Elements of cartography:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley
1995
|
| Edition: | 6. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 674 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0471555797 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Elements of cartography |c Arthur H. Robinson .. |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804124725298855936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Elements of cartography
Autor: Robinson, Arthur H.
Jahr: 1995
CONTENTS
PARTI
INTRODUCTION
1
1 CARTOGRAPHY TODAY 3
CARTOGRAPHY NOW 4
CARTOGRAPHY TOMORROW 5
IMPLICATIONS 6
OUTLINE OF BOOK 7
2 NATURE OF CARTOGRAPHY 8
FORMS OF REPRESENTATION 9
NEED FOR MAPS 9
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPS 10
PURPOSES MAPS SERVE 11
CATEGORIES OF MAPS 11
Classed by Scale 12
Classed by Function 12
Classed by Subject Matter 15
EMPHASIS ON CARTOGRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION 17
THE SCOPE OF CARTOGRAPHY 18
SELECTED REFERENCES 19
3 HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY 20
SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT 21
IMPACT OF CHANGING IDEAS 22
Concept of Representation 22
Geometry 23
Reconciling Conflicting Information 23
Globalism 24
Science and Measurement 24
Concept of Distribution 26
Systems/Ecological Thinking 27
IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY 28
Technical Advances 28
Integrating Technologies 36
INFORMATION AGE MAPPING 37
SELECTED REFERENCES 38
PART II
EARTH-MAP RELATIONS
41
39
4 BASIC GEODESY
SPHERICAL EARTH 42
ELLIPSOIDAL EARTH 43
GEOIDAL EARTH 44
CARTOGRAPHIC USE OF THE SPHERE,
ELLIPSOID, AND GEOID 44
GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES 46
Latitude 46
Longitude 48
PROPERTIES OF THE GRATICULE 48
Distance on the Sphere and Great Circles 49
Direction 49
Area 51
GEODETIC POSITION DETERMINATION 53
Geodetic Latitude and Longitude
Determination 53
Horizontal Control Networks 54
Vertical Control 56
SELECTED REFERENCES 58
5 MAP PROJECTIONS 59
SCALE FACTOR AND TRANSFORMATIONS 61
DISTORTIONS RESULTING FROM MAP
TRANSFORMATIONS 63
Transformation of Angles 63
Transformation of Areas 66
Transformation of Distances 66
Transformation of Directions 66
ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION OF
DISTORTION 67
Visual Analyses 67
Quantitative Measures 68
GRAPHIC PORTRAYAL OF DISTORTIONS 68
CHOOSING A MAP PROJECTION 69
COMMONLY USED MAP PROJECTIONS 74
Conformai Projections 74
Equal-Area Projections 78
Azimuthai Projections 80
Other Systems of Map Projection
Polyconic Projection 85
SELECTED REFERENCES 89
84
6 SCALE, REFERENCE, AND
COORDINATE SYSTEMS 91
MAP SCALE 92
Statements of Scale 92
Scale Factor (SF) 93
Determining the Scale of a Map 93
Transforming the Map Scale 94
REFERENCE SYSTEMS 95
COORDINATE SYSTEMS 97
Cartesian Coordinates 98
Rectangular Coordinates 99
COORDINATE SYSTEMS USED ON MAPS IN THE
UNITED STATES 101
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid
System 101
Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) Grid
System 104
Modification of UTM System as Used by
USGS 105
State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System 107
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) 108
CONCLUSION 110
SELECTED REFERENCES 110
PART HI
SOURCES OF DATA
113
7 GROUND SURVEY AND
POSITIONING 115
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING 116
Angle and Distance 116
Angle-Distance-Angle 117
Distance-Distance-Distance 117
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY 118
Measuring Distance 118
Measuring Direction 118
TRADITIONAL SURVEY METHODS 120
Finding Horizontal Position 120
Finding Vertical Position 122
AUTOMATED SURVEY SYSTEMS 123
Total-Station Instruments 123
Electronic Positioning 124
SIMULTANEOUS 3-D POSITIONING 125
SELECTED REFERENCES 125
8 REMOTE SENSING DATA
