Language testing: the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Longmans
1975
|
| Ausgabe: | 8. impr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 389 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0582525349 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV009204811 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090331 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 940313s1975 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0582525349 |9 0-582-52534-9 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)247413282 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV009204811 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-29 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a PB71.5 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 407.6 | |
| 084 | |a ES 847 |0 (DE-625)27912: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 5,3 |2 ssgn | ||
| 084 | |a D 6821 |2 dopaed | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Lado, Robert |d 1915-1995 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)118816179 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Language testing |b the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| 250 | |a 8. impr. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Longmans |c 1975 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 389 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sprachtest |0 (DE-588)4077737-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Test |0 (DE-588)4059549-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fremdsprachenunterricht |0 (DE-588)4018428-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schulleistungstest |0 (DE-588)4077203-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fremdsprachenunterricht |0 (DE-588)4018428-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Test |0 (DE-588)4059549-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Schulleistungstest |0 (DE-588)4077203-2 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Fremdsprachenunterricht |0 (DE-588)4018428-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Sprachtest |0 (DE-588)4077737-6 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006116739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006116739 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804123644048179200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PartI
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TESTING
1. LANGUAGE page
1. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND THE STUDY OF
LANGUAGES I
2. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION 2
3. THE MOST COMPLEX OF MAN S TOOLS 4
4. LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND THE INDIVIDUAL 5
5. THE STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE 6
6. EACH LANGUAGE IS A STRUCTURALLY DIFFERENT SYSTEM 8
1. Unity in the variety of the languages of the world
2. The differences are not merely a matter of words
or variations of form
3. Each language is a structurally different System of
communication
7. SELECTED REFERENCES 10
2. LANGUAGE LEARNING
1. LEARNING THE NATIVE LANGUAGE II
2. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGF 13 I
1. Habit ;
2. Transfer
3. A FEW EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THEIR POSSIBLE
SIGNIFICANCE 14
1-7. Specific observations
8. General observation
9. Corollary
4. HOW WE LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 17
1. Elements
2. Order of learning
3- Age
5. SELECTED REFERENCES 10,
3. LANGUAGE TESTING
I. RELATION OF LANGUAGE TESTING TO LANGUAGE LEAF.N-
ING 2O
ix
CONTENTS
page
2. TESTING THE NATIVE LANGUAGE 20
i. Problems
1 2. Dialect differences
3. Faulty logic
4. Lack of vocabulary
5. Writing
6. Style
3. THEORY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TESTING 22
1. Theory
4. VARIABLES AND STRATEGY OF LANGUAGE
TESTING
1. VARIABLES 25
1. The elements
2. The skills
2. STRATEGY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TESTING 26
1. Situation versus language
2. Skills versus elements of language
3. Group testing versus individual testing
4. Objective versus subjective tests
5. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TESTS
1. CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF LANGUAGE TESTS 30
1. Validity
2. Reliability
3. Scorability
4. Economy
5. Administrability
2. CRITICISM OF SOME GENERALLY USED TECHNIQUES 32
1. Translation
2. Essay
3. Dictation
4. Objective tests
5. Auditory comprehension tests
3. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 37
Part II
TESTING THE ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE
6. PRONUNCIATION: THE SOUND SEGMENTS
I. PHONEMICS AND PRONUNCIATION TESTS 39
1. Role of pronunciation
2. Testing of pronunciation
3. Phonemic point of view
4. Production versus recognition
5. Informal classroom tests versus formal tests of
pronunciation
6. Age
x
CONTENTS
page
2. PRONUNCIATION PROBLEMS: WHAT TO TEST 42
1. Stage 1
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Recognition
5. Production
7. TESTING RECOGNITION OF THE SOUND SEGMENTS
1. RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES 46
1. Group testing
2. Individual testing
2. SOUND TO GRAPHIC SYMBOL 48
Perception technique 7. /: Sound to digits
Perception technique 7.2: Sound to letters
Perception technique 7.5: Dictation
Perception technique 7.4: Sound to phonemic symbols
3. SOUND TO SOUND 52
Perception technique 7.5: Minimal pairs
Perception technique 7.6: Triplets
Perception technique 7.7: Quadruplets
Perception technique 7.8: Comparing sounds to a model
4. TESTING THE RECOGNITION OF SOUNDS THROUGH
MEANING 56
Perception technique 7.g: Sound to pictures
A word and two pictures
A sentence and two pictures
Three choices
Composite pictures
5. PREPARING AND USING INFORMAL CLASSROOM TESTS OF
RECOGNITION 60
1. List of problems
2. Finding words and phrases that contain the prob¬
lems
3. Preparation of items
