Safety nets, politics, and the poor: transitions to market economies
In this book, Carol Graham argues that safety nets can provide an environment in which economic reform is more politically sustainable and poverty can be permanently reduced. However, these two objectives frequently involve trade-offs, as vocal and organized opponents to reform often concern governm...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Brookings Inst.
1994
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | In this book, Carol Graham argues that safety nets can provide an environment in which economic reform is more politically sustainable and poverty can be permanently reduced. However, these two objectives frequently involve trade-offs, as vocal and organized opponents to reform often concern governments far more than the poor do. These organized and less vulnerable groups tend to place heavy demands on the scarce resources available to governments at times of economic crisis. Governments that fail to address the social costs of reform, meanwhile, often face popular opposition that jeopardizes or even derails the entire market transition The author examines these trade-offs in detail, with a particular focus on how political and institutional contexts affect the kinds of safety nets that are implemented. For example, reaching the poor and vulnerable with safety nets tends to be more difficult in closed-party systems where entrenched interest groups have a monopoly on state benefits. In contrast, dramatic political change or rapid implementation of economic reform undermines the influence of such groups and therefore can provide unique political opportunities to redirect resources to the poor Rather than focus their efforts on organized interest groups - such as public sector unions - which have a great deal to lose in the process of reform, governments might better concentrate their efforts on poor groups that have rarely, if ever, received benefits from the state. The poor, meanwhile, may gain a new stake in the ongoing process of economic and public sector reform through organizing to solicit the state for safety net benefits. This is the first book to provide a detailed and comparative analysis of compensation during economic reform. Graham offers specific examples of resource allocation in three regions: Latin America, eastern Europe, and Africa. She features case studies from Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Poland, Senegal, and Zambia. The case studies yield valuable lessons for policymakers on how to reduce poverty over the long term, as well as how to sustain economic reform |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 378 S. |
| ISBN: | 0815732287 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a In this book, Carol Graham argues that safety nets can provide an environment in which economic reform is more politically sustainable and poverty can be permanently reduced. However, these two objectives frequently involve trade-offs, as vocal and organized opponents to reform often concern governments far more than the poor do. These organized and less vulnerable groups tend to place heavy demands on the scarce resources available to governments at times of economic crisis. Governments that fail to address the social costs of reform, meanwhile, often face popular opposition that jeopardizes or even derails the entire market transition | |
| 520 | |a The author examines these trade-offs in detail, with a particular focus on how political and institutional contexts affect the kinds of safety nets that are implemented. For example, reaching the poor and vulnerable with safety nets tends to be more difficult in closed-party systems where entrenched interest groups have a monopoly on state benefits. In contrast, dramatic political change or rapid implementation of economic reform undermines the influence of such groups and therefore can provide unique political opportunities to redirect resources to the poor | ||
| 520 | |a Rather than focus their efforts on organized interest groups - such as public sector unions - which have a great deal to lose in the process of reform, governments might better concentrate their efforts on poor groups that have rarely, if ever, received benefits from the state. The poor, meanwhile, may gain a new stake in the ongoing process of economic and public sector reform through organizing to solicit the state for safety net benefits. This is the first book to provide a detailed and comparative analysis of compensation during economic reform. Graham offers specific examples of resource allocation in three regions: Latin America, eastern Europe, and Africa. She features case studies from Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Poland, Senegal, and Zambia. The case studies yield valuable lessons for policymakers on how to reduce poverty over the long term, as well as how to sustain economic reform | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
1. Market Transitions and the Poor: New Coalitions
for Economic Reform? 1
Safety Nets Broadly Defined 4
Political Sustainability and Poverty Reduction Objectives
during Economic Reform 6
Getting Beyond the Trade offs between the Old Poor
and the New 77
Poverty and Safety Nets during Economic Reform 12
A Note about Method 75
Regions of the Case Studies 17
2. From Emergency Employment to Social Investment:
Politics, Adjustment, and Poverty in Chile 21
The Political Context 22
The Extent of Poverty in Chile 25
