Understanding performance appraisal: social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Thousand Oaks [u.a.]
SAGE
1995
|
| Series: | SAGE publications
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 502 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0803954743 0803954751 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Murphy, Kevin R. |d 1952- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1028093721 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding performance appraisal |b social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives |c Kevin R. Murphy ; Jeanette N. Cleveland |
| 264 | 1 | |a Thousand Oaks [u.a.] |b SAGE |c 1995 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Personnel - Évaluation | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Personnel - Évaluation |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rendement au travail - Normes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Employees |x Rating of | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Performance standards | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cleveland, Jeanette N. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804124695538171904 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1. Introduction 1
Performance Appraisal: Early History 3
Performance Appraisal Research:
Historical Trends 5
Objective Versus Subjective
Measures of Performance 5
Rating Scale Formats 8
Performance Appraisal and the Legal System 11
Criteria for Assessing Appraisal Effectiveness 12
Cognitive Research in Performance Appraisal 14
Models of Performance Appraisal 15
A Model for Research and Practice in Appraisal 17
Rating Context 19
Performance Judgment 23
Performance Rating 25
Evaluation 28
Summary 30
2. Environmental Influences 31
Defining the Organization s Environment 32
Objective and External Environments 35
How the Environment Affects Appraisal 36
Performance Standards 37
Performance Dimensions 39
Frequency of Appraisal 39
Supervisor Subordinate Relationship 40
Consequences of High Versus Low Ratings 41
Legitimacy of Appraisal 42
Research on Environmental Effects 43
Societal Environment 43
Legal Environment 46
Economic Environment 48
Technical Environment 49
Physical Environment 53
External Environments and Rater Goals 54
Summary 56
3. Organizational Influences 57
Within Organization Context 58
Units of Analysis 59
Time and Space 60
Situation Characteristics 61
Describing the Rating Context 62
Methods of Situation Analysis 65
Microlevel Context Variables
and Performance Appraisal 66
Group, Leader, and Task Characteristics 68
Rewards, Trust, Threats, and Punishments 71
Ratee Past Performance
and Current Level of Performance 73
Appraisal System Features 74
Rater Acquaintance, Commitment, and Affect 77
Goals and Purpose of Appraisal 78
Macrolevel Context Variables
and Performance Appraisal 79
Organizational Life Cycle and Structure 79
Organizational Goals 81
Organizational Culture, Climate, and Values 82
Appraisal Research and
an Interactionist Perspective 84
Summary 86
4. Purposes of Performance Appraisals 87
Uses of Performance Appraisals 88
Purposes of Appraisal and
Rating Outcomes and Processes 95
Rating Outcomes 96
Rating Processes 99
Power, Politics, and the Use of Appraisal 101
Power and Appraisal 101
Politics and Appraisal 103
Conflicts Among Organizational
and Individual Uses of Appraisal 106
Summary 109
5. Obtaining Information About Performance 110
What Should Supervisors Observe? 112
Dimensions of Job Performance 115
How Is Information Obtained? 120
Direct Observation 121
Indirect Observation 126
Who Should Obtain Information? 133
Subordinates as Sources 136
Self as a Source 137
Peers as Sources 140
Upper Management as Sources 142
Disagreement Among Sources 143
Summary 146
6. Standards for Judging Performance 148
Standards 152
External Standards 152
External Standards and Performance Judgments 156
Internal Standards 157
Development of Standards 161
Precision of Standards 170
The Comparison Process 173
Characteristics of Standards 174
Anchoring and Adjustment 179
Summary 180
7. Processes in Evaluative Judgment 182
Cognitive Processes 183
Information Acquisition 186
Encoding and Mental Representation 189
Storage and Retrieval 195
Integration 201
Applications of the Cognitive Approach 206
Limitations of the Cognitive Approach 209
Affect and Performance Evaluation 211
Affect and Cognition 212
Summary 214
8. Rater Goals 215
Nature of Goals 216
Multiple Goals 220
Awareness of Rater Goals 220
Typology of Rater Goals 221
Communication Rules 223
Development of Goals 224
Socialization Processes 224
Organizational Culture and Rater Goals 227
Contextual Factors Affecting Appraisal Goals 228
Goals as a Function of
Subordinate Performance 231
In Group Versus Out Group 232
Goals for Superior Performers 234
Goals for Average Performers 235
Goals for Poor Performers 236
Rater Goals and Organizational Goals 238
Summary 240
9. Rater Motivation 241
The Psychology of Leniency 242
Rewards for Accurate Rating 243
Negative Consequences of Accurate Rating 245
A Framework for Research on Rating Inflation 254
Strategies for Reducing Rating Inflation 259
Rewarding Accuracy 259
Reducing Negative Outcomes 261
Linking Rating Behavior to Valued Outcomes 263
Changing the Rater Versus
Changing the Context 265
Summary 266
10. Error and Accuracy Measures 267
Criteria for Criteria 268
Indirect Measures of Accuracy 269
Psychometric Criteria 270
Rater Error Measures 275
Direct Measures of Rating Accuracy 285
Research Design Issues 295
Summary 298
11. Criteria That Reflect the Uses of Ratings 299
Utility 300
Some Neglected Criteria 310
ReactionCriteria 310