4. Types of answers and answer sheets for informal
tests
5. Giving the test
6. Scoring informal tests
6. FORMAL TESTS OF RECOGNITION 71
1. Listing the problems and choosing the words
2. Preparing the items
3. Editing of form X-i
4. Instructions to the examiner
5. Instructions to the student
6. Using native speakers and non-native speakers in
the validation of a test
Native speakers
Non-native speakers
xi
CONTENTS
page
8. TESTING PRODUCTION OF THE SOUND
SEGMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 78
1. Recognition usually runs ahead of production
2. Production of the sound segments for communica¬
tion
3. Vagueness of the testing of pronunciation in pro¬
duction tests
4. Informal unsystematic listening is ineffective
5. Need to test production problems specifically
2. TECHNIQUES TO TEST PRODUCTION OF THE SOUND SEG¬
MENTS 8l
1. Stimuli for production of the problems
Pronunciation technique 8.1: Verbal stimuli
Pronunciation technique 8.2: Picture stimuli
Pronunciation technique 8.3: Reading matter as the
stimulus
Pronunciation technique 8.4: Translation
Pronunciation technique 8.5: Completion items
Form and conditions of the oral response
2. Scoring the production test
3. Group tests versus individual tests of production
3. INFORMAL TESTS OF PRODUCTION 87
1. List of production problems
2. Choosing words and phrases that contain the
problems
3. Writing the test
4. Giving the production test to the members of a
class
5. Scoring the test
4. FORMAL TESTS OF PRODUCTION 92
1. Instructions
2. Experimental administration to native speakers
3. Experimental administration to a representative
sample of students
4. Administration of the production test; norms; etc.
5. PARTIAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 95
1. Objective, paper-and-pencil techniques that
approximate the testing of production
2. Validity of partial production techniques
3. Techniques
Pronunciation technique 8.6: Full spelling technique
Pronunciation technique 8.7: Omitted letters technique
Pronunciation technique 8.8: Picture context
Pronunciation technique 8.g: Multiple choice with
omission of key letters
Pronunciation technique 8.10: Rhymes
xii
CONTENTS
page
4. General comments
5. Preparing the partial production test
9. THE TESTING OF STRESS
1. IMPORTANCE OF STRESS FOR COMMUNICATION I05
1. Identification of words
2. Contextual prominence
3- Rhythm
4. Influence of stress and rhythm on segmental pho¬
nemes and morphemes
2. STRESS PROBLEMS IN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 109
1. Criteria for selecting words, phrases and utter¬
ances to illustrate the stress problems to be tested
3. TESTING STRESS HI
Stress technique g.i: Perception of the syllable receiving
a Particular stress
Stress technique g.2: Production
Stress technique 9.3: Partial production
4. preparing a test of stress i 15
5. bibliographical notes 116
10. THE TESTING OF INTONATION
1. INTONATION 117
1. Intonation borders
2. Formi meaning, distribution
3. Dialect differences
2. INTONATION PROBLEMS 121
1. Knowing the intonation of a language
2. The learning problems
3. List of problems: production and recognition
3. TECHNIQUES FOR THE TESTING OF INTONATION 123
1. Problems of indeterminacy and variation
2. Perception techniques
A. Comparison of intonation with intonation
Intonation technique io.i: Minimal intonation
pairs
Intonation technique io.s: Triplets
B. Identification of an intonation through some
Written representation
(a) Multiple choice techniques
Intonation technique 10.3: Intonation repre¬
sented by lines
Intonation technique 10.4: Intonation repre¬
sented by letters
Intonation technique 10.5: Intonation repre¬
sented by numbers
(b) Intonation technique 10.6: Dictation
xiii
CONTENTS
page
C. Comprehension techniques
Intonation technique 10.7: Through direct
meaning of the intonation
Intonation technique 10.8: Through total
meaning that hinges on an intonation
contrast
3. The use of recordings to test intonation
4. Production techniques
Conversational stimuli
Picture stimuli with accompanying instructions
Retelling something just read
Reading aloud as an intonation test
5. Scoring the production test of intonation
6. Group tests of intonation on a production level
7. Partial production techniques
Writing the intonation with letters or numbers
Comparing intonation with intonation
4. PREPARING AN INTONATION TEST 139
5. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 139
11. TESTING CONTROL OF THE GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1. INTRODUCTORY I4I
2. WHAT IS GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE? I42
1. Definition of grammatical structure
2. Grammatical patterns
3. Levels of grammatical structure
4. Grammatical categories
5. Grammar as set of habits
3. STRUCTURE PROBLEMS AS DETERMINED BY THE NATIVE
LANGUAGE 146
1. Transfer
?.. Testing control of the problems is testing control
of the language
3. Comparison of the structures of the native and the
foreign languages
4. Production versus recognition
4. RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES TO TEST GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE 150
1. General recognition technique
2. Controlling the context
3. Speed of presentation
4. Length of test utterances
Structure technique ii.i: Action response
Structure technique 11.2: Pictures
5. Observation of speech in real language situations
is impractical and inaccurate
xiv
CONTENTS
page
Structure technique 11.3: Choices in the goal
language
Structure technique 11.4: Choices in the back¬
ground language
Structure technique 11.5: Translation into the
background language
Structure technique 11.6: Grammatical usage
6. Comparing structure with structure is unproductive
5. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 163
12. TESTING PRODUCTION OF THE GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1. COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM 164
2. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 165
1. The problem of objective scoring of production
tests
2. Effective stimuli to elicit the key responses
3. Actions as stimuli
4. The physical environment as stimulus
5. Language stimuli
Structure technique 12.7: The goal language as
stimulus
a. Questions
b. Requests
c. Conversion of one pattern to another
d. Substitution
e. Completion
Structure technique is.8: Pictures with language
instructions or context
6. Problem of misread items
Structure technique I2.g: Translation
7. Legitimate use of translation
3. PAPER-AND-PENCIL TECHNIQUES TO TEST PRODUCTION
PARTIALLY 177
Structure technique 12.10: Objective type pro¬
duction items
a. More than one blank in the lead
b. Rearranging parts of a scrambled sentence
c. Incomplete alternatives
4. SUMMARY OF STEPS IN THE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE
TESTS 180
13. TESTING VOCABULARY
1. INTRODUCTION l8l
2. WHAT IS VOCABULARY? 182
i. Lexical versus grammatical units
XV
CONTENTS
page
2. Lexical units versus words
3. Features of meaning and their relation to context
3. HOW MANY WORDS? 183
1. Production vocabulary versus recognition voca¬
bulary
4. SAMPLING A VOCABULARY 185
5. VOCABULARY PROBLEMS 186
1. Recognition problems versus production problems
6. RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES 188
Vocabulary technique 13.1: Multiple-choice
a. Choices in the foreign language
b. Pictures
c. Choices in the native language of the student
7. WRITING RECOGNITION ITEMS 191
1. General suggestions
2. Specific suggestions for the writing of lexical items
3. Items that test live words
8. TECHNIQUES TO TEST PRODUCTION OF LEXICAL UNITS 197
Vocabulary technique 13.2: Production
(1) Foreign language context
(2) Picture context
(3) Translation context
9. OBJECTIVE, PARTIAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 200
Vocabulary technique 13.3: Objective, partial production
10. WRITING OBJECTIVE, PARTIAL PRODUCTION ITEMS 201
11. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 203
Part III
TESTING THE INTEGRATED SKILLS
14. AUDITORY COMPREHENSION
1. THE INTEGRATED SKILLS 204
2. AUDITORY COMPREHENSION 205
1. What is auditory comprehension?
2. Auditory comprehension problems
3. Separate tests for each native language back¬
ground
4. Tests for several language backgrounds or separate
norms for each
3. TESTING AUDITORY COMPREHENSION 207
1. Initial steps in writing the test
2. The general technique to test auditory compre¬
hension
3. True-false items
xvi
CONTENTS
page
4. Multiple-choice items
5. Sample leads for auditory comprehension items
6. Types of alternatives
1. Picture items
2. Items with choices in the goal language
3. Items with alternatives in the native language
7. Cautions for the preparation of good comprehen¬
sion items
1. Context
2. Length of the lead material
3. Content
4. Problem dominance
5. Limitations of pictures
6. Choices in the goal language
7. Choices in the native language of the student
8. Special arrangement of the items to yield diagnos¬
tic information
4. PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL FORMS OF THE TEST 222
15. READING COMPREHENSION IN A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
1. WHAT IS READING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE? 223
1. Definition
2. Reading comprehension versus auditory compre¬
hension
Language problems
Problems of graphic representation
3. Problems of non-readers
4. When has a student learned to read a foreign
language?
5. Reading the native language versus reading a
foreign language
6. Individual meaning and the educated person
2. LISTING THE READING COMPREHENSION PROBLEMS 231
3. TESTING READING COMPREHENSION 232
1. General technique
2. Pre-reading technique
3. Reading techniques for beginners
4. Reading techniques for intermediate and advanced
students
16. SPEAKING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1. WHO KNOWS HOW TO SPEAK A FOREIGN LANGUAGE? 239
1. Need to clarify the issues
2. WHAT IS SPEAKING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE? . 24O
1. Approach through situations outside of language
2. Approach through the elements of language
xvii
CONTENTS
pagt
3. LISTING THE ORAL PRODUCTION PROBLEMS 242
4. HOW TO TEST SPEAKING ABILITY 242
1. General technique
2. Specific stimuli to elicit the key utterances
3. Oral production test designs
4. Improving the objectivity of scoring
5. Group testing of oral production
6. Objective, partial production techniques
17. WRITING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1. WHAT IS WRITING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE? 248
