Principles of mineralogy:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dubuque, Iowa u.a.
Brown
1994
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 069715078X |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Blackburn, William H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of mineralogy |c William H. Blackburn ; William H. Dennen |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dubuque, Iowa u.a. |b Brown |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 413 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
Theoretical Considerations 1
Introduction to Mineralogy
Matter and Its States 3
The Crystalline State 4
Minerals 5
A Historical Perspective 7
Concluding Remarks 8
Suggested Readings 9
2 Symmetry 10
11
17
Structure and Lattice
Lattices 11
Tiling a Plane 12
Symmetry of a Lattice 13
Identical Operations 16
Handedness 16
Box 2.1 Defining Cell Symmetry
Subsymmetries 17
Space Lattices 18
Cells Based on a General Parallelogram 19
Cells Based on Rectangles and Diamonds 20
Cells Based on a Square 20
Cells Based on a 120° Rhombus 20
Indexing 21
Notation for Lines 22
Notation for Planes 23
Zones 25
Stereographic Projection 26
Using a Stereonet 28
An Example of Stereographic Projection 29
Point Groups 32
Box 2.2 An Introduction to Space Groups
Concluding Remarks 37
Suggested Readings 37
36
3 Crystallography 38
39
Crystal Systems and Classes
Triclinic System 39
Monoclinic System 39
Orthorhombic System 39
Tetragonal System 39
Hexagonal System 39
Isometric System 40
Interfacial Angles and Axial Ratios 40
Box 3.1 Axial Relations in the Six
Crystal Systems 41
Crystal Forms 43
Box 3.2 The Nomenclature of Forms
Types of Forms 45
Forms in the Isometric System 46
Positive and Negative Forms 46
Right and Left Forms 47
Combined Forms 48
Real versus Ideal Crystals
Concluding Remarks 51
Suggested Readings 51
44
49
Fundamentals of Crystal Chemistry
The Architecture of Atoms 53
Atoms 53
Nuclear Progression 53
The Electronic Cloud 53
Quantum States 54
Pauli Exclusion Principle 55
52
vii
Periodic Classification of the Elements 55
Principles 55
The Periodic Table 56
Some Intrinsic Properties of Atoms 58
Valence 58
Shielding 59
Bonds and Bonding 60
Ionic Bonding 60
Covalent Bonding 61
Box 4.1 Another View of Bonding 62
Metallic Bonding 63
Spatial Distribution of Bonds 63
The Size and Shape of Atoms and Ions 66
Mineral Classification 69
Suggested Readings 72
5 Mineralogie Variations 73
Chemical Variations 74
Solid Solution 74
Box 5.1 Construction and Use of Triangular
Composition Diagrams 76
Calculations Based on Mineral Chemistry 78
Exsolution 79
Isostructure and Isotype 81
Box 5.2 The Effect of Crystal Fields 82
Derivative Structures 82
Geometrical Variations 84
Polymorphism 84
Polytypism 86
Order-Disorder 86
Twinning 88
Concluding Remarks 94
Suggested Readings 94
6 Mineral Stability and
Mineral Reactions 95
Physicochemical Equilibrium 96
Equilibrium in Mineralogie Systems 96
Thermodynamic Considerations 98
Fundamental Concepts 98
Energy Distribution 99
Mineralogie Reactions 100
The Phase Rule 104
One- and Two-Component Systems 104
Three Component Systems 108
Mineral Aqueous Systems 110
Mineral Assemblages 112
Concluding Remarks 113
Suggested Readings 114
Crystallization, Growth, and Habit
Energy Considerations 116
Nucleation 117
115
Crystal Growth 118
Secondary Nucleation 118
Dendritic Crystallization 122
Crystal Faces 123
Crystal Habit 124
Crystal Imperfection 125
Intergrowths 129
Concluding Remarks 129
Suggested Readings 129
8 Geological Framework for
Mineral Study 131
Igneous Rocks 132
Magma and Its Products 132
Crystallization of Igneous Rocks 134
Classification of Igneous Rocks 137
Box 8.1 Estimating Volume Percent of Minerals by
