Exploring the black box: technology, economics, and history
This book attempts to show how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced into economic activity. This is a far more complex process than it is often made out to be, largely because much of the reasoning and modelling of technological change hop...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge u.a.
Cambridge Univ. Press
1994
|
Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents |
Zusammenfassung: | This book attempts to show how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced into economic activity. This is a far more complex process than it is often made out to be, largely because much of the reasoning and modelling of technological change hopelessly oversimplifies its component parts. The process of technological change takes a wide variety of forms so that propositions that might for instance be accurate when referring to the pharmaceutical industry are likely to be totally inappropriate when applied to the aircraft industry or to computers or forest products Professor Rosenberg pays particular attention to the nature of the research process out of which new technologies have emerged. A central theme of the book is the idea that technological changes are often "path dependent" in the sense that their form and direction tend to be influenced strongly by the particular sequence of earlier events out of which a new technology has emerged. As a result, attempting to theorize about technologies without taking these factors into account is likely to fail to capture their most essential features. The book advances our understanding of technological change by explicitly recognizing its essential diversity and path-dependent nature. Individual chapters explore the particular features of new technologies in different historical and sectoral contexts |
Beschreibung: | IX, 274 S. |
ISBN: | 0521452708 0521459559 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV009523769 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20240823 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 940411s1994 xxk |||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 0521452708 |9 0-521-45270-8 | ||
020 | |a 0521459559 |9 0-521-45955-9 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)28149671 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV009523769 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
044 | |a xxk |c XA-GB | ||
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-355 |a DE-473 |a DE-703 |a DE-19 |a DE-20 |a DE-521 |a DE-83 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 | ||
050 | 0 | |a T173.8.R66 1994 | |
082 | 0 | |a 609.73 |2 20 | |
082 | 0 | |a 609.73 20 | |
084 | |a QC 344 |0 (DE-625)141272: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a QG 620 |0 (DE-625)141509: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a WIR 550f |2 stub | ||
100 | 1 | |a Rosenberg, Nathan |d 1927-2015 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135777925 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Exploring the black box |b technology, economics, and history |c Nathan Rosenberg |
250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Cambridge u.a. |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 1994 | |
300 | |a IX, 274 S. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
520 | 3 | |a This book attempts to show how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced into economic activity. This is a far more complex process than it is often made out to be, largely because much of the reasoning and modelling of technological change hopelessly oversimplifies its component parts. The process of technological change takes a wide variety of forms so that propositions that might for instance be accurate when referring to the pharmaceutical industry are likely to be totally inappropriate when applied to the aircraft industry or to computers or forest products | |
520 | |a Professor Rosenberg pays particular attention to the nature of the research process out of which new technologies have emerged. A central theme of the book is the idea that technological changes are often "path dependent" in the sense that their form and direction tend to be influenced strongly by the particular sequence of earlier events out of which a new technology has emerged. As a result, attempting to theorize about technologies without taking these factors into account is likely to fail to capture their most essential features. The book advances our understanding of technological change by explicitly recognizing its essential diversity and path-dependent nature. Individual chapters explore the particular features of new technologies in different historical and sectoral contexts | ||
650 | 4 | |a Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos | |
650 | 4 | |a Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU | |
650 | 4 | |a Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU | |
650 | 7 | |a Technische vernieuwing |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Technological innovations | |
650 | 4 | |a Technological innovations -- United States | |
650 | 4 | |a Technological innovations -- Economic aspects | |
650 | 4 | |a Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaftsentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4066438-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Forschung und Entwicklung |0 (DE-588)4017897-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 4 | |a USA | |
651 | 7 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Wirtschaftsentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4066438-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 1 | 0 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
689 | 1 | 1 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |D s |
689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 2 | 0 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |D s |
689 | 2 | 1 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |D s |
689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 3 | 0 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |D s |
689 | 3 | 1 | |a Forschung und Entwicklung |0 (DE-588)4017897-3 |D s |
689 | 3 | |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 4 | 0 | |a Wirtschaftsentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4066438-7 |D s |
689 | 4 | 1 | |a Technischer Fortschritt |0 (DE-588)4059252-2 |D s |
689 | 4 | |5 DE-604 | |
856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/93004681.html |3 Publisher description | |
856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam021/93004681.html |3 Table of contents | |
943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006288697 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1808229226598367232 |
---|---|
adam_text | |
any_adam_object | |
author | Rosenberg, Nathan 1927-2015 |
author_GND | (DE-588)135777925 |
author_facet | Rosenberg, Nathan 1927-2015 |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Rosenberg, Nathan 1927-2015 |
author_variant | n r nr |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV009523769 |
callnumber-first | T - Technology |
callnumber-label | T173 |
callnumber-raw | T173.8.R66 1994 |
callnumber-search | T173.8.R66 1994 |
callnumber-sort | T 3173.8 R66 41994 |
callnumber-subject | T - General Technology |
classification_rvk | QC 344 QG 620 |
classification_tum | WIR 550f |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)28149671 (DE-599)BVBBV009523769 |
dewey-full | 609.73 609.7320 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 609 - History, geographic treatment, biography |
dewey-raw | 609.73 609.73 20 |
dewey-search | 609.73 609.73 20 |
dewey-sort | 3609.73 |
dewey-tens | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
discipline | Technik allgemein Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