1. Writing a foreign language versus creative writing
2. A working definition
2. HOW TO TEST WRITING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 249
1. General technique
2. The written composition as a testing instrument
3. Approach through the elements of writing
4. Completion technique
Punctuation
Spelling
Grammatical structure
Vocabulary
5. Limitations of the completion techniques
6. Objective, partial production techniques
3. TEST DESIGN 255
4. IMPROVING THE OBJECTIVITY OF SCORING COMPOSITION
TESTS 256
5. EVALUATING CONTENT AND STYLE 256
1. Content
2. Style
18. THE TESTING OF TRANSLATION
1. TRANSLATION AS A TEST OF TRANSLATION 261
2. WHAT IS A GOOD TRANSLATION? 261
1. Types of translation as an activity
2. Dimensions of goodness of fit of a translation
3. Dimensions of goodness as to quantity
4. Problems of linguistic and cultural change
3. TESTING TRANSLATION 264
1. General technique
2. Testing translation in different directions
3. Translation test design
xviii
CONTENTS
page
19. TESTING OVER-ALL CONTROL OF THE
LANGUAGE
1. HOW WELL DOES HE KNOW THE LANGUAGE? 270
2. OBJECTIVE, PAPER-AND-PENCIL TECHNIQUES TO TEST
CONTROL OF THE LANGUAGE 270
1. New type tests
2. The Cooperative Inter-American Tests
3. English Language Test for Foreign Students
4. Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in
English
5. A full design possible at present
3. AUDITORY TESTS TO SUPPLEMENT LANGUAGE BATTERIES 273
4. ORAL PRODUCTION AS PART OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TEST BATTERY 274
Part IV
BEYOND LANGUAGE
20. HOW TO TEST CROSS-CULTURAL UNDER¬
STANDING
I. CULTURE AND THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE 275
2. WHAT IS CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING? 276
A. Assumptions and Definitions
1. Unity of the human race
2. Cultural diversity of man
3. Defining a culture
4. Inability of natives to describe their own culture
B. Functioning Units of Culture
C. Form, Meaning and Distribution
1. Form
2. Meanings
3. Distribution
D. Cross-cultural understanding and biculturalism
3. PROBLEMS OF CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING 281
1. Habit as a major factor
2. Not a tabula rasa
3. Transfer
4. Problems of production or active participation
5. Problems of recognition or interpretation
6. Structural comparison of cultures to predict learn¬
ing problems
4. HOW TO TEST CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING 283
1. Describing cross-cultural understanding as
opposed to testing it
2. Validity of objective techniques
xix
CONTENTS
page
3. Techniques
Same versus different
Multiple choice
5. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 288
21. TESTING THE HIGHER VALUES
1. ARE THERE HIGHER VALUES? 290
2. WHAT ARE THE HIGHER VALUES AND CAN THEY BE TESTED? 291
1. Education itself
Richness of individual meanings
2. Insight into own language
3. Insight into a foreign culture
4. Insight into own culture
5. Attitude toward minority groups
6. Interest in other peoples
7. Non-utilitarian practical values
3. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 298
PartV
REFINING AND USING FOREIGN LANGUAGE TESTS
22. NORMS
1. WHAT DOES A SCORE MEAN? 299
1. A score alone means nothing
2. To measure is to compare
3. The quantity being measured and the unit with
