The global greenhouse regime: who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Tokyo ; New York
United Nations Univ. Press [u.a.]
1993
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| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 382 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1853831360 9280808362 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The global greenhouse regime |b who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention |c ed. by Peter Hayes and Kirk Smith |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Tokyo ; New York |b United Nations Univ. Press [u.a.] |c 1993 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
List of illustrations ix
List of contributors xiv
Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xvii
PART I MEASURING RESPONSIBILITY
1 Introduction 3
Peter Hayes and Kirk R Smith
The greenhouse effect 4
What was decided at Rio? 7
Protocol negotiating difficulties 10
Key issues for climate change negotiations 12
References 18
2 The basics of greenhouse gas indices 20
Kirk R Smith
Apples and oranges 20
Implications 35
Conclusion: indices do matter 45
References 48
3 Assessing emissions: five approaches compared 51
Susan Subak
Introduction 51
Comprehensiveness compared 53
Accuracy by category 55
Regional and national emissions by source 59
Conclusions 63
References 64
Appendix A: Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions 66
Appendix B: Calculating cumulative and current emissions 67
Contents
4 Who pays (to solve the problem and how much)? 70
Kirk R Smith, ]oel Swisher and Dilip R Ahuja
Indices of allocation: a brief review 71
I Accountability 73
Equity and efficiency 73
Conclusion 95
References 96
PART II RESOURCE TRANSFERS
5 North South carbon abatement costs 101
Peter Hayes
J Climate Change Convention 102
Method overview 105
Notes and references 137
6 North South transfer 144
Peter Hayes
Obligation to pay indices 144
Redistribution of incremental cost 150
Benchmarks 153
UN scale of payments 154
Financing mechanisms 155
Conclusion 166
Notes and references 167
7 Insuring against sea level rise 169
Michael Wilford
Insurability of losses 172
Oil pollution 175
Nuclear damage 177
Implications 179
The insurance scheme proposed by AOSIS 180
The Climate Change Convention . 182
Notes and references 183
Appendix: Scheme proposed by AOSIS for inclusion in the
Climate Change Convention 184
PART III NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION COST
CURVES
8 Integrating ecology and economy in India 19*
]ayant Sathaye and Amulya Reddy
vi
Contents
Introduction 191
Emissions inventory 193
Energy efficiency and fuel substitution 194
Emissions and sequestration from forest biomass 202
Conclusions 206
References 208
9 Carbon abatement potential in West Africa 210
Ogunlade R Davidson
Introduction 210
Long term energy and carbon emissions scenarios 212
Options for rational energy use and carbon conservation 222
Economic opportunities for implementation 226
Policy issues for the region 229
Conclusions 230
References 230
10 Abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil 233
]ose Moreira and Alan Poole
Brazil s energy economy 233
Energy subsector analyses 242
Changing land use trends 254
Conclusion 256
References 258
11 Thailand s demand side management initiative:
a practical response to global warming 261
Peter du Pont, Mark Cherniack, Michael Philips
and Somthawin Patanavankh
Introduction 261
End use energy efficiency policies 266
Costs and benefits of the DSM Master Plan 270
CO2 reductions from the DSM Plan 271
Why should other developing countries adopt DSM? 274
The role of the multilateral development banks 275
Conclusions 276
References 278
12 Carbon abatement in Central and Eastern Europe and the
Commonwealth of Independent States 280
Stanislav F Kolar
Energy environment nexus 281
Scenarios for the future 282
Country results 286
Policy implications 295
Conclusion 296
Notes and references 298
vii
Contents
13 Greenhouse gas emission abatement in Australia 300
Hugh Saddler
Abatement of energy sector emissions 301
Economic impact of abatement strategies 310
Non energy emission abatement 312
Australia s international role 313
Carbon taxes, externalities and other policy instruments 314
References 315
PART IV CONCLUSION
14 Constructing a global greenhouse regime 319
Peter Hayes
Conditionally and additionality 320
Technology transfer 323
Multi pronged approach 327
s}/ Implementation procedures 331
Regional building blocks 338
North South conflicts 344
Conclusion 350
Notes and references 351
Appendix: The Climate Change Convention 357
Index 377
via
List of Illustrations
Figures
2.1 Relative contributions of different greenhouse gases to global warming
during the 1980s 21
2.2 Relative impact of different activities on global warming 22
2.3 Relative contribution of different countries to global warming during the
1980s 22
2.4 Relative rates of removal from the atmosphere for CO2 and
methane 26
2.5 The index year and year cutoff methods of comparing the contributions
of CO2 and methane 27
2.6 The index period and period cutoff methods of comparing the
contributions of CO2 and methane 28
