Introducing statistics for social research: step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London u.a.
Routledge
1994
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 318 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0415075149 0415075157 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Cramer, Duncan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introducing statistics for social research |b step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS |c Duncan Cramer |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London u.a. |b Routledge |c 1994 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 318 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Statistik | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Statistical methods |x Computer programs | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of tables vi
List of figures xii
Preface xiii
1 Role of statistics in social research 1
2 Measurement and univariate analysis 13
3 Introducing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 26
4 Statistical significance and choice of test 47
5 Tests of difference for categorical data 75
6 Tests of difference for ordinal data 100
7 Tests of difference for interval/ratio data in unrelated
samples 121
8 Tests of difference for interval/ratio data in related and
mixed samples 156
9 Tests of association for categorical and ordinal data 186
10 Tests of association for interval/ratio data 216
11 Bivariate and multiple regression 242
12 Measurement reliability and agreement 269
Appendices 285
A ns wers to exercises 307
Bibliography 314
Index 315
Tables
1.1 Four possible outcomes of tossing two coins once and
their probability 3
1.2 Results showing a perfect relationship between watching
violence on television and aggression 9
3.1 Tabulating data 29
3.2 Frequency output 34
3.3 Descriptives output 35
3.4 Descriptives output with listwise exclusion of missing
values 36
4.1 Four case example of equiprobable gender outcomes 49
4.2 Type I and type II errors 52
4.3 Tests of difference 54
4.4 Tests of association 55
4.5 Ratio and ordinal measures of frequency of violent films
watched by three aggressive and three non aggressive
individuals 56
4.6 Number of violent films seen by an aggressive and
non aggressive group 57
4.7 Part of the table of two tailed 0.05 values of F 58
4.8 Ftest as part of t test output 59
4.9 Positively skewed scores: initial computations 61
4.10 Negatively skewed scores: initial computations 62
4.11 Part of the table of the standard normal distribution 63
4.12 A mesokurtic distribution: initial computations 66
4.13 A leptokurtic distribution: initial computations 66
4.14 A platykurtic distribution: initial computations 67
5.1 Part of the binomial test one tailed probabilities table 76
5.2 Binomial test output with all five places filled by women 78
5.3 Binomial test output with 30 of 40 places filled by
women 79
5.4 Number of women and men taking the same course in
three consecutive years 79
Tables vii
5.5 Contingency table of number of women and men taking
the same course in three consecutive years 80
5.6 Observed and expected frequencies of women and men
taking the same course in three consecutive years 81
5.7 Row and column totals of a 2 X 2 contingency table 82
5.8 Cell totals of the 2 X 2 contingency table 82
5.9 Row and column totals of a 2 X 3 contingency table 83
5.10 Cell counts of the 2 X 3 contingency table 83
5.11 Observed and expected frequency of women and men
taking the same course in four consecutive years 84
5.12 Observed frequency of women and men taking the same
course in two consecutive years 85
5.13 Observed and expected frequency of women and men
taking the same course in two consecutive years 85
5.14 Chi square output 88
5.15 Chi square output with expected frequencies of less
than 5 90
5.16 Chi square output with Yates s continuity correction 91
5.17 Chi square output with Fisher s exact test 92
5.18 Number of students receiving the highest grades in their
first and second years 93
5.19 McNemar test output 95
5.20 Number of students receiving the highest grades in their
first, second and third years 95
5.21 Cochran Q test: initial computations 96
5.22 Cochran Q test output 98
6.1 Pre test, post test and follow up anxiety ratings for
relaxation, cognitive and control conditions 101
6.2 Cumulative frequency table of follow up anxiety ratings
for the relaxation and cognitive conditions 102
6.3 Cumulative frequency proportions of follow up anxiety
ratings for the relaxation and cognitive conditions 102
6.4 Kolmogorov Smirnov test output 104
6.5 Ranking of follow up anxiety ratings for the relaxation
and cognitive conditions 105
6.6 Ranked anxiety ratings for the relaxation condition 105
6.7 Mann Whitney Utest output 109
6.8 Follow up anxiety ratings for the relaxation, cognitive
and control conditions 110
6.9 Ranking of follow up anxiety ratings for the relaxation,
cognitive and control conditions 110
6.10 Kruskal Wallis H test output 112
6.11 Pre test and post test anxiety ratings for the cognitive
condition 113
viii Tables
6.12 Sign test output 114
6.13 Ranked differences between pre test and post test
anxiety ratings for the cognitive condition 115
6.14 Wilcoxon test output 116
6.15 Pre test, post test and follow up anxiety ratings for the
cognitive condition 117
6.16 Ranked pre test, post test and follow up anxiety ratings
for the cognitive condition and initial computations 118
6.17 Friedman test output 119
6.18 Type of school, gender, socio economic status and
