Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chicago u.a.
Univ. of Chicago Press
1993
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| Series: | Science and its conceptual foundations
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0226735915 0226735923 |
Staff View
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| adam_text | DISCOVERY AND
EXPLANATION
IN BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE
Kenneth F Schaffner
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Chicago amp; London
Summary of Contents
List of Illustrations xix
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
ONE Introduction: The Scope and Aim of This Book 1
Two Discovery in the Biomedical Sciences: Logic or
Intuitive Genius (or Both)? 8
THREE Theories and Laws in Biology and Medicine 64
FOUR The Logic and Methodology of Empirical Testing
in Biology and Medicine 129
FIVE Evaluation: Local and Global Approaches 169
Six Explanation and Causation in Biology and
Medicine: General Considerations 261
SEVEN Historicity, Historical Explanations, and
Evolutionary Theory 325
EIGHT Functional Analysis and Teleological
Explanation 362
NINE Reduction and Reductionism in Biology and
Medicine 411
Vll
viii / Summary of Contents
TEN Conclusion and Research Issues
for the Future 517
Notes 525
Bibliography 569
Index 607
Contents
List of Illustrations xix
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
ONE Introduction: The Scope and Aim of This Book 1
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 Discovery, Evaluation, and Theory Structure 1
1 3 The Complexity of Explanation and Reduction in
Biology and Medicine 4
Two Discovery in the Biomedical Sciences: Logic or
Intuitive Genius (or Both)? 8
2 1 Introduction 8
2 2 Hanson on a Logic of Scientific Discovery 11
2 3 The Natural Selection Theory of Antibody
Formation 13
2 4 Criticism of the Retroductive Model 16
2 5 The Logic of Generation 19
2 6 The Double Aspect of the Logic of Discovery 21
2 7 An Example of the Logics of Generation and
Evaluation in Clinical Diagnosis 31
2 8 The Clonal Selection Theory 37
2 9 Simon s Theory of Selective Forgetting in
Discovery 44
2 10 Hempel s Objections to a Logic of Scientific
Discovery 48
2 11 Problems, Disciplinary Matrices, BACON, and
Analogy 50
IX
s
x / Contents
THREE Theories and Laws in Biology and Medicine 64
3 1 Introduction 64
3 2 General Approaches to Analyzing Theory
Structure in Biology and Medicine 65
3 3 Some Recent Debates Concerning Theory
Structure in Biology 67
3 4 Examples of Representative Theories in Biology
and Medicine 74
341 The Theory of the Genetic Code 74
342 The Operon Theory 76
343 The Clonal Selection Theory 82
344 The Two-Component Theory of the Immune
Response 84
345 The Theory of Evolution and Population Ge-
netics 89
The Metatheoretical Function of Evolutionary
Theory 90
The Unrepresentativeness of Evolutionary
Theory 90
The Complexity of More Realistic Evolution-
ary Theories of Population Genetics 94
3 5 Middle-Range Theories as Overlapping
Interlevel Temporal Models 97
3 6 The Semantic Approach to Scientific Theories 99
361 The State Space Approach 101
362 The Set-Theoretic Approach (in Generalized
Form) 105
3 7 The Frame System Approach to Scientific
Theories 107
371 Rosch and Putnam on Prototypes and Stereo-
types 107
372 The Frame Concept 109
373 Frames and Nonmonotonicity 112
374 Object-Oriented Programming
Approaches 114
3 8 Additional Problems with Simple Axiomatiza-
tions in Biology and Medicine 117
Contents / xi
39A Proposal Regarding Current Debates on
Theory Structure, Universality, and Biological
Generalizations 119
3 10 Summary 125
Appendix 126
FOUR The Logic and Methodology of Empirical Testing
in Biology and Medicine 129
4 1 Epistemological Considerations: Generalized Em-
piricism 130
4 2 Interpretative Sentences and Antecedent Theo-
retical Meaning 131
4 3 An Introduction to the Logic of Experimental
Testing 133
431 Deduction: A Syntactic Approach to Testing
432 The Nossal-Lederberg Experiment 133
4 4 Observation in Biology and Medicine—The Issue
of Relevant Observations 137