COLLECTION 126
SOURCES OF ENERGY 127
Electromagnetic Radiation 127
Acoustical Energy 131
ENERGY RECORDING TECHNOLOGY 132
Aerial Photography 132
Electronic Imaging Devices 136
Forms of Electronic Imaging 140
Side Looking Airborne Radar 144
Sidescan Imaging Sonars 147
REMOTE SENSING PLATFORMS 148
Aircraft Remote Sensing 148
Space Remote Sensing 150
AVAILABILITY OF REMOTE SENSOR DATA 156
Public Domain Imagery 156
Commercially Available Imagery 157
Restricted Use Imagery 157
SELECTED REFERENCES 158
9 CENSUS AND SAMPLING 159
POPULATION ENUMERATIONS 160
GEOCODING 160
Entity Focus 160
Aggregation 162
SPATIAL SAMPLING 163
Size of Sample 164
Sampling Units 164
Dispersion of Sampling Units 164
Relating Sample to Distribution 165
PASSIVE DATA COLLECTION 166
SELECTED REFERENCES 166
10 DATA MODELS FOR DIGITAL
CARTOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION 168
MODELING GEOGRAPHIC REALITY 169
VECTOR DATA STRUCTURES 171
Geometric Components 172
Topological Components 173
Feature Components 174
RASTER DATA STRUCTURES 174
MODELING SURFACES 177
MODELING SOLIDS 177
FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS 178
MODELING RELATIONSHIPS 179
MODELING TIME 181
SELECTED REFERENCES 184
11 MAP DIGITIZING 187
COLLECTING THE GEOMETRY 188
Manual Digitizers 188
Scanning Systems 190
ESTABLISHING A GEOGRAPHIC FRAME OF
REFERENCE 194
ADDING ATTRIBUTES 194
EDITING DATA 195
COLLECTING METADATA 197
THE DIGITIZING PROCESS 197
SELECTED REFERENCES 198
PART IV
DATA PROCESSING
199
12 IMAGE PROCESSING 201
MANUAL METHODS OF IMAGE
INTERPRETATION 202
Single Image 202
Stereoscopic Images 203
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 208
Image Rectification 209
Image Enhancement 210
Thematic Information Extraction 215
Digital Image Simplification 217
CARTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS 218
Mosaics 218
Orthophotos 219
Orthophotomaps 220
SELECTED REFERENCES 221
13 DIGITAL DATABASES 222
EARLY CARTOGRAPHIC DATABASES 223
BASE CARTOGRAPHIC DATA 224
Defense Mapping Agency Data 225
U.S. Geological Survey Data 225
BUREAU OF CENSUS STATISTICAL AND
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA 226
THEMATIC DATA 229
Soils 230
Wetlands 230
DIGITAL ELEVATION DATA 231
DIGITAL IMAGE DATA 236
Digital Orthophotos 236
Government Satellite Data 237
AVHRR 237
Commercial Satellite Data 237
DATA EXCHANGE STANDARDS 238
Direct Translation 239
Switchyard Conversion 239
Neutral Exchange Format 240
Analysis of Standards Activities 241
SELECTED REFERENCES 244
14 GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC
DATABASE CONCEPTS 246
RELATIONSHIP OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION TO
SCALE 247
GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC
DATABASES 249
HANDLING DATABASES OF VARYING
SCALES 250
WHY HAVE CARTOGRAPHIC
DATABASES? 251
SCALE LEVELS 252
LARGE-SCALE DATA 252
SELECTED REFERENCES 254
15 MANAGING LARGE
DATABASES 255
DATA ORGANIZATION 256
Partitioning 256
Spatial Indexes 258
Metadata 261
DATA COMPRESSION 263
Run-Length Encoding 263
Quadtree Encoding 267
JPEG Compression 267
Freeman Chain Codes 267
Other Compression Schemes 267
SELECTED REFERENCES 269
People or Liveware 298
STRUCTURE OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM 299
The Process Flow of a GIS 299
Stages of Maturity and Complexity 300
GIS FUNCTIONALITY 302
Graphic User Interface (GUI) Functions 302
System and Database Management
Functions 302
Data Entry, Edit, and Validation
Functions 304
Manipulation and Analysis Functions 307
Display and Product Creation Functions 309
THE MEANING OF GIS TO CARTOGRAPHY 310
SELECTED REFERENCES 311
16 DATA MEASUREMENT AND BASIC
STATISTICAL PROCESSING 270
THE NATURE OF GEOGRAPHIC
PHENOMENA 271
MEASUREMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL
VARIABLES 272
Nominal Scales of Measurement 272
Ordinal Scales of Measurement 272