educational interest at 9, 12 and 15 120
7.1 Follow up anxiety ratings in the relaxation and cognitive
conditions and initial computations for the unrelated
ttest 123
7.2 Unrelated t test output 125
7.3 Follow up anxiety ratings for the relaxation, cognitive
and control conditions 130
7.4 Oneway analysis of variance output 134
7.5 Oneway descriptive statistics output 135
7.6 Oneway tests for homogeneity of variance 136
7.7 Oneway Scheffe test output 139
7.8 Pre test, post test and follow up anxiety ratings in men
for the relaxation, cognitive and control conditions 140
7.9 Oneway analysis of variance output (for significant
group differences) 141
7.10 Oneway descriptive statistics output (for significant
group differences) 141
7.11 Oneway Scheffe test output (for significant group
differences) 142
7.12 Follow up anxiety ratings of women and men in the
cognitive and control conditions together with initial
computations 146
7.13 Anova output 151
7.14 Anova descriptive statistics output 151
7.15 Anova multiple classification analysis output 152
7.16 One way anova output 153
8.1 Pre test and post test anxiety ratings for the women in
the cognitive condition together with initial
computations 157
8.2 Pre test and post test anxiety ratings together with their
differences and squared differences 158
8.3 Related t test output 160
8.4 Sources of variation and degrees of freedom in a single
factor repeated measures analysis 161
Tables ix
8.5 Pre test, post test and follow up individual, total and
mean anxiety ratings for the women in the cognitive
condition 161
8.6 Single factor repeated measures analysis of variance
table 162
8.7 Manova output of cell means, standard deviations and
number of cases 164
8.8 Manova output of the within subjects effect 164
8.9 Sources of variation and degrees of freedom in a
two way analysis of variance with repeated measures on
one factor 165
8.10 Pre test and post test anxiety ratings of the men in the
cognitive and control conditions together with initial
computations 166
8.11 Two way analysis of variance table with repeated
measures on one factor 167
8.12 Manova output of cell means, standard deviations and
number of cases 169
8.13 Manova output for between subjects effects 170
8.14 Manova output of the within subjects and interaction
effects 170
8.15 Sources of variation and degrees of freedom in a
one way analysis of covariance 172
8.16 One way analysis of covariance table 174
8.17 Between regressions and remaining sums of squares and
degrees of freedom 176
8.18 Anova output for analysis of covariance 180
8.19 Anova output of cell means and numbers of cases 181
8.20 Anova output for unadjusted and adjusted means 182
8.21 Manova output of unadjusted and adjusted means 183
8.22 Manova output of adjusted between groups effects 184
8.23 Manova output of the ftest for homogeneity of
regression 184
9.1 Number of married women with and without children in
paid employment 187
9.2 Expected frequency of married women with and without
children in paid employment 188
9.3 Chi square output 189
9.4 Phi output 189
9.5 Numbers of women and men taking the same course in
three consecutive years 190
9.6 Chi square and contingency coefficient output 191
9.7 Cramer s Voutput 192
9.8 Goodman and Kruskal s lambda and tau output 194
x Tables
9.9 Example of rankings by two judges 195
9.10 Another example of rankings by two judges 196
9.11 Kendall s tau a output 197
9.12 Number of concordant, discordant and tied pairs of
rankings 198
9.13 Matrix of ranks 198
9.14 Number of concordant, discordant and tied pairs of
rankings for another example 199
9.15 Another matrix of rankings 199
9.16 Kendall s tau b output 200
9.17 Contingency table output 201
9.18 Kendall s tau c output 202
9.19 Goodman and Kruskall s gamma output 203
9.20 Somer s rf output 205
9.21 Initial computations for rho with no tied ranks 206
9.22 Initial computations for rho with some tied ranks 207
9.23 Rho output 208
9.24 Mantel Haenszel s chi square output 208
9.25 Data on parental education, children s education and
children s self esteem 209
9.26 Data on aspirations, education and self esteem 210
9.27 Contingency table of parental education, own education
and self esteem 212
9.28 Contingency table of own education and self esteem 213
9.29 Opinion on increase in direct taxation of arts, social
science and natural science students 215
10.1 Data and initial computations for Pearson s correlation
showing a strong positive relationship 217
10.2 Crosstabs output of Pearson s correlation 218
10.3 Correlations output of Pearson s correlation 219
10.4 Talkativeness and popularity scores 221
10.5 Data and initial computations for Pearson s correlation
showing a curvilinear relationship 223
10.6 Listening and popularity scores of seven cases 224
10.7 Computations for Pearson s correlation between
listening and popularity 225
10.8 Computations for Pearson s correlation between
listening and popularity with one extreme score 225
10.9 Computations for Pearson s correlation between
listening and popularity with reduced variance 226
10.10 Computations for averaging Pearson s correlations 231
10.11 Correlations between parental acceptance, parental
education, educational attainment and self esteem 232
Tables xi
10.12 Scores for parental acceptance, parental education,
educational attainment and self esteem 232
10.13 Regression output of a first order partial correlation 235
10.14 Regression output of a second order partial correlation 236
10.15 Partial corr output of a first order partial correlation 237