4 5 The Special Nature of Initial Conditions in Biol-
ogy and Medicine: Auxiliary Hypotheses 139
4 6 The Methods of Experimental Inquiry 142
461 Mill s Methods 143
462 Bernard s Method of Comparative Experi-
mentation and Its Relation to Mill s
Views 145
463 The Deductive Method 153
464 The Hypothetical Method 154
4 7 Direct versus Indirect Evidence: Arguments for a
Continuum 156
4 8 Glymour s Analysis of Relevant Evidence 165
4 9 Summary 167
FIVE Evaluation: Local and Global Approaches 169
PART I: LOCAL EVALUATION AND STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS TESTING 169
5 1 Introduction 169
s
xii / Contents
5 2 Can Evaluations of Hypotheses and Theories Be
Represented by Probabilities? 170
5 3 Classical Approaches 173
531 The Fisherian Approach 173
532 The Neyman-Pearson Theory of Testing 173
5 4 The Bayesian Approach to Probability and Statis-
tics 177
541 Bayes s Theorem 178
542 Bayesian Conditionalization 179
543 Bayes s Theorem and Novel Predictions 181
544 The Old Evidence Problem 183
545 Bayes s Theorem and the Convergence of Per-
sonal Probabilities 186
5 5 Bayesian Hypothesis Testing 187
5 6 Some Additional Arguments Favoring Bayesian-
ism 188
PART II: GLOBAL EVALUATION AND EXTENDED
THEORIES 193
5 7 Transition to More Global Approaches 193
5 8 Scientific Fallibilism and Conditionalized Real-
ism 194
581 Lessons from the History of Science 194
582 Current Debates Concerning Realism in Sci-
ence 195
583 Conditionalized Realism 197
584 Social Constructivism 199
5 9 The Problem of Commensurability 200
591 The Theory-ladenness of Criteria 201
592 The Theory-ladenness of Scientific Terms 201
593 The Theory-ladenness of Observations 202
594 Responses to the Problem of Incommen-
surability 202
5 10 Metascientific Units of Global Evaluation: Para-
digms, Research Programs, and Research Tradi-
tions 205
5 11 The Extended Theory as the Appropriate Meta-
scientific Unit of Global Evaluation in the
Biomedical Sciences 211
Contents / xiii
5 11 1 Centrality 211
5 11 2 Generality 212
5 11 3 Change of Central Hypotheses 213
5 11 4 Factoring the Extended Theory into Compo-
nents 213
5 11 5 The Semantic Conception of an Extended
Theory 214
5 12 A Bayesian Logic of Global Evaluation 215
5 13 The Clonal Selection Theory as an Extended The-
ory 220
5 13 1 The Form of the Clonal Selection Theory,
1957-1959 222
5 13 2 The Main Competitor of the CST: The Ex-
tended Instructive Theory 224
5 13 3 Arguments between Proponents of the CST
and Proponents of the IT 225
5 14 Types of Factors Involved in the CST-IT
Debate 231
5 14 1 Simplicity 232
5 14 2 Theoretical Context Sufficiency 236
5 14 3 Empirical Adequacy 238
5 14 4 Ad Hoc Hypotheses and Global Evaluation
5 14 5 Hypothesis Centrality, ad Hoc Theory Modi-
fications, and Theory Integrity 246
5 14 6 General Bayesian Comparative Considera-
tions 247
5 14 7 Where Might the Numbers Come from in a
Bayesian Approach to Global
Evaluation? 248
5 15 Conclusion 250
Appendix 1: A Mendelian Example Illustrating the
Concepts of Significance and Power 252
Appendix 2: A Mendelian Example Employing a
Bayesian Approach 256
Six Explanation and Causation in Biology and Medi-
cine: General Considerations 261
6 1 Introduction 261
xiv / Contents
6 2 General Models of Explanation in Science 265
621 The Deductive-Nomological Model 265
622 Deductive Statistical and Inductive Statistical
Models 267
623 The Statistical Relevance Model 269
6 3 Recent Debates Concerning Explanation: The
Role of Causal Explanation 270
631 Hempel s Analysis 271
632 Brady s and van Fraassen s (Initial) Aristote-
lian Approach 272
633 Salmon s Later Emphasis on the Role of
Causal Explanations in the S-R Model 274
6 4 Short-Term and Long-Term Learning in Aplysia
6A I Sensitization and Short-Term Memory 277
642 Long-term Memory in Aplysia 280
643 Additional Complexity and Parallel Process-
ing 281
6 5 What Does this Example Tell Us about Explana-
tion in Neurobiology? 284
651 Causal Generalizations of Varying Scope Are
Prevalent in Neurobiology 284
652 Causal versus Perspectival Sequences 290
6 6 What Does this Example Tell Us about Scientific
