -(various oxides) 497 XII 11.4.3.3 Quaternary systems 498 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Si0 2 498; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 499; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mn0-Si0 2 499; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na20-Si0 2 500; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 -Zr0 2 500; Ca0-CaS-Mn0-Si0 2 500; CaO-MgO-MnO-Si0 2 501; Ca0-Mn0-MnS-Si0 2 501 11.4.3.4 Systems with five and more components 502 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Mg0-Mn0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 502; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 502; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe x 0-Mg0-Si0 2 503; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 504; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Mn0-Si0 2 504; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Li 2 0-Mg0-Si0 2 505; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-S-Si0 2 505; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 506; Al 2 0 3 -Fe x 0-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 506 11.4.3.5 Various complex slags 507 11.5 Electrocapillary data 509 11.6 References in Chapter 11510 12 Contact angle and work of adhesion between ferrous melts and non-metallic solids ....................513 B. J. Keene 12.1 Introduction 514 12.2 Contact angle and work of adhesion 514 12.3 Factors affecting wettability and adhesion 515 12.3.1 Intermolecular bonding 515 12.3.2 Dispersion forces 515 12.3.3 Chemical forces 515 12.4 Surface topography 516 12.5 Temperature 517 12.6 Data 517 12.6.1 Carbides and graphite 517 Graphite 517; SiC 518; TiC 519; TiC + WC 519 12.6.2 Nitrides 520 AIN 520; BN 520; Si 3 N 4 520; TiN 520 12.6.3 Oxides 522 12.6.3.1.Pure oxides 522 A1 2 0 3 522; CaO 528; Cr 2 0 3 529; Hf0 2 529; MgO 529; Rare-earth oxides 530; Si0 2 530; Th0 2 532; Ti0 2 532; Zr0 2 532 12.6.3.2 Mixed oxides 532 12.6.4 Sulphides 534 12.6.5 Silicides 534 12.6.6 Additional data to section 12.6 534 12.7 Composition of ferrous melts 537 12.8 References in Chapter 12 538 13 Diffusion coefficients in molten slags ......541 K. C. Mills 13.1 Introduction 542 13.2 Theory 542 13.2.1 Single component diffusion 542 13.2.1.1 Mean free path or statistical approach 542 13.2.1.2 Friction coefficient approach 542 13.2.1.3 Absolute rate theory approach 542 13.2.2 Multi-component diffusion 542 13.3 Experimental methods 542 13.3.1 Instantaneous plane source (IPS) 542 13.3.2 Capillary reservoir (CR) or Immersion method 543 13.3.3 Diffusion couple (DC) method 543 13.3.4 Electrochemical method 543 13.3.5 Molecular dynamics (MD) calculations 543 13.3.6 Experimental errors 543 13.4 Factors affecting diffusion coefficients 543 13.4.1 Temperature 543 13.4.2 Pressure 544 13.4.3 Slag composition 544 13.4.3.1 Si0 2 content 544 13.4.3.2 Moisture content 544 13.4.4 Radius and valency of diffusing species 544 13.4.4.1 Cations 544 13.4.4.2 Anions 544 13.5 Relationship of diffusivity with other properties 544 13.5.1 Viscosity 544 13.5.2 Electrical conductivity 546 13.6 Experimental data 546 13.6.1 Self diffusion coefficients in pure oxides 546 13.6.2 Self diffusion coefficients in molten slags 547 13.6.3 Impurity diffusion coefficients in molten slags 550 13.6.4 Chemical diffusion coefficients in molten slags 552 13.7 Appendix 555 13.7.1 Appendix 1 555 13.7.2 Appendix 2 555 13.8 References in Chapter 13 555 14 Electrical conductivities of molten slags .. 557 K. C. Mills 14.1 Introduction 558 14.1.1 Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity 558 14.1.2 Effects of double layer and of polarization resistance on conductivity 558 14.1.3 Experimental methods used to measure electrical conductivity 558 14.1.3.1 Capillary methods 558 14.1.3.2 Crucible cells 558 14.1.3.3 Central electrode cell 558 14.1.3.4 Two-electrode cell 558 14.1.3.5 Ring electrode cell 559 14.1.3.6 Four-electrode system 559 14.1.3.7 Measurement of resistance by ac bridges 559 14.1.3.8 Potentiometrie techniques 559 XIII 14.1.3.9 Use of phase-shift devices 559 14.1.3.10 Other techniques of resistance measurement 559 14.1.4 Frequency dependency of conductivity and analysis of results 559 14.1.4.1 Circuits used for the representation of the measuring cell 559 14.1.4.2 Relationship between conductivity and frequency 559 14.2 Experimental date for specific electrical conductivity 560 14.2.1 Single components 560 A1 2 0 3 560; CaF 2 560; FeO 560; Fe 2 0 3 560; Si0 2 561 14.2.2 Binary systems 