Interval Scales of Measurement 273
Ratio Scales of Measurement 273
BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND
PROCESSES 274
Absolute and Derived Data 275
Ratios 276
Indexes of Variation 279
SOME BASIC STATISTICAL RELATIONS 283
Regression Analysis 284
Correlation Analysis 287
SELECTED REFERENCES 290
17 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEMS 291
COMPONENTS OF A GIS 292
Hardware 292
Software 293
Data 294
PARTV
PERCEPTION AND DESIGN
18 CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN
OBJECTIVES OF MAP DESIGN 316
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN 317
SCOPE OF DESIGN 317
Design Process 318
Design Result 318
PERCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS 318
Graphic Elements 318
Visual Variables 319
Classes of Symbols 321
GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION 322
Perception of Graphic Complexes 323
Design Principles 324
CONTROLS ON MAP DESIGN 330
Purpose 330
Reality 330
Available Data 331
Map Scale 331
Audience 331
Conditions of Use 331
Technical Limits 331
DESIGN PLANNING 332
The Graphic Outline 332
Composition 332
313
315
Orientation and Scale 337
DESIGN EXCELLENCE 338
SELECTED REFERENCES 338
19 COLOR THEORY AND MODELS 340
THE NATURE OF COLOR 341
Spectral Color 341
Reflected Color 342
COLOR DIMENSIONS 343
Hue 343
Brightness and Value 343
Saturation and Chroma 343
THE NATURE OF COLOR VISION 345
Trichromatic Theory 345
Opponent Process Theory 346
Color Constancy 347
COLOR MODELING SYSTEMS 347
The CIE System 347
The Munsell System 351
The Natural Color System 355
COMPUTER ELECTRONIC DISPLAY COLOR
MODELS 356
RGB Color Model 356
HLS Color Model 357
HVC Color Model 357
SELECTED REFERENCES 358
20 COLOR AND PATTERN CREATION
AND SPECIFICATION 359
COLOR AND PATTERN FOR LITHOGRAPHIC
PRINTING 360
Printing Ink Specification 360
Preprinted Tints and Patterns 360
Screen Tints 361
Moiré Avoidance 364
Links With Color Models 365
Continuous Tone Creation by Halftoning 367
Digital Screen Tints and Patterns 368
COLOR AND PATTERN FOR COMPUTER
PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS 371
Line Plotter Color and Pattern Creation 371
Computer Printer Colors and Patterns 372
Electronic Color and Pattern Creation 374
LINKS BETWEEN ELECTRONIC AND
HARDCOPY COLOR 377
SELECTED REFERENCES 379
21 COLOR AND PATTERN USE 380
FUNCTIONS OF COLOR AND PATTERN IN MAP
DESIGN 381
Symbolizing Qualitative Features 381
Symbolizing Quantitative Features 387
ENHANCING DESIGN EFFECTIVENESS 397
Increasing Visual Acuity 397
Promoting Figure-Ground 398
Promoting Map Aesthetics 399
SPECIAL COLOR DESIGN PROBLEMS 400
Special Illumination Conditions 400
Designing for Color-Deficient Vision 400
SELECTED REFERENCES 401
22 TYPOGRAPHY AND LETTERING
THE MAP 403
HISTORY OF MAP LETTERING 404
FUNCTIONS OF LETTERING 406
NATURE OF TYPOGRAPHY 407
Elements of Typographic Design 407
Forming the Letters 414
LETTERING THE MAP 416
Positioning Guidelines 416
Methods of Lettering 419
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 421
Naming Conventions 422
Databases 422
SELECTED REFERENCES 423
23 MAP COMPILATION 425
THE COMPILATION PROCESS 426
The Worksheet 426
Source Data and Map Scale 426
Thematic Data 427
Base Data on Thematic Maps 428
ANALOG COMPILATION WORKSHEET 431
Base Materials 431
Forming the Guide Image 432
Separations 432
Registry 432
Image Geometry 434
Scale 434
Use of the Analog Worksheet 439
DIGITAL COMPILATION WORKSHEET 439
Sources of Digital Data 439
Projections and Coordinate Systems 440
Preparing the Worksheet 441
Using the Digital Worksheet 441
ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY 442
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 443
Sources and Credits 443
Copyright 444
Liability Issues 445
SELECTED REFERENCES 446
PART VI
CARTOGRAPHIC ABSTRACTION 447
24 SELECTION AND
GENERALIZATION PRINCIPLES 449