Point Counting 138
Weathering and Its Products 138
Sedimentary Rocks 140
Clastic Sediments 140
Precipitates 142
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 143
Types of Metamorphism 143
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 144
Controls of Metamorphism 145
Box 8.2 A Method of Estimating
Rock Chemistry 146
Economic Mineralogy 148
Magmatic Ore Deposits 150
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 152
Sedimentary Ore Deposits 154
Weathering and Ore Deposition 154
Concluding Remarks 155
Suggested Readings 155
Practical Mineralogy 157
The Physical Properties
of Minerals 158
Identification of Minerals 159
Manner of Breaking 159
Hardness and Tenacity 161
Specific Gravity 164
Interrelationships of Physical Properties 166
Properties Dependent on Light 167
Light from Excited Atoms 169
Magnetic, Electrical, and Thermal Properties 170
Magnetic Properties 170
Electrical Properties 170
Thermal Properties 170
viii
Contents
Concluding Remarks 173
Suggested Readings 173
10 Interaction of Light and Matter 174
The Nature of Light 175
Retractive Index 175
The Optical Indicatnx 177
Dispersion and Absorption 178
Polarization of Light 179
Retardation and Color 181
Interference Figures 182
The Pétrographie Microscope 183
Concluding Remarks 184
Suggested Readings 184
11 Mineral Analysis 186
Differential Thermal Analysis 187
Infrared Spectrometry 187
Neutron Activation Analysis 190
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 191
Mössbauer Spectrometry 192
Mass Spectrometry 192
Polarography 193
Analysis Using Electromagnetic Radiation 193
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 194
Electron Microscope and
Electron Microprobe 196
Optical Emission Spectrography 198
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 199
Basic Statistical Concepts 199
Concluding Remarks 202
Suggested Readings 202
12 X rays in Mineralogy 203
Physics of X rays 204
Diffraction 205
The Powder Method 207
Powder Diffractometry 208
Powder Photography 208
Identification of an Unknown 209
Determination of Cell Parameters 210
Single-Crystal Diffractometry 213
Laue Patterns 213
Rotation Methods 214
Scattering by Atoms and Unit Cells 215
Quantitative Analysis by Diffraction 215
Magnesian Calcite 216
Olivine 216
The Plagioclase Series 216
Concluding Remarks 218
Suggested Readings 218
Mineral Descriptions 219
Mineral Description Format 220
Mineral Formulas 220
Mineral Structures 221
Suggested Readings 221
13 Native Elements 223
Native Elements 224
Box 13.1 Close Packing of Atoms 225
Gold 227
Silver 227
Copper 228
Platinum 228
Arsenic 229
Sulfur 230
Diamond 230
Graphite 231
14 Sulfides and Sulfosalts 232
Sulfides 233
Chalcocite 235
Acanthite 235
Bornite 236
Galena 236
Sphalerite 236
Chalcopynte 237
Nickelme 238
Pyrrhotite 239
Pentlandite 239
Covellite 240
Cinnabar 240
Realgar 241
Orpiment 242
Stibnite 242
Pyrite 243
Cobaltite 245
Marcas/te 245
Arsenopynte 246
Molybdenite 247
Skutterudite Series 247
Sulfosalts 248
Pyrargynte 248
Tetrahednte Series 249
Enargite 250
Bournonite 250
Jamesomte 251
Contents
ix
15 Halides 252
Halite 253
Chlorargyrite 254
Fluorite 255
16 Oxides and Hydroxides 256
Oxides 257
Cuprite 258
Ice 259
Corundum 259
Hematite 260
llmenite Series 261
Rutile 261
Pyrolusite 262
Cassiterite 263
Uraninite 264
Spinel Group 264
Sp/ne/ 265
Magnetite 266
Chromite 267
Columbite-Tantalite Series 267
Romanechite 268
Hydroxides 268
Ba/c/fe 270
Diaspore 270
Goethite 271
Gibbsite 272
17 Carbonates 273
Carbonates 274
Ca/c/fe 275
Magnesite 276
Siderite 277
Rhodochrosite 277
Smithsonite 278
Aragonite 278
Witherite 279
Strontianite 280
Cerussite 280
Dolomite 280
Malachite 281
Azurite 282
18 Borates 283
Borates 284
ßorax 284
Colemanite 285