edition | 1. publ. |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV009523769</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240823</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">940411s1994 xxk |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0521452708</subfield><subfield code="9">0-521-45270-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0521459559</subfield><subfield code="9">0-521-45955-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)28149671</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV009523769</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxk</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-GB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">T173.8.R66 1994</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">609.73</subfield><subfield code="2">20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">609.73 20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QC 344</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141272:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QG 620</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141509:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WIR 550f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rosenberg, Nathan</subfield><subfield code="d">1927-2015</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)135777925</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Exploring the black box</subfield><subfield code="b">technology, economics, and history</subfield><subfield code="c">Nathan Rosenberg</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge u.a.</subfield><subfield code="b">Cambridge Univ. Press</subfield><subfield code="c">1994</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IX, 274 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book attempts to show how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced into economic activity. This is a far more complex process than it is often made out to be, largely because much of the reasoning and modelling of technological change hopelessly oversimplifies its component parts. The process of technological change takes a wide variety of forms so that propositions that might for instance be accurate when referring to the pharmaceutical industry are likely to be totally inappropriate when applied to the aircraft industry or to computers or forest products</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Professor Rosenberg pays particular attention to the nature of the research process out of which new technologies have emerged. A central theme of the book is the idea that technological changes are often "path dependent" in the sense that their form and direction tend to be influenced strongly by the particular sequence of earlier events out of which a new technology has emerged. As a result, attempting to theorize about technologies without taking these factors into account is likely to fail to capture their most essential features. The book advances our understanding of technological change by explicitly recognizing its essential diversity and path-dependent nature. Individual chapters explore the particular features of new technologies in different historical and sectoral contexts</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Technische vernieuwing</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Technological innovations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Technological innovations -- United States</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Technological innovations -- Economic aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaftsentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066438-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066399-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Forschung und Entwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4017897-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaftsentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066438-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066399-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Forschung und Entwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4017897-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaftsentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066438-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Technischer Fortschritt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059252-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/93004681.html</subfield><subfield code="3">Publisher description</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam021/93004681.html</subfield><subfield code="3">Table of contents</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006288697</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
geographic_facet | USA |
id | DE-604.BV009523769 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-08-24T01:09:31Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0521452708 0521459559 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006288697 |
oclc_num | 28149671 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-521 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-521 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
physical | IX, 274 S. |
publishDate | 1994 |
publishDateSearch | 1994 |
publishDateSort | 1994 |
publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Rosenberg, Nathan 1927-2015 Verfasser (DE-588)135777925 aut Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history Nathan Rosenberg 1. publ. Cambridge u.a. Cambridge Univ. Press 1994 IX, 274 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This book attempts to show how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced into economic activity. This is a far more complex process than it is often made out to be, largely because much of the reasoning and modelling of technological change hopelessly oversimplifies its component parts. The process of technological change takes a wide variety of forms so that propositions that might for instance be accurate when referring to the pharmaceutical industry are likely to be totally inappropriate when applied to the aircraft industry or to computers or forest products Professor Rosenberg pays particular attention to the nature of the research process out of which new technologies have emerged. A central theme of the book is the idea that technological changes are often "path dependent" in the sense that their form and direction tend to be influenced strongly by the particular sequence of earlier events out of which a new technology has emerged. As a result, attempting to theorize about technologies without taking these factors into account is likely to fail to capture their most essential features. The book advances our understanding of technological change by explicitly recognizing its essential diversity and path-dependent nature. Individual chapters explore the particular features of new technologies in different historical and sectoral contexts Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU Technische vernieuwing gtt Technological innovations Technological innovations -- United States Technological innovations -- Economic aspects Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd rswk-swf Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 s Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s DE-604 Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/93004681.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam021/93004681.html Table of contents |
spellingShingle | Rosenberg, Nathan 1927-2015 Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU Technische vernieuwing gtt Technological innovations Technological innovations -- United States Technological innovations -- Economic aspects Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4059252-2 (DE-588)4017897-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
title | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history |
title_auth | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history |
title_exact_search | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history |
title_full | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history Nathan Rosenberg |
title_fullStr | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history Nathan Rosenberg |
title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the black box technology, economics, and history Nathan Rosenberg |
title_short | Exploring the black box |
title_sort | exploring the black box technology economics and history |
title_sub | technology, economics, and history |
topic | Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU Technische vernieuwing gtt Technological innovations Technological innovations -- United States Technological innovations -- Economic aspects Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd Forschung und Entwicklung (DE-588)4017897-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos Innovaciones técnicas - Aspectos económicos - EE.UU Innovaciones técnicas - EE.UU Technische vernieuwing Technological innovations Technological innovations -- United States Technological innovations -- Economic aspects Technological innovations -- Economic aspects -- United States Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaft Technischer Fortschritt Forschung und Entwicklung USA |
url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam025/93004681.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam021/93004681.html |
work_keys_str_mv | AT rosenbergnathan exploringtheblackboxtechnologyeconomicsandhistory |