Explanation in General? 291
6 7 Causality and Causal Explanation 296
671 Hume on Causation 297
672 The Heterogeneous Character of
Causation 298
The Conditional Component 299
The Epistemological Component 302
The Ontic Component and Process Metaphys-
ics 305
6 8 Probabilistic Extensions of Causal
Explanation 307
6 9 Unification and Pragmatic Approaches to Expla-
nation 312
691 Kitcher on Unification 312
Contents / xv
692 Van Fraassen s Analysis of Explanations as
Answers to Why-Questions 313
693 Railton s Concept of theIdeal Explanatory
Text 318
694 The Meshing of Different Levels of Detail in
the Ideal Explanatory Text 319
6 10 Summary and Conclusion 322
SEVEN Historicity, Historical Explanations, and
Evolutionary Theory 325
7 1 Introduction 325
7 2 Models of Historical Explanation in Biology 328
721 Gallie s Account 329
722 Goudge s Integrating and Narrative Explana-
tions 331
723 GaUie and Goudge Redux 333
724 Beckner s Genetic Analyses and Genetic Ex-
planations 337
73A Historical Explanation of the Frequency of the
Sickle-Cell Gene in African-Americans 339
731 Sickle-Cell Trait and Sickle-Cell Disease 339
732 Evolutionary Theory and Population Genet-
ics 340
733 Wrighfs Model 341
734A Standard Account of Balanced Polymor-
phism 343
735 Allison s and Livingstone s Research on the
Sickle-Cell Gene 347
7 4 Evolutionary and Embryological Historical Ex-
planations as Data-deficient Causal Sequence Ex-
planations 351
741 Mechanistic Historical Explanations 351
742 From Scriven to Sober, Horan, and Brandon
on Evolutionary Explanation 353
Scriven 353
Sober 354
Horan 354
Brandon 355
s
xvi / Contents
743 Evaluation and Explanation 356
744 Conclusion 359
Appendix: The Hierarchical Turn in Evolutionary
Theorizing and New Techniques for Obtaining Data
on Evolution 360
EIGHT Functional Analysis and Teleological Explana-
tion 362
8 1 Introduction 362
8 2 Intentional Analysis of Teleology 364
8 3 Cybernetic or Systems Analyses of Goal-
Directed Systems 365
8 4 Nagel s Account of Functional Analysis 368
8 5 Evolutionary Analyses of Functional Explana-
tion 370
851 The Canfield, Ruse, and Brandon Analyses
852 The Ateleological Character of Evolutionary
Theory: The Views of Stebbins and Lewon-
tin 373
853 Aptation, Adaptation, and Exaptation 380
854 The Cloner Example 383
855 Functional Ascriptions Appear To Be Li-
censed by a Vulgar Form of Evolutionary
Theory 384
856 Miller s Discovery of the Immunological
Function of the Thymus 385
857 Two Senses of Function 388
858 Why Goal Postulation Is Explanatory: A Heu-
ristic Approach 390
8 6 Anthropomorphic Accounts of Functional Analy-
sis 392
861 Hempel s Analysis 392
862 Wimsatt s Analysis 394
863 Wright s Analysis 396
The Etiological Translation Schema 396
Criticisms of Wright s Analysis 397
864 Cummins s Containment Account 399
Contents / xvii
865 Rosenberg s Intentional Account of Complex
Teleological Language 401
8 7 Teleological and Functional Explanations 405
871 The Relation of Goal-Directed Behavior to
Functional Analysis 405
872 Explanation in Functional Analysis and Goal-
Directed Behavior 406
NINE Reduction and Reductionism in Biology and
Medicine 411
9 1 Introduction 411
9 2 Arguments for In-Principle Emergentism 414
921 Structural Arguments 415
922 Evolutionary Arguments 420
9 3 Intertheoretic and Branch Reduction 423
931 The Nagel Model 423
932 The Kemeny-Oppenheim Model 425
933 The Suppes-Adams (Semantic) Model 425
934 The General Reduction Model 426
935 The General Reduction-Replacement Model
9 4 Criticisms and Elaborations of Intertheoretic Re-
duction Models 432
941 Theory Structure Issues: Are Laws Rele-
vant? 433
942 Connectability Problems 437
Connectability of Natural Kinds 437
Problems Posed by Construing Connectabil-
- ity Assumptions as Synthetic Identities 466
943 Derivability Problems 477
Kitcher on Derivational Reduction 478
The Problem of Analogy in Reduction 481
9 5 Multiple Levels, Causes, and the Possibility of an
Alternative Causal/Mechanical Model of Reduc-
tion 487
951 Multiple Levels of Analysis in Reduction 487
952 Might a Fully Causal/Mechanical Approach