561 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 561; Al 2 0 3 -CaO 561; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 562; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 562; B 2 0 3 -CaF 2 562; CaF 2 -CaO 562; CaF 2 -FeO 562; CaF 2 -La 2 0 3 562; CaF 2 -MgO 562; CaF 2 -Si0 2 562; CaF 2 -Ti0 2 563; CaF 2 -Y 2 0 3 563; CaO-FeO 563; CaO-Fe 2 0 3 563; CaO-Si0 2 564; FeO-MnO 564; Fe 2 0 3 -Na 2 0 564; FeO x -Si0 2 564; Fe 2 0 3 -Sr0 2 565; FeO x -Ti0 2 565; K 2 0-Si0 2 565; Li 2 0-Si0 2 565; MgO-Si0 2 566; MnO-Si0 2 566; MnO-Ti0 2 566; Na 2 0-Si0 2 567; Si0 2 -SrO 567 14.2.3 Ternary systems 567 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0 567; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0 568; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 568; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Ti0 2 569; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Zr0 2 569; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x -Si0 2 569; Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 569; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 570; Al 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 570; CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 570; CaF 2 -Ca0-Ti0 2 570; CaF 2 -Fe0-Si0 2 570; CaF 2 -MgO-Si0 2 571; Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 571; CaO-FeO x -Si0 2 571; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 571; CaO-MnO-Si0 2 572; Ca0-Na20-Si0 2 572; Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 572; Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 573; CaO-Si0 2 -ZnO 574; FeO-MgO-Si0 2 575; FeO-MnO-SiO z 575; FeO-MnO-Ti0 2 575; FeO^NajO-SiOj 575; Fe 2 0 3 -Na 2 0-Si0 2 576; Fe0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 576; K 2 0-Mg0-Si0 2 576; K20-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 576; Li 2 0-Mg0-Si0 2 576; Li 2 0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 576; MgO-MnO-Si0 2 576; Mg0-Na20-Si0 2 577; Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 577; Mn0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 577; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 577; Na 2 0-Si0 2 -Zn0 577 14.2.4 Quaternary systems 578 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0 578; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 578; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Ti0 2 579; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Mg0-Si0 2 579; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Si0 2 579; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 x -Si0 2 579; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 579; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-MnO-Si0 2 581; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-P 2 0 5 -Si0 2 582; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 582; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 -V 2 0 5 582; Al 2 0 3 -Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 583; Al 2 0 3 -Fe 2 0 3 -MgO-Si0 2 584; Al 2 0 3 -Fe 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 584; Al 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 584; CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 584; CaO-FeO-MgO-Si0 2 584; Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -Ti0 2 585; CaO-MgO-MnO-Si0 2 585; Fe 2 0 3 -Na20-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 585 14.2.5 Systems with five and more components 586 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0-Mn0- Si0 2 586; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 586; Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 586; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Cr 2 0 3 -Mg0-Si0 2 587; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0-Mg0-Si0 2 587; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Mn0-Si0 2 587; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 587 14.2.6 Blast furnace slags 587 14.2.7 BOS slags 588 14.2.8 Coal slags 588 14.2.9 ESR slags 588 14.3 References in Chapter 14 588 15 Thermal conductivities of slags ..........591 K. C. Mills and M. Susa 15.1 Introduction 592 15.1.1 Thermal conduction mechanisms 592 15.1.1.1 Lattice or phonon thermal conductivity 592 15.1.1.2 Radiation conductivity 592 15.1.1.3 Electronic conductivity 592 15.2 Experimental methods 592 15.2.1 Steady state techniques 593 15.2.1.1 Linear heat flow method 593 15.2.1.2 Radial heat flow (RHF) method 593 15.2.2 Non-steady state methods 593 15.2.2.1 Radial wave (RW) method 593 15.2.2.2 Modulated