SELECTION 450
GENERALIZATION CONCEPTS 451
The Elements of Generalization 451
The Controls of Generalization 458
CLASSIFICATION, SIMPLIFICATION, AND
EXAGGERATION MANIPULATIONS 460
Classification Manipulations 460
Simplification Manipulations 462
Exaggeration Manipulations 472
SELECTED REFERENCES 472
25 SYMBOLIZATION: FEATURE
ATTRIBUTES AT POINTS, UNES,
AND AREAS 474
THE SYMBOLIZATION PROBLEM 475
Measurement Level 475
Feature Dimensionality 476
Visual Variables in Symbolization 476
Summary of the Symbolization
Problem 477
SYMBOLIZING GEOGRAPHIC
FEATURES 478
Mapping Features Conceived as
Points 478
Mapping Features Conceived as Lines 483
Mapping Features Conceived as Areas 484
Summary of Symbolizing Geographic
Features 486
SELECTED REFERENCES 492
26 SYMBOLIZATION: FEATURE
ATTRIBUTE VOLUMES 493
CONCEPT OF A STATISTICAL SURFACE 494
MAPPING THE STATISTICAL SURFACE WITH
POINT SYMBOLS 497
Dot Map 497
Choosing Dot Size and Unit Value 498
Choosing Dot Location 498
MAPPING THE STATISTICAL SURFACE WITH
LINE SYMBOLS 501
Hachures 502
Profiles 503
Oblique Traces 504
Isarithmic Mapping 505
MAPPING THE STATISTICAL SURFACE WITH
AREA SYMBOLS 515
Choroplethic Mapping 515
Dasymetric Mapping 519
MAPPING THE STATISTICAL SURFACE WITH
LINE AND AREA SYMBOLS 525
Shaded Isarithms 525
Shaded Classless Choropleths 525
SELECTED REFERENCES 526
27 PORTRAYING THE
LAND-SURFACE FORM 527
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 528
VISUALIZATION METHODS 531
Perspective Pictorial Maps 532
Morphometric Maps 536
Terrain Unit Maps 537
Hachures 537
Contouring 538
Hill Shading 543
SELECTED REFERENCES 548
28 MULTIVARIATE MAPPING AND
MODELING 549
SUPERIMPOSITION OF FEATURES 550
SEGMENTED SYMBOLS 550
CROSS-VARIABLE MAPPING 552
COMPOSITE INDEXES 553
Choice of Variables 553
Variable Weighting 554
Links Between Weighted Variables 555
FIDELITY OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING 555
READABILITY OF MULTIVARIATE MAPS 556
SELECTED REFERENCES 556
29 DYNAMIC/INTERACTIVE
MAPPING 557
ANIMATION 558
Fixed-Sequence 559
User-Specified Sequence 561
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 562
SIMULATION 563
INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY 565
MAP AS INTERFACE 566
SELECTED REFERENCES 566
Electronic Display Screens 588
CONSTRUCTION METHOD 589
Clip-Art Maps 589
Database/Algorithm Mapping 589
Maps from Scratch 594
Desktop Publishing 596
OUTPUT OPTIONS 597
Raster Devices 598
Vector Plotters 602
DIGITAL PRODUCTION PROBLEMS 603
Mixed-Media Degradation 604
Scale Issues 604
COMPOSITING SEPARATIONS 605
Composite to Film 605
Composite to Plate 605
PROOFING 606
Digital Check-Plots 606
Photo-Mechanical Proofs 607
Involving the Printer 607
SELECTED REFERENCES 607
PART VII
MAP EXECUTION AND
DISSEMINATION 567
30 MAP REPRODUCTION 569
REPRODUCTION GUIDES PRODUCTION 570
METHODS FOR A FEW COPIES 570
Reflection Original 571
Transmission Original 573
Digital Original 577
METHODS FOR MANY COPIES 578
Lithography 579
Platemaking 582
Presswork 583
TRENDS IN MAP REPRODUCTION 583
SELECTED REFERENCES 584
31 MAP PRODUCTION 585
FORM OF MAP ARTWORK 586
APPENDIX
A FEDERAL GEOGRAPHIC DIGITAL
DATA PRODUCTS 609
SOURCES OF DIGITAL DATA 610
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 610
U.S. Department of Commerce (USDC) 610
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) 611
U.S. Department of the Interior 612
ELECTRONIC ACCESS 613
B DATA AND GRAPHIC FILE
FORMATS 614
DATA FORMATS 615
ASCII 615
Binary 615
GRAPHIC FILE FORMATS 617
Vector File Formats 618
Raster File Formats 626
COMPUTER GRAPHICS STANDARDS
SELECTED REFERENCES 629
628
C SELECTED LIST OF MAPPING
SOFTWARE VENDORS 630
CUP-ART 631
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 631
IMAGE PROCESSING 632
STATISTICAL MAPPING 632
PROJECTIONS 632
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) 632
ILLUSTRATION 633
PAINT 633