Policies for the Poor under Military Rule 28
Emergency Employment Programs 32
Policies for the Poor after the Transition 41
Municipalities in Transition 45
Pobladores Organizations and Intermediary Institutions 48
Conclusion 57
3. The Politics of Protecting the Poor during Adjustment:
Bolivia s Emergency Social Fund 54
The Political Context 56
Origins and Structure of the ESF 59
The ESF and Politics 63
The Municipalities 69
Relations with NGOs 73
From the ESF to the SIF 76
Conclusion 77
xi
xy CONTENTS
4. The Politics of Reform without a Safety Net:
The Case of Peru 83
The Political Context 84
The Social Costs of Adjustment—and of Avoiding
Adjustment 91
Safety Net Policies under the APRA Government 98
Safety Net Programs under the Fujimori Government? 106
Conclusion 112
5. The Vocal versus the Needy: The Politics of Poverty
Alleviation during Adjustment in Senegal 116
The Political Context 118
The Adjustment Process 122
Adjustment and the Poor 125
Delegation a l lnsertion, a le Reinsertion et a l Emploi 129
Agence d Ex6cution des Travaux d lnteret Publique
contre le Sous Emploi (Agetip) 132
Agetip and Local Governments 137
Agetip and Nongovernmental Organizations 140
Conclusion 144
6. The Politics of Adjustment and Poverty in Zambia:
The Hour Has Come 148
The Political Context 149
The Politics of Adjustment 151
The Economic Legacy of the UNIP State 162
Poverty in Zambia 165
Programs for the Poor: The SAP, SRF, and MPU 172
The Changing Local Government Context 185
The Nongovernmental Organizations 189
Conclusion 191
7. The Political Economy of Safety Nets in Post
Socialist Economies: The Case of Poland 193
The Political Context 196
Poverty in Poland 219
The Existing Safety Net 223
The Role of Local Governments 234
Nongovernmental Organizations 239
Local Governments and Social Assistance: Case Studies in
Ochota and Karchew 241
Conclusion 246
CONTENTS Xiii
8. Comparing Experiences with Safety Nets during
Market Transitions: New Coalitions for Reform? 249
Poverty Alleviation during Adjustment: Field Experiences 253
Lessons for Future Efforts? 264
Implications for Policymakers 268
Conclusion 270
Appendix to Table 8 1 272
Appendix:
Other Experiences with Safety Net Programs 280
Notes 293
Index 371
Tables
1 1. Basic Economic Indicators across Six Countries 17
2 1. Infant Mortality in Chile, Selected Years, 1920 89 23
2 2. Percent Share of Indigent, Poor, and Nonpoor Households in
Santiago, Selected Years, 1969 89 25
2 3. Percent Share of Indigent, Poor, and Nonpoor Workers in
Chilean Work Force, 1990 26
2 4. Infant Mortality in Five Latin American Countries, Selected
Years, 1960 89 26
2 5. Income Distribution in Chile, 1968, 1978, 1988 26
2 6. Public Expenditure on Social Welfare, Selected Countries in
Latin America and Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 1980 27
2 7. Public Social Expenditure in Chile, Selected Years, 1969 85 29
2 8. School Feeding Programs in Chile, Selected Years, 1970 82 31
2 9. Labor Participation in Chile, by Employment Category, 1982,
1987 33
2 10. Average Monthly Enrollment in Special Employment
Programs in Chile, 1975 88 34
3 1. Municipal Election Winners in Bolivia, by Department
Capital, 1987, 1989, 1991 58
3 2. Emergency Social Fund (ESF) Beneficiaries, by Poverty Area
and Income Level 61
3 3. Family Income of ESF Workers in Relation to the General
Population 61
3 4. Bolivian National Elections, 1985, 1989, and Correlation of
ESF Funds and Results, by Department 66
3 5. Correlation of ESF Funds and Bolivian Municipal Election
Outcomes, 1989 70
Xiv CONTENTS
4 1. Basic Economic Indicators in Peru, 1981 90 92
4 2. The Extent of Poverty in Lima, 1985 86, 1990 93
4 3. Percent Change in Per Capita Monthly Consumption in Lima
between 1985 86 and 1990 93
4 4. Change in Average Annual Consumption in Lima between
1985 86 and 1990, by Decile 94
4 5. Characteristics of Workers in Program of Temporary Income
Support (PAIT) 101
4 6. Enrollments in PAIT Programs, Nationwide and in San Juan de
Lurigancho and Huascar 104
4 7. Enrollment in PAIT Programs and Support for Opposition
Parties in Low Income Lima Districts 105
4A 1. Socioeconomic Characteristics of Hauscar and Bayovar 114
4A 2. Characteristics of PAIT Workers in Huascar 115
5 1. National and Municipal Election Results, Senegal, 1988, 1990 124
5 2. Schools and Agetip Projects, by Region 138
5 3. Health Posts and Agetip Projects, by Region 139
5 4. Results of the 1990 Municipal Elections and Number and Cost
of Agetip Projects, by Region 139
6 1. Chronology of Adjustment Programs of Zambia, 1973 91 150
6 2. Income Distribution in Urban Areas, 1975, 1985 153
6 3. Maize Subsidies in Relation to the Total Government Budget
and Budget Deficit, 1986 90 162
6 4. Government Employment as a Share of Total Employment,
Selected Years, 1975 90 163
6 5. Allocation of Microprojects and Election Results, by Province 184
7 1. Main Political Events in Poland since 1980 198
7 2. Basic Economic Indicators, Poland, 1989 92 200
7 3. Results of Elections, 1989 91 202
7 4. Estimated Poverty Line and Headcount Ratios 215
7 5. Percent Share of Different Social Groups in Total Number of
Poor 215
7 6. Distribution of State Budget Expenditure on Social Safety Net
and Cash Benefit Expenditure, 1990, 1991, 1992 217
7 7. Percentage of Different Social Groups That Supply Their Own
Food Products 221
7 8. Percentage of Income Spent on Food, by Decile and Worker
Group, 1992 222
7 9. Affiliation of Nongovernmental Organizations 241
8 1. Adjustment and Social Welfare Programs, Selected Countries 250
Figure