Practicality Criteria 314
Decision Process Criteria 316
Integrating Multiple Criteria 317
Summary 322
12. Does Performance Appraisal
Help or Hurt the Organization? 324
How Appraisal Can Help the Organization 326
Increasing the Quality of Organizational Decisions 326
Increasing the Quality of Individual Decisions 327
Enhancing Attachments Between
the Organization and Its Members 329
Providing a Foundation for
Organizational Diagnosis and Change 331
How Appraisal Can Hurt the Organization 332
Appraisals Overemphasize the Individual
and Underemphasize the Team or System 333
Performance Appraisal Systems
Send Mixed Messages 33S
Is Bad Appraisal Good Management? 338
Pay for Performance Systems 340
The How and Why of Pay for Performance 340
How Does Pay for Performance Affect
Performance Appraisal? 343
Summary 347
13. Performance Appraisal
and the Changing Context
of Work and Organizations 349
Changes in the Structure
and Function of Organizations 350
Changes in the Structure of Organizations 350
Changing Function of Organizations 352
How Do These Changes Affect Performance Appraisal? 355
Individuals Versus Teams as Work Units 357
Team Performance 357
How Do These Changes Affect Performance Appraisal? 360
Nontraditional Places and
Schedules for Work 362
Telecommuting 363
Flexible and Compressed Work Schedules 364
How Do These Changes Affect Performance Appraisal? 366
The Changing Workforce 367
Demographic Changes 367
Part Time and Temporary Workers 368
How Do These Changes Affect Performance Appraisal? 369
Performance Appraisal in the 21st Century 372
How Will Appraisals Be Conducted? 373
How Will Appraisals Be Used? 374
Summary 376
14. Designing, Implementing, and
Evaluating a Goal Oriented Appraisal System 379
Why Develop Goal Oriented Appraisal Systems? 380
Design and Implementation
of Goal Oriented Systems 383
Defining and Assessing Goals 383
Goal Conflict 390
Appraisal System Features in Relation to Key Goals 394
Evaluating Performance Appraisal Systems 398
Summary 404
15. Directions for Research and Practice 406
Context 407
Levels of Context 407
The Technological Context 407
The Changing Workforce
and Organizational Context 408
Context Effects 409
Measuring the Context 409
Purpose of Rating 410
Rater and Ratee Reactions 411
Judgment 412
Cognitive Processes 413
Acquiring Information 414
Norms and Performance Standards 415
External Validity 416
Rating 417
Rater Goals 417
Goals and Ratee Performance Level 418
Rating Inflation 419
Reducing Inflation 419
Ratings as Communication Tools 420
Rater and Ratee Expectations 421
Evaluation 422
Choice of Criteria 422
Utility Estimation 423
Balancing the Pain and Gain 424
Integrating Science and Practice 424
Can Laboratory Studies Tell Us
Anything About Appraisal in Organizations? 425
Can We Integrate Science
and Practice in Organizations? 429
Appendix 433
Graphic Rating Scales 434
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales 434
Mixed Standard Scales 435
Behavior Observation Scales 437
Performance Distribution Assessment 438
Management By Objectives 438
Employee Comparison Methods 439
References 442
Author Index 484
Subject Index 497
About the Authors 501
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Murphy, Kevin R. 1952- Cleveland, Jeanette N. |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:49:45Z |
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| isbn | 0803954743 0803954751 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVII, 502 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
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| spelling | Murphy, Kevin R. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1028093721 aut Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives Kevin R. Murphy ; Jeanette N. Cleveland Thousand Oaks [u.a.] SAGE 1995 XVII, 502 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SAGE publications Personnel - Assessment Personeelsbeoordeling gtt Personnel - Évaluation Personnel - Évaluation ram Rendement au travail - Normes Employees Rating of Performance standards Cleveland, Jeanette N. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006839046&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Murphy, Kevin R. 1952- Cleveland, Jeanette N. Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives Personnel - Assessment Personeelsbeoordeling gtt Personnel - Évaluation Personnel - Évaluation ram Rendement au travail - Normes Employees Rating of Performance standards |
| title | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives |
| title_auth | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives |
| title_full | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives Kevin R. Murphy ; Jeanette N. Cleveland |
| title_fullStr | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives Kevin R. Murphy ; Jeanette N. Cleveland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding performance appraisal social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives Kevin R. Murphy ; Jeanette N. Cleveland |
| title_short | Understanding performance appraisal |
| title_sort | understanding performance appraisal social organizational and goal based perspectives |
| title_sub | social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives |
| topic | Personnel - Assessment Personeelsbeoordeling gtt Personnel - Évaluation Personnel - Évaluation ram Rendement au travail - Normes Employees Rating of Performance standards |
| topic_facet | Personnel - Assessment Personeelsbeoordeling Personnel - Évaluation Rendement au travail - Normes Employees Rating of Performance standards |
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