Strategic industrial sourcing: the Japanese advantage
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
1994
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 318 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0195071093 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Strategic industrial sourcing |b the Japanese advantage |c Toshihiro Nishiguchi |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 1994 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Industrial procurement -- Japan | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Abbreviations xv
Tables and Figures, xvii
Acknowledgments, xxiii
1. Overview, 3
Problem Setting, 3
Research Approach, 4
A New Explanation of Japanese Subcontracting, 5
Four Theories of Subcontracting,^
I THE HISTORY OF SUBCONTRACTING IN JAPAN
2. The Origins of Dualism and the Rise of Subcontracting in Japanese
Manufacturing Industries, 1900 1945, 19
Labor Mobility and Stabilization, 19
The Rise of Internal Labor Markets, 22
The Rise of Temporary Workers, 25
The Emergence of Subcontracting, 28
Modes of Subcontracting, 35
Politics and Prototypes, 44
Summary and Conclusions, 48
3. The Emergence of Postwar Subcontracting, 1945 1960, 50
Postwar Turmoil, 50
Unionism, 51
The Impact of the Dodge Plan, 54
The Korean War Boom and After, 55
Changing Socioeconomic Conditions, 57
The State of Technology, 59
The Postwar Rise of Subcontracting Systems, 60
Temporary Workers, 67
Government Policies, 69
Summary and Conclusions, 88
xii Contents
4. The Transformation of Japanese Subcontracting, 1960 1990, 90
The Recession of Dualism, 90
Producers Strategies and the Market, 98
The Resurgence of the Keiretsu, 113
The Advantages of Subcontracting and the Emergence
of Collaborative Manufacturing, 115
Long term Contractual Relations, 116
The Emergence of Clustered Control, 119
New Modes of Subcontracting, L23
Summary and Conclusions, VS6
II THE CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
OF SUBCONTRACTING
5. Asset Specificity Revisited, 143
Contract Assembly, 143
Asset Specificity, 144
The Survey, 145
Variations Within the Pattern, 162
Summary and Conclusions, 168
6. Bargaining or Problem Solving?, 171
Perception of Customers, 171
Subcontractor Improvement Programs, 178
British Subcontractors and Japanese Transplants
in the United Kingdom, 181
Sources of Entrepreneurship, 185
Summary and Conclusions, 190
7. Sources of Flexibility, 191
Traditional Framework, 191
Flexibility Revisited, 192
Types and Measurements of Flexibility, 194
The Survey, 194
Product Mix and Variants, 196
Design Changes and New Products, 198
Manpower Flexibility, 199
Inventory Levels, 202 .
Delivery Performance, 206 /
Summary and Conclusions, afifr
Contents xiii
8. Conclusion, 209
History, 209
Contemporary Practice, 212
appendix a. List of Interviewees, 217
appendix b. Reasons for Subcontracting and Excerpts from Questions Asked, 271
appendix c. Postwar Small Business Organizations, 283
appendix d. Cooperatives, 285
Bibliography, 287
Index, 301
TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
1 1. Interviews, 1983 89
2 1. Length of Service of Skilled Workers, 1903
2 2. Length of Service at an Electrical Equipment Firm in Tokyo, 1926
2 3. Interscale Wage Differentials, 1908 and 1930
2 4. Number of Male Workers per Factory in Private Heavy Manufacturing Industries,
1920 and 1930
2 5. Number of Industry Start ups, 1904 33
2 6. Influence of Munitions Demand on Machinery Industry, 1932 38
2 7. Value of Backlogged Orders at Major Manufacturers, 1937 38
2 8. Manufacturing Costs of a Toyota Motor Vehicle in 1939
2 9 Sub subcontracting at Large Subcontractors in the mid 1930s
2 10. Number of Customers for Machinery Subcontractors in the Taisho District,
Osaka, 1937
2 11. Number of Prime Movers and Their Working Horse Power per Worker in the
Machinery Industry, 1936 and 1937
2 12. Differences in Labor Composition Among Machinery Subcontractors in the Taisho
District, Osaka, 1936
3 1. Economic Indicators, 1949 56
3 2. Interscale Wage Differentials (in cash) in Manufacturing Industries, 1950 55
3 3. Union Density, 1946 60
3 4. Distribution of Union Members According to Size of Manufacturing Industry,
1948 and 1956
3 5. Purchase Rate of Used Equipment in Fixed Investments, by Size of Firm,
1954 59
3 6. Years of Subcontractors Business with Matsushita Electric. 1961
3 7. Percentages of Output by Electrical Suppliers and Subcontractors for Electronics.