2.7 The effect of discounting on CO2 decay 29
2.8 Incremental warming from annual emissions 33
2.9 Methods of indexing past emissions using a hundred year time
horizon 34
2.10 Gross and depleted natural debts of US CO2 from fossil fuels 36
2.11 Growth in per capita natural debt, USA and India, 1986 43
2.12 Growth in per capita natural debt, USA and India, 2025 44
2.13 Sensitivity of global warming potentials to time horizon 47
3.1 Historic CO2 emissions compared 53
3.2 Contributions to total emissions by source 55
3.3 Per capita emissions from selected countries 60
3.4 Socioeconomic assessments compared with GHG emissions 62
4.1 Typology and indices for allocating greenhouse gas emission
reductions 74
4.2 Relationship between PQLI and two measures of per capita
income 82
4.3 The global carbon cycle: approximate current flows 86
4.4 Flow of carbon through a wood fuelled cooking stove 90
4.5 Flow of carbon through a kerosene fired stove 91
5.1 Global abatement cost curve, McKinsey and Co, 1989 109
5.2 USNAS marginal cost estimates 110
5.3 Marginal costs and damages, Nordhaus 110
5.4 Marginal cost, CO2 reduction 111
List of illustrations
5.5 National abatement cost curves 112
5.6 Carbon abatement by forestry management 116
5.7 Projected CO2ff emissions, 1995 2025, reference scenario 119
5.8 Projected CO2ff emissions, 1995 2025, efficiency scenario 120
5.9 Future CO2 production rates vs. atmospheric concentration 122
5.10 Required reduction 1995 2025, efficiency scenario 125
5.11 Required reduction ratio, 1995 2025 126
5.12 Incremental abatement cost, Case 1 127
5.13 Incremental abatement cost, Case 2 128
5.14 Incremental abatement cost, Case 3 128
5.15 Vulnerable coastal and/or island states 130
5.16 Summary of incremental cost abatement/coastal costs 137
6.1 Obligation to pay 148
6.2 Cost with and without OTP redistribution, Cases 1 and 3 149
6.3 UN scale of payments 155
6.4 Tradeable permits transfer, Case 1 160
6.5 Tradeable permits transfer, Case 3 161
8.1 CO2 emissions from India, 1950 1989 195
8.2 Primary energy per GDP India, 1970 2025 196
9.1 Modern per capita fuel use, comparison of developing regions 211
9.2 Carbon emissions from energy use, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
1987 2025 215
10.1 Cumulative annual carbon emissions avoided by 2000 for technology
improvements in Brazil 257
11.1 Thailand s net CO2 emissions from deforestation and fuel
consumption 263
11.2 Thailand s primary fossil fuel demand, by sector 264
11.3 Thailand s CO2 emissions by sector, 1991 and 2006 265
11.4 Thailand s electricity production by fuel type, 1991 and 2006 266
11.5 Thailand s power sector, 5 year DSM budget and demand
savings 267
11.6 Carbon abatement curve for Thai residential sector, 2000 273
12.1 Carbon and energy intensities compared, 1988 281
12.2 Carbon dioxide emissions in Central and Eastern Europe,
1985 2025 286
12.3 Carbon emissions in the former Soviet Union, 1990 2030 288
12.4 Automobile ownership, country comparisons, 1985 and 2025 289
12.5 Living area per capita in Eastern Europe, 1985 and 2025 290
13.1 Cost of CO2 emission abatement in Australia, selected energy efficiency
measures 304
14.1 Projected South emissions vs IPCC and study world totals 325
X
List of illustrations
Tables
1.1 Greenhouse gas negotiating novelties 11
2.1 Parameters for important greenhouse gases 24
2.2 World anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and methane and global warming
potentials 30
2.3 Current and historical carbon emissions and population data by
country 37
2.4 Proportions of world carbon emissions and population by country 39
2.5 Emissions indices: carbon as carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and cement,
India versus the USA 41
2.6 Greenhouse gas indices according to time horizon for India and the
USA 46
2.7 Ratio of responsibilities, USA/India 48
3.1 Sources included in selected cumulative and current emissions
assessments 52
3.2 Estimated accuracy of GHG emissions accounts 56
3.3 Emissions from industrialized and developing countries 59
4.1 Relative and total contributions to the Global Environment Facility, the
Montreal Protocol and the two combined 77
4.2 Ability to pay, responsibility and obligation to pay for reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions, by country 80
4.3 Benefits in GWP from fuel switching in cookstoves 92
5.1 Summary of incremental abatement and protection costs 136
6.1 Obligation to pay, combined index 147
6.2 UN scale of payments 157
6.3 Abatement services transfer, Cases 1 and 3 155
8.1 Estimates of annual GHG emissions from anthropogenic activities in
India, 1986 194
8.2 Scenarios for India of future carbon dioxide emissions 195
8.3 Petroleum imports (products and crude) as proportions of all imports and
of export earnings 198
8.4 Economic implications of reducing carbon emissions 199
8.5 Unit cost of conserved carbon, India 201
8.6 India s forestry related carbon emissions and uptake 203
9.1 Demographic and economic data, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone 213
9.2 Primary energy supply and delivered energy demand, Ghana, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone 216