10.16 Partial corr output of a second order partial correlation 237
10.17 Data and initial computations for eta 238
10.18 Crosstabs output of eta 239
10.19 Anova output of eta 240
11.1 Scores of two judges 243
11.2 Computations for a regression coefficient 245
11.3 Sum of residuals and residuals squared 247
11.4 Regression output with r keyword 252
11.5 Regression output with anova keyword 253
11.6 Regression output with coeff keyword 253
11.7 Regression output with ci keyword 254
11.8 Regression output with coeff and ci keyword 254
11.9 Regression output of residuals with scatterplot
subcommand 255
11.10 Correlations, means and standard deviations for
parental acceptance, parental education, educational
attainment and self esteem 257
11.11 Regression output with two predictors 261
11.12 Regression output with parental acceptance entered on
the second step 264
11.13 Regression output with educational attainment entered
on the second step 265
12.1 Categorisation of photos by two judges 270
12.2 Kappa output 271
12.3 Ratings by three judges 272
12.4 Sums and means of ratings of cases and judges 273
12.5 Analysis of variance table for the intraclass correlation 274
12.6 Anova output of analysis of variance table 275
12.7 Dichotomous answers to three items 276
12.8 Sum and means of items and cases 277
12.9 Analysis of variance table for alpha 278
12.10 Alpha output 279
12.11 Dichotomous answers to six items 280
12.12 Categorisation of patients problems by two clinicians 282
12.13 Physical attractiveness ratings by three judges 283
Figures
4.1 Two case example of probability distribution 49
4.2 Four case example of a probability distribution 50
4.3 A normal distribution 56
4.4 A histogram 69
4.5 A polygon 69
4.6 Two polygons 70
4.7 Output of a frequency histogram with a superimposed
normal curve 71
4.8 Output of percentage histogram with superimposed
normal curve 73
7.1 An example of an interaction 143
7.2 Another example of an interaction 144
7.3 An example of no interaction 144
7.4 Another example of no interaction 145
8.1 Example of pre test and post test differences 171
10.1 A scatterplot of talkativeness and popularity 220
10.2 Basic plot output of a scatterplot 222
10.3 Scatterplot produced with additional plot subcommands 223
10.4 Correlations between four variables 229
11.1 Scatterplot of scores of two judges 244
11.2 Regression line 246
11.3 Plot output of bivariate regression 251
11.4 Regression output of standardised scatterplot with
scatterplot subcommand 255
|
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| dewey-search | 300/.72 |
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| discipline | Informatik Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV009766065 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:40:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0415075149 0415075157 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIV, 318 S. graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Cramer, Duncan Verfasser aut Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS Duncan Cramer 1. publ. London u.a. Routledge 1994 XIV, 318 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SPSS (Computer file) Ciencias humanas e sociais larpcal Estatistica aplicada as ciencias sociais larpcal SPSS gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques - Logiciels Statistiek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Computer programs SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd rswk-swf SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006460730&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cramer, Duncan Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS SPSS (Computer file) Ciencias humanas e sociais larpcal Estatistica aplicada as ciencias sociais larpcal SPSS gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques - Logiciels Statistiek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Computer programs SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056588-9 |
| title | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS |
| title_auth | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS |
| title_exact_search | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS |
| title_full | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS Duncan Cramer |
| title_fullStr | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS Duncan Cramer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introducing statistics for social research step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS Duncan Cramer |
| title_short | Introducing statistics for social research |
| title_sort | introducing statistics for social research step by step calculations and computer techniques using spss |
| title_sub | step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS |
| topic | SPSS (Computer file) Ciencias humanas e sociais larpcal Estatistica aplicada as ciencias sociais larpcal SPSS gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques - Logiciels Statistiek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Computer programs SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | SPSS (Computer file) Ciencias humanas e sociais Estatistica aplicada as ciencias sociais SPSS Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques - Logiciels Statistiek Sozialwissenschaften Statistik Social sciences Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Computer programs |
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