Electrical Appliances, and Communication Equipment, 1955 59
3 8. Secondary Subcontracting by Matsushita Electric s First Tier Subcontractors,
1957 59
3 9. Percentage Increase of Regular and Temporary Workers in All and Selected
Industries, 1955 59
3 10. Percentage of Temporary Workers in the Regular Work Force in Manufacturing
Industries, 1956 59
3 11. Percentage of Temporary Workers in the Regular Work Force at Establishments
with 500 or More Employees, 1956 and 1969
3 12. Periodic and Special Investigations of Subcontracting Relations by the Fair Trade
Commission, 1956 77
xviii Tables and Figures
3 13. Major Activities of Common Facility Cooperatives, 1958 78
3 14. Density of Common Facility Cooperatives in Manufacturing Industries, 1957 76
3 15. Outstanding Loans to Small Businesses by Financial Institutions, 1969
3 F1. Enterprise Unions, 1926 30 and 1947 75
3 F2. Percentage Increase in Number of Employees According to Size of Firm, 1952 55
4 1. Union Density, 1960 77
4 2. Distribution of Union Members in All Industries, 1956, 1966 and 1976
4 3. Number and Percentage of Small Manufacturing Firms That Subcontract,
1966 81
4 4. Percentage of Small Manufacturing Firms Whose Dependence on Subcontracting
Exceeded 80 Percent of Their Output, 1976 and 1981
4 5. Temporary and Seasonal Workers at Toyota, 1946 79
4 6. Temporary and Part Time Workers at Toshiba, 1958 83
4 7. Numbers of New and Discontinued Color Television Models by Twelve Japanese
Producers, 1972 74
4 8. Toyota s Contract Assembly, 1987
4 9. Percentage of Contract Assembly for Toyota of Hino Motors Total Output,
1966 87
4 10. Transfer in the 1960s of Toyota s Automotive Components Subassembly Lines to
Its Subcontractors
4 11. Breakdown of Subcontracting Content at Fuji Electric s Tokyo Plant, 1965 90
4 12. Transition of Subcontracting, Number of First Tier Subcontractors, and Number
of Products at Fuji Electric s Tokyo Plant, 1974 90
4 13. Distribution of Design and Assembly Functions of Measurement Control Products
Between Fuji Electric s Tokyo Plant and Its Subcontractors, 1985
4 14. Change in Top Three Subcontracting Functions in the Machinery Industry, 1934,
1950, and 1968
4 15. Investment Trends of Large Japanese Electrical and Automotive Manufacturers in
Related Firms, 1956 63
4 16. Percentage of Large Japanese Manufacturers Having Capital and Managerial
Relationships with Subcontractors, 1950 and 1968
4 17. Dissemination of Basic Purchasing Contracts in Manufacturing Industries, 1965
and 1970
4 18. Years of Business with Subcontractors: Fuji Electric in 1983 Versus Matsushita
Electric, circa 1961
4 19. Price Determination Patterns in Manufacturing Industries, 1962 83
4 20. Types of Automotive Components Development for a New Car Model: Japan,
the United States, and Europe, 1987
4 21. Percentages of Subcontractors Using Self developed Technologies and Providing
Them to Customers in Manufacturing Industries, 1983
4 22. Change in Delivery Time Units in Japanese Automotive and Electronics
Industries, 1979 82
5 1. Breakdown of Electronics Manufacturers from U.K. Japan Subcontracting
Sample, 1983 86
5 2. Number of Regular Customers of Electronics Subcontractors in the United
Kingdom and Japan, 1983 86
Tables and Figures xix
5 3. Number of Regular Customers of Japanese Electronics Subcontractors by Tier and
Specialty, 1983 86
5 4. British and Japanese Electronics Subcontractors Percentage of Annual Sales to
Top Three Customers, 1983 86
5 5. British and Japanese Electronics Subcontractors Percentage of Annual Sales to
Top Three Customers, by Tier and Specialty, 1983 86
5 6. Percentage Breakdown of Regular Electronics Subcontractors by Work Content
and Tier: U.K. Japan Comparison, 1983 86
5 7. Percentage Breakdown of Electronics Subcontractors by Work Content and
Specialty: U.K. Japan Comparison, 1983 86
5 8. Comparison of Physical and Dedicated Asset Specificity: Japanese and British
Electronics Subcontracting, 1983 86