IMAGE EDITORS 634
D GRAPHIC ARTS
PHOTOGRAPHY 635
RECORDING MEDIUM 636
Color Sensitivity 636
Contrast 638
EXPOSURE CONTROL 640
Projection Copying 640
Contact Copying 640
Electronic Imaging System 641
FILM REGISTRATION 642
Camera Work 642
Contact Work 643
LIGHT SOURCES 643
Flood Sources 643
Laser Sources 644
PROCESSING PHOTOGRAPHIC
MATERIALS 644
RETOUCHING AND ALTERATIONS 645
SELECTED REFERENCES 646
E USEFUL ADDRESSES FOR REMOTE
SENSING PRODUCTS 647
Governmental Aerial Photography,
Orthophotoquads, Human Spacecraft
Photography, Landsat Imagery and Digital
Data 648
High Altitude Aerial Photography, SLAR
Imagery, Human Spacecraft Photography,
Landsat Imagery and Digital Data 648
ACSC, USFS, and SCS Photography 648
Space Shuttle Large Format Camera Photo-
graphy 648
Historical Aerial Photgraphy 648
Canadian Aerial Photography 648
Sidescan Sonar Imagery 648
Landsat Imagery and Digital Data 649
Spot Imagery and Digital Data, Soyuzkarta
Imagery 649
Weather Satellite Imagery and Data, Passive
Microwave Imagery 649
F PHOTO-MECHANICAL MAP
PRODUCTION 650
DRAFTING 651
SCRIBING 652
Guide Image 652
Image Orientation 653
Scribing Instruments 654
Scribing Techniques 655
COMPLEX ARTWORK 656
Open-Window Negatives 656
Negative Screens 657
Positive Masks 661
SELECTED REFERENCES 663
INDEX 664
|
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| bvnumber | BV010306065 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10211 |
| classification_tum | BAU 950f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)845020404 (DE-599)BVBBV010306065 |
| dewey-full | 526 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 526 - Mathematical geography |
| dewey-raw | 526 |
| dewey-search | 526 |
| dewey-sort | 3526 |
| dewey-tens | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| discipline | Physik Bauingenieurwesen Vermessungswesen Geographie |
| edition | 6. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:50:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471555797 |
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| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006857888 |
| oclc_num | 845020404 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-824 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-634 DE-11 DE-188 DE-B768 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-824 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-634 DE-11 DE-188 DE-B768 |
| physical | 674 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Elements of cartography Arthur H. Robinson .. 6. ed. New York [u.a.] Wiley 1995 674 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Computerkartographie Theoretische Kartographie Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 s DE-604 Robinson, Arthur Howard 1915-2004 Sonstige (DE-588)124390544 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006857888&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Elements of cartography Computerkartographie Theoretische Kartographie Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4029823-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Elements of cartography |
| title_auth | Elements of cartography |
| title_exact_search | Elements of cartography |
| title_full | Elements of cartography Arthur H. Robinson .. |
| title_fullStr | Elements of cartography Arthur H. Robinson .. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elements of cartography Arthur H. Robinson .. |
| title_short | Elements of cartography |
| title_sort | elements of cartography |
| topic | Computerkartographie Theoretische Kartographie Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computerkartographie Theoretische Kartographie Kartografie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006857888&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT robinsonarthurhoward elementsofcartography |