beam technique 593 15.2.3 Transient methods 593 15.2.3.1 Laser pulse (LP) method 593 15.2.3.2 Line source (LS) method 594 15.3 Factors affecting thermal conductivity 594 15.3.1 Solids 594 15.3.1.1 Crystallinity of sample 594 15.3.1.2 Porosity of sample 594 15.3.1.3 Glass transition temperature 594 15.3.2 Liquids 594 15.3.2.1 Degree of polymerisation of the sample 594 15.3.2.2 Relation to velocity of sound 594 15.4 Thermal conductivity data 595 15.4.1 Pure substances 595 CaF 2 595; Si0 2 595 15.4.2 Binary systems 595 Al 2 0 3 -CaO 595; Al 2 0 3 -MgO 595; Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 595; Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 596; CaO-Si0 2 596; K 2 0-Si0 2 596; MgO-Si0 2 596; Na^-SiC^ 596 XIV 15.4.3 Ternary systems 597 Al 2 0 3 -CaO-Si0 2 597; Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 597 15.4.4 Quaternary systems 598 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -Ca0-Si0 2 598; Al 2 0 3 -CaO-Si0 2 -Ti0 2 598 15.4.5 Continuous casting powders and slags 598 15.4.6 ESR slags 599 15.4.7 Rocks, Minerals 599 15.5 References in Chapter 15 599 16 Optical properties of slags: Data for refractive indices and absorption coefficients...........................601 M. Susa and K. C. Mills 16.1 Introduction 602 16.2 Refractive indices of slags 602 16.2.1 Introduction 602 16.2.2 Experimental methods 602 16.2.2.1 Immersion method (IM) 602 16.2.2.2 Brewster angle method (BR) 602 16.2.2.3 Pulfrich refractometer (PR) 602 16.2.2.4 Abbé refractometer (AR) 603 16.2.2.5 Minimum deviation method (MD) 603 16.2.2.6 Ellipsometry (EL) 603 16.2.3 Factors affecting refractive indices 603 16.2.3.1 Density 603 16.2.3.2 Composition 604 16.2.3.3 Wavelength 604 16.2.3.4 Temperature 604 16.3 Refractive index data 604 16.3.1 Pure substances 604 A1 2 0 3 604; Si0 2 604 16.3.2 Binary systems 605 Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 605; B 2 0 3 -Si0 2 605; BaO-Si0 2 605; 0-Si0 2 605; Cs 2 0-Si0 2 605; Ge0 2 -Si0 2 605; K 2 0-Si0 2 605; Li 2 0-Si0 2 606; MgO-Si0 2 606; NajO-SiOj 606; PbO-Si0 2 606; P 2 O r Si0 2 606; Rb 2 0-Si0 2 606; SrO-Si0 2 606; Si0 2 -Ti0 2 607 16.3.3 Ternary systems 607 Al 2 0 3 -CaO-Si0 2 607; Al 2 0 3 -Fe0-Si0 2 607; AljO-j-KjO-SiOj 607; Al 2 0 3 -Mn0-Si0 2 607; AljOj-Na^-SiÔj 607; CaO-FeO-Si0 2 608; CaO-MgO-Si0 2 608; Ca0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 608; FeO-MgO-Si0 2 608; Fe 2 0 3 -K 2 0-Si0 2 608; Fe 2 0 3 -Na 2 0-Si0 2 609; Mn0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 609 16.3.4 Quaternary systems 609 Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe 2 0 3 -Si0 2 609; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 609 16.3.5 Continuous casting slags 609 16.4 Absorption coefficients of slags 610 16.4.1 Introduction 610 16.4.2 Experimental methods 610 16.4.2.1 Transmission methods 610 16.4.2.2 Reflectance measurements 610 16.4.3 Factors affecting absorption coefficients 610 16.4.3.1 Wavelength 610 16.4.3.2 Temperature 611 16.4.3.3 Transition metal oxides 611 16.4.3.4 Crystallinity 611 16.5 Absorption coefficient data 612 16.5.1 Pure substances 612 CaF 2 612; Si0 2 612 16.5.2 Binary systems 612 K 2 0-Si0 2 612; Li 2 0-Si0 2 612; MgO-Si0 2 612; MnO-Si0 2 612; NajO-SiOj 612; PbO-Si0 2 613 16.5.3 Ternary systems 613 Al 2 0 3 -CaF 2 -CaO 613; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Si0 2 613; Fe 2 0 3 -Na 2 0-Si0 2 613 16.5.4 Quaternary systems 614 Al 2 0 3 -CaO-FeO x -Si0 2 614; Al 2 0 3 -Ca0-Fe0 x -Mg0-Si0 2 614 16.5.5 Coal slags 614 16.5.6 Continuous casting slags 615 16.5.7 Glasses 615 16.5.8 Minerals, Rocks 615 16.6 References in Chapter 16 615 XV
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spellingShingle	Slag atlas Slag Charts, diagrams, etc Schlacke (DE-588)4052572-7 gnd Atlas (DE-588)4143303-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4052572-7 (DE-588)4143303-8
title	Slag atlas
title_auth	Slag atlas
title_exact_search	Slag atlas
title_full	Slag atlas ed. by Verein Dt. Eisenhüttenleute (VDEh)
title_fullStr	Slag atlas ed. by Verein Dt. Eisenhüttenleute (VDEh)
title_full_unstemmed	Slag atlas ed. by Verein Dt. Eisenhüttenleute (VDEh)
title_old	Schlackenatlas
title_short	Slag atlas
title_sort	slag atlas
topic	Slag Charts, diagrams, etc Schlacke (DE-588)4052572-7 gnd Atlas (DE-588)4143303-8 gnd
topic_facet	Slag Charts, diagrams, etc Schlacke Atlas
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006932572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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