5 9. Ranking of Physical and Dedicated Asset Specificity: Japanese and British
Electronics Subcontracting, 1983 86
5 10. Number of Electronics Subcontractors Employees per Regular Customer: Japan
and the United Kingdom, 1983 86
5 11. Ranking of Unadjusted Human Asset Specificity: Japanese and British Electronics
Subcontracting, 1983 86
5 12. Ranking of Size adjusted Human Asset Specificity: Japanese and British
Electronics Subcontracting, 1983 86
5 13. Distance Between Electronics Subcontractors and Their Major Customers in
Japan and the United Kingdom, 1983 86
5 14. Ranking of Site Asset Specificity: Japanese and British Electronics
Subcontracting, 1983 86
5 15. Ranking of Total Asset Specificity and Customer Concentration: British and
Japanese Electronics Subcontractors, 1983 86
6 1. British and Japanese Electronics Subcontractors Perception of Their Customers,
1983 86
6 2. Profiles of Average Proprietors of Assembly Subcontracting Firms in the Japanese
Electronics Industry, 1986
6 3. Career Patterns of Proprietors of Assembly Subcontracting Firms in the Japanese
Electronics Industry, 1986
6 4. Incomes of Proprietors of First Tier Electronics Assembly Subcontracting Firms
Versus Incomes of Workers in Manufacturing Firms in Japan, 1985
6 5. Job Satisfaction of Proprietors of Assembly Subcontracting Firms Versus Workers
for Large Manufacturers in the Japanese Electronics Industry, 1986
7 1. Breakdown of Fifty four Automotive Components Plants Surveyed in Japan, the
United States, and Europe, 1987 89
7 2. Die Change Time at Automotive Components Plants in Japan, the United States,
and Europe, 1987 89
7 3. Die Change Frequency at Automotive Components Plants in Japan, the United
States, and Europe, 1987 89
7 4. Product Variants at Two Alternator Plants in the United States and Japan,
1987
7 5. Lead Time for New Dies at Auto Components Plants in Japan, the United States,
and Europe, 1987 89
xx Tables and Figures
7 6. Job Classifications of Blue Collar Workers at Automotive Components Plants in
Japan, the United States, and Europe, 1987 89
7 7. Multimachine Operations in Module Building at Automotive Components Plants
in Japan, the United States, and Europe, 1987 89
7 8. Inventory Levels at Auto Components Plants in Japan, the United States, and
Europe, 1987 89
7 9. Relative Scale of Inventory Levels at Auto Components Plants in Japan, the
United States, and Europe, 1987 89
7 10. Number of JIT Deliveries per Day to a Major Customer, 1987 89
7 11. Automotive Components Failures, 1988
B l. The Twenty Automotive and Twenty Electronics/Electrical Firms in Japan
Covered in the Survey, 1986
B 2. Reasons for Contracting Out: Large Japanese Automotive and
Electrical/Electronics Manufacturers, 1986
Figures
2 1. Labor Turnover at Large Manufacturers, 1919 30
2 2. Wage Curves at Two Shipyards, circa 1925
2 3. Employment Fluctuations of Regular and Temporary Workers at Yawata Steel,
1920 31
3 1. Employment Fluctuations of Regular and Temporary Workers in the Food,
Machinery, Electrical Equipment, and Transportation Equipment Industries,
1956 57
3 2. Procedures for Implementing the Law on the Prevention of Delay in Payment of
Subcontracting Charges and Related Matters
3 3. Payment Delays in Subcontracting Charges, 1961 77
3 4. Trend in the Number of Small Business Cooperatives, 1960 80
3 5. Outlays by Financial Institutions to Small and Large Firms, 1966
3 6. Borrowing, by Size of Firm and by Financial Institution, 1957
3 7. Combined Loans from Nonbank Private and Public Small Firm Financial
Institutions and Other Government Sources
4 1. Interscale Wage Differentials in Manufacturing Industries, 1958—83
4 2. Output of Japanese Manufacturing Industry by Size of Firm, 1954 81
4 3. Share of Value Added by Small Firms, 1962 82
4 4. Outsourcing Percentage: Ten Major Japanese Motor Vehicle Assemblers,
1961 86
4 5. Employment Levels by Size of Establishment in the Transportation Equipment