19 Sulfates 286
Sulfates 287
Santo 287
Celestite 288
Anglesite 289
Anhydrite 289
Gypsum 290
Melanterite 291
Epsomite 292
Jarosite 292
4/un/te 293
20 Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates,
Chromâtes, Tungstates, and
Molybdates 294
Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates,
and Chromâtes 295
Monazite 296
Amblygonite Series 296
Apatite Series 297
Turquoise 298
Pyromorphite Series 299
Camotite 299
Crocoite 300
Tungstates and Molybdates 300
Wolframite Series 301
Scheelite 301
Wulfenite 302
21 Silicates 303
Tectosilicates (Networks) 307
Silica Group 307
a-Quartz 308
Opa/ 310
Feldspar Group 311
Orthoclase Series 313
Microcline Series 314
Plagioclase Series 314
Feldspathoid Group 315
Leucite 315
Nepheline 316
Sodalite 316
Cancrinite 317
Zeolite Group 318
Sf/Vb/fe 319
Chabazite 320
Natrolite 321
Miscellaneous Tectosilicates 321
Scapolite Group 321
Marialite 321
Meionite 321
Cordierite 322
Analcime 323
Contents
Phyllosilicates (Sheets) 323
Clay Family 324
Kaolinite 326
Smectite Group 326
Montmorillonite 326
Beideiiite 326
Talc Group 327
Pyrophyllite 327
Talc 327
Chlorite Group 328
Clinochlore 328
Chamosite 328
Nimite 328
Pennantite 328
Brittle Mica Group 329
Margarite 329
Elastic Mica Group 330
Muscovite 330
Phlogopite 331
S/of/fe 331
Lepidolite Series 332
Miscellaneous Phyllosilicates 332
Serpentine Group 333
Chrysotile 333
Antigorite 333
Lizardite 333
Glauconite 334
Prehnite 335
Inosilicates (Chains) and Cyclosilicates (Rings) 336
Double Chains 337
Anthophyllite Series 340
Cummingtonite Series 341
Grunerite 341
Actinolite Series 341
Hornblende Series 342
Magnesio-Hornblende 342
Single Chains 342
Pyroxene Group 342
Enstatite Series 345
Ferrosilite 345
Diopside Series 345
Hedenbergite 345
/4ug/te 346
Spodumene 347
Pyroxenoids 347
Rhodonite 347
Chrysocolla 348
Wollastonite-M 348
Pectolite 349
Cyclosilicates (Rings) 349
Tourmaline Group 350
Bery/ 351
Sorosilicates (Pairs) 352
Melilite Group 353
Hemimorphite 353
Vesuvianite 354
Epidote Series 354
Nesosilicates (Units) 355
Olivine Group 356
Garnet Group 357
Z/rcon 359
Humite Group 359
Chondrodite 359
Hum/te 359
Clinohumite 359
Topaz 360
Chloritoid 361
Subsaturates 362
Andalusite 362
Sillimanite 363
Kyanite 363
77 fan/te 364
Staurolite 365
Appendix A
Table of Atomic Parameters 367
Appendix B
Determinative Tables 371
References 397
Credits 399
Mineral Index 401
Subject Index 407
Contents
xi
|
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| spelling | Blackburn, William H. Verfasser aut Principles of mineralogy William H. Blackburn ; William H. Dennen 2. ed. Dubuque, Iowa u.a. Brown 1994 XIV, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mineralogy Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd rswk-swf Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 s DE-604 Dennen, William H. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006490097&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Blackburn, William H. Dennen, William H. Principles of mineralogy Mineralogy Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039457-8 |
| title | Principles of mineralogy |
| title_auth | Principles of mineralogy |
| title_exact_search | Principles of mineralogy |
| title_full | Principles of mineralogy William H. Blackburn ; William H. Dennen |
| title_fullStr | Principles of mineralogy William H. Blackburn ; William H. Dennen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of mineralogy William H. Blackburn ; William H. Dennen |
| title_short | Principles of mineralogy |
| title_sort | principles of mineralogy |
| topic | Mineralogy Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mineralogy Mineralogie |
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