6 1. Party and Local Government Structures under the United
National Independence Party 185
|
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| id | DE-604.BV009973484 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:44:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0815732287 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Brookings Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Graham, Carol 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)140146407 aut Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies Carol Graham Washington, DC Brookings Inst. 1994 XIV, 378 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In this book, Carol Graham argues that safety nets can provide an environment in which economic reform is more politically sustainable and poverty can be permanently reduced. However, these two objectives frequently involve trade-offs, as vocal and organized opponents to reform often concern governments far more than the poor do. These organized and less vulnerable groups tend to place heavy demands on the scarce resources available to governments at times of economic crisis. Governments that fail to address the social costs of reform, meanwhile, often face popular opposition that jeopardizes or even derails the entire market transition The author examines these trade-offs in detail, with a particular focus on how political and institutional contexts affect the kinds of safety nets that are implemented. For example, reaching the poor and vulnerable with safety nets tends to be more difficult in closed-party systems where entrenched interest groups have a monopoly on state benefits. In contrast, dramatic political change or rapid implementation of economic reform undermines the influence of such groups and therefore can provide unique political opportunities to redirect resources to the poor Rather than focus their efforts on organized interest groups - such as public sector unions - which have a great deal to lose in the process of reform, governments might better concentrate their efforts on poor groups that have rarely, if ever, received benefits from the state. The poor, meanwhile, may gain a new stake in the ongoing process of economic and public sector reform through organizing to solicit the state for safety net benefits. This is the first book to provide a detailed and comparative analysis of compensation during economic reform. Graham offers specific examples of resource allocation in three regions: Latin America, eastern Europe, and Africa. She features case studies from Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Poland, Senegal, and Zambia. The case studies yield valuable lessons for policymakers on how to reduce poverty over the long term, as well as how to sustain economic reform Armoede gtt Economische hervormingen gtt Markteconomie gtt Sociale voorzieningen gtt Verzorgingsstaat gtt Entwicklungsländer Wirtschaftspolitik Public welfare Developing countries Case studies Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 gnd rswk-swf Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Developing countries Economic policy Case studies Developing countries Social policy Case studies Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 s Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 s Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 s DE-604 Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006608992&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Graham, Carol 1962- Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies Armoede gtt Economische hervormingen gtt Markteconomie gtt Sociale voorzieningen gtt Verzorgingsstaat gtt Entwicklungsländer Wirtschaftspolitik Public welfare Developing countries Case studies Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046242-0 (DE-588)4055732-7 (DE-588)4066512-4 (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4014954-7 (DE-588)4522595-3 |
| title | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies |
| title_auth | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies |
| title_exact_search | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies |
| title_full | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies Carol Graham |
| title_fullStr | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies Carol Graham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Safety nets, politics, and the poor transitions to market economies Carol Graham |
| title_short | Safety nets, politics, and the poor |
| title_sort | safety nets politics and the poor transitions to market economies |
| title_sub | transitions to market economies |
| topic | Armoede gtt Economische hervormingen gtt Markteconomie gtt Sociale voorzieningen gtt Verzorgingsstaat gtt Entwicklungsländer Wirtschaftspolitik Public welfare Developing countries Case studies Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd Soziale Sicherheit (DE-588)4055732-7 gnd Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Armoede Economische hervormingen Markteconomie Sociale voorzieningen Verzorgingsstaat Entwicklungsländer Wirtschaftspolitik Public welfare Developing countries Case studies Planwirtschaft Soziale Sicherheit Wirtschaftsreform Armut Developing countries Economic policy Case studies Developing countries Social policy Case studies Fallstudiensammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006608992&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grahamcarol safetynetspoliticsandthepoortransitionstomarketeconomies |