Industries, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1984
4 6. Dissemination Rates of Selected Consumer Durables, 1957 and 1963
4 7. Dissemination Rates of Selected Consumer Durables, 1958 76
4 8. Dissemination Rates of Selected Consumer Durables and Disposable Real Income,
1970 82
4 9. Proliferation of Models and Body Styles at Nissan, 1965 85
4 10. Transition of Subcontracting Work at a Subcontractor of Fuji Electric s Tokyo
Plant, 1954 83
Tables and Figures xxi
4 11. Breakdown of Subcontracted Measurement Control Products at Fuji Electric s
Tokyo Plant, 1985
4 12. Transition of Subcontractors Work, 1962 72
4 13. Reorganization of Subcontracting, 1971
4 14. Reorganization of Subcontracting by Tier, 1971
4 15. Clustered Control: Fuji Electric s Tokyo Plant, 1986
4 16. Changing Supplier Relations at Daimler Benz, 1988
5 1. Part Number Breakdown of a Japanese Vacuum Cleaner, 1986
5 2. Geographical Distribution of First Tier Assembly Subcontractors of a Japanese
Hi Fi Equipment Plant, 1986
|
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| spelling | Nishiguchi, Toshihiro Verfasser aut Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage Toshihiro Nishiguchi New York [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 1994 XXI, 318 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1900-1994 gnd rswk-swf Aanneming van werk gtt Approvisionnement dans l'entreprise - Japon Industria - Compras - Japón Onderaannemers gtt Sous-traitance - Japon Subcontracting -- Japan Industrial procurement -- Japan Zulieferer (DE-588)4117734-4 gnd rswk-swf Verarbeitende Industrie (DE-588)4133768-2 gnd rswk-swf Japón - Industria - Administración Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 gnd rswk-swf Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 g Verarbeitende Industrie (DE-588)4133768-2 s Zulieferer (DE-588)4117734-4 s Geschichte 1900-1994 z DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006344359&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nishiguchi, Toshihiro Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage Aanneming van werk gtt Approvisionnement dans l'entreprise - Japon Industria - Compras - Japón Onderaannemers gtt Sous-traitance - Japon Subcontracting -- Japan Industrial procurement -- Japan Zulieferer (DE-588)4117734-4 gnd Verarbeitende Industrie (DE-588)4133768-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117734-4 (DE-588)4133768-2 (DE-588)4028495-5 |
| title | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage |
| title_auth | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage |
| title_exact_search | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage |
| title_full | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage Toshihiro Nishiguchi |
| title_fullStr | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage Toshihiro Nishiguchi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strategic industrial sourcing the Japanese advantage Toshihiro Nishiguchi |
| title_short | Strategic industrial sourcing |
| title_sort | strategic industrial sourcing the japanese advantage |
| title_sub | the Japanese advantage |
| topic | Aanneming van werk gtt Approvisionnement dans l'entreprise - Japon Industria - Compras - Japón Onderaannemers gtt Sous-traitance - Japon Subcontracting -- Japan Industrial procurement -- Japan Zulieferer (DE-588)4117734-4 gnd Verarbeitende Industrie (DE-588)4133768-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aanneming van werk Approvisionnement dans l'entreprise - Japon Industria - Compras - Japón Onderaannemers Sous-traitance - Japon Subcontracting -- Japan Industrial procurement -- Japan Zulieferer Verarbeitende Industrie Japón - Industria - Administración Japan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006344359&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nishiguchitoshihiro strategicindustrialsourcingthejapaneseadvantage |