of Reduction Be Possible? 490
xviii / Contents
953 The Relation between the Causal/Mechanical
Account of Reduction and the GRR Model
and Two Versions of the GRR Model-Sim-
ple and Complex 493
9 6 Arguments against In-Principle Emergentism
961 Polanyi Reconsidered 501
962 Structural versus Ultimate Reductionism 503
963 Bohr, Elsasser, and Generalized Quantum
Complementarity 505
9 7 The Peripherality of Reductionism as a Research
Program and the Need for Research Methodolo-
gies of the Middle Range 509
971 The Peripherality of Reductionism Thesis
972 Watson-Crick Replication and the Peripheral-
ity Thesis 509
973 The Operon Theory Revisited - Again 511
9 8 Suggestion for a Bayesian Explication of the
Peripherality Thesis 513
9 9 Conclusion 515
TEN Conclusion and Research Issues for
the Future 517
10 1 Introduction 517
10 2 Discovery, Evaluation, and the Experimental
Testing of Hypotheses and Theories 517
10 3 Evaluation and Theory Structure 519
10 4 Explanation and Reduction in Biology and Medi-
cine 521
Notes 525
Bibliography 569
Index 607
|
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| id | DE-604.BV009262334 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:34:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0226735915 0226735923 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006163861 |
| oclc_num | 27336813 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
| physical | XXVI, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | Univ. of Chicago Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Science and its conceptual foundations |
| spelling | Schaffner, Kenneth F. Verfasser aut Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine Kenneth F. Schaffner Chicago u.a. Univ. of Chicago Press 1993 XXVI, 617 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Science and its conceptual foundations Biologie gtt Geneeskunde gtt Wetenschapsbeoefening gtt Medizin Philosophie Biology Biology Research Philosophy Medicine Research Philosophy Philosophy, Medical Research Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd rswk-swf Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd rswk-swf Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 s DE-604 Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 s Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s DE-188 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006163861&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schaffner, Kenneth F. Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine Biologie gtt Geneeskunde gtt Wetenschapsbeoefening gtt Medizin Philosophie Biology Biology Research Philosophy Medicine Research Philosophy Philosophy, Medical Research Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117665-0 (DE-588)4038243-6 (DE-588)4045791-6 (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4006851-1 |
| title | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine |
| title_auth | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine |
| title_exact_search | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine |
| title_full | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine Kenneth F. Schaffner |
| title_fullStr | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine Kenneth F. Schaffner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine Kenneth F. Schaffner |
| title_short | Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine |
| title_sort | discovery and explanation in biology and medicine |
| topic | Biologie gtt Geneeskunde gtt Wetenschapsbeoefening gtt Medizin Philosophie Biology Biology Research Philosophy Medicine Research Philosophy Philosophy, Medical Research Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie Geneeskunde Wetenschapsbeoefening Medizin Philosophie Biology Biology Research Philosophy Medicine Research Philosophy Philosophy, Medical Research Wissenschaftstheorie Forschung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006163861&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schaffnerkennethf discoveryandexplanationinbiologyandmedicine |