9.3 Carbon emissions from Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone 220
9.4 Extrapolated data for the West African region 221
9.5 Energy and carbon savings (HES LES) 228
9.6 Cost assessment of carbon abatement options 229
10.1 Energy supply and consumption, Brazil 1990 234
10.2 Biomass supply and consumption, 1990 236
xi
List of illustrations
10.3 CO2 emissions from energy consumption 237
10.4 Official energy scenarios basic characteristics 239
10.5 Sources of energy supply official scenarios 240
10.6 Fossil CO2 emissions by activity 241
10.7 Residential sector technologies to limit CO2 emissions, implementable by
2000 244
10.8 Commercial and public sector technologies to limit CO2 emissions,
implementable by 2000 246
10.9 Industrial sector technologies to limit CO2 emissions, implementable by
2000 248
10.10 Transport sector opportunities to limit CO2 emissions by 2000,
preliminary examples 251
11.1 Thailand s proposed demand side management programmes 270
11.2 Thailand s capital investment choices 271
11.3 Comparison of CCCs for residential electricity conservation
measures 773
12.1 Cost of CO2 emission reduction in Eastern Europe, selected energy
efficiency measures 285
12.2 Carbon dioxide emissions in Eastern Europe, energy efficiency
scenario 286
12.3 Energy efficiency scenario for Eastern Europe electricity generation,
1987 2025 286
12.4 Selected Soviet energy efficiency measures, 1990 2005 287
12.5 Energy demand in Eastern Europe, 1985 and 2025 290
12.6 Structural change in Eastern Europe, 1985 and 2025 291
12.7 Energy intensities, base case and efficiency case, 1985 2025 292
12.8 Eastern Europe final energy demand, 1985 and 2025 294
13.1 Estimated energy related CO2 emissions in Australia 301
13.2 Emission abatement potential of selected energy efficiency measures in
Australia 305
14.1 Asia Pacific regional carbon abatement services trade potential 340
Boxes
The radioactivity analogy 25
Global change and the seawall metaphor 43
Carbon sinks and responsibility indices 84
Using global warming potentials in project evaluations 89
Climate Change Convention protocols scenario 103
Method overview 106
Incremental cost method 108
Discounted incremental costs, Case 1 132
Discounted incremental costs, Case 2 133
Discounted incremental costs, Case 3 134
Distributed cost, Cases 1 and 3 151
xii
List of illustrations
Carbon tax transfer 156
Tradeable permit transfer, Cases 1 and 3 162
Summary of uncertainties 166
Vulnerability of the Maldive Islands to sea level rise 170
Lessons from climate change in Brazil 235
The role of demand side management 268
Climate change impacts in Thailand 277
xiii
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| spelling | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention ed. by Peter Hayes and Kirk Smith 1. publ. Tokyo ; New York United Nations Univ. Press [u.a.] 1993 XV, 382 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric Global warming Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd rswk-swf Nord-Süd-Konflikt (DE-588)4131199-1 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 s Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s DE-604 Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s Nord-Süd-Konflikt (DE-588)4131199-1 s Hayes, Peter 1953- Sonstige (DE-588)129651265 oth Smith, Kirk R. edt HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006295588&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric Global warming Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd Nord-Süd-Konflikt (DE-588)4131199-1 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078523-3 (DE-588)4226436-4 (DE-588)4131199-1 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention |
| title_auth | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention |
| title_exact_search | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention |
| title_full | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention ed. by Peter Hayes and Kirk Smith |
| title_fullStr | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention ed. by Peter Hayes and Kirk Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | The global greenhouse regime who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention ed. by Peter Hayes and Kirk Smith |
| title_short | The global greenhouse regime |
| title_sort | the global greenhouse regime who pays science economics and north south politics in the climate change convention |
| title_sub | who pays? ; science, economics and North-South politics in the Climate Change Convention |
| topic | Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric Global warming Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd Nord-Süd-Konflikt (DE-588)4131199-1 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric Global warming Umweltpolitik Treibhauseffekt Nord-Süd-Konflikt Klimaänderung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006295588&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hayespeter theglobalgreenhouseregimewhopaysscienceeconomicsandnorthsouthpoliticsintheclimatechangeconvention AT smithkirkr theglobalgreenhouseregimewhopaysscienceeconomicsandnorthsouthpoliticsintheclimatechangeconvention |