which we measure it must be comparable
4. Six ways to measure, i.e., to compare quantities
with units
5. Norms
2. CONTENT NORMS 301
3. RANK NORMS 302
1. What are rank scores?
2. Types of rank scores
Percentile scores
Standard scores
Normalized standard scores
3. The normal curve
4. Transforming raw scores to normalized standard
scores
5. The use of rank scores in foreign language tests
6. Tables of norms
4. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT 310
5- GROWTH RATE OR PROGRESS SCORES AND NORMS 3H
1. Measuring amount of learning
2. The factor of entrance level
XX
CONTENTS
page
3. Progress norms at varying entrance levels
4. Mean improvement units and norms
Zero improvement
Distance from zero to the mean as an improve¬
ment unit
6. profiles 318
7. predicting success 319
8. bibliographical notes 320
23. VALIDITY
1. WHAT IS VALIDITY? 321
1. Validity as relevance
2. HOW TO ESTABLISH RELEVANCE 321
1. Face validity
2. Validity by content
3. Control of extraneous factors
4. Validation of the conditions required to answer
the test items
5. Empirical validation
Scoring the criterion
3. REPORTING THE VALIDITY OF A TEST 326
1. Expectancy tables
2. Validity coefficients
4. SUMMARY OF STEPS RECOMMENDED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM 328
VALIDITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TESTS
5. SELECTED REFERENCES 329
24. RELIABILITY
1. WHAT IS RELIABILITY? 330
1. Stability versus fluctuation or instability
2. Reliability and validity
2. SOURCES OF UNRELIABILITY 330
3. MEANINGS OF RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS 331
4. METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE RELIABILITY OF A POWER
TEST 332
Retesting method—Alternate forms method—
Chance-half method
Coefficient of scorer reliability
5. RELIABILITY OF SPEED TESTS 335
6. STEP-BY-STEP CALCULATION OF A CHANCE-HALF 335
COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY
Steps 1-6
Example
xxi
CONTENTS
page
Effect of range of scores on the coefficient of
reliability
7. HOW TO INCREASE THE RELIABILITY OF A TEST 339
1. Reliability and the length of a test
2. Increasing the number of choices per item to
increase reliability
Rationale
Empirical evidence
3. The effectiveness of the distractors increases
reliability
8. SELECTED REFERENCES 341
25. ITEM ANALYSIS, EQUIVALENT FORMS, SCORING
1. ITEM ANALYSIS 342
1. Introduction
2. What is an item?
3. What is item analysis?
4. Item validity
Content validity
Native speaker performance as a means of
detecting extraneous factors
Item count of native speaker performance
Editing on the basis of performance by native
speakers
Criterion validity
Internal consistency
Analysis of the performance of multiple-choice
alternatives
5. Arranging the items in order of difficulty
6. Recording important item information in con¬
venient form
2. EQUIVALENT FORMS 360
1. Need for equivalent forms of a test
2. Preparing equivalent forms of a test
3. Cross-validation of equivalent forms
3. SCORING TECHNIQUES 362
1. Introduction
2. Scoring test booklets
Accordion key
Strip key
Cut-out key
3. Scoring separate answer sheets
Punched stencil
Machine scoring
Miscellaneous scoring devices
Carbon paper answer sheets
Punch pad self-scoring technique
4. Correction for guessing
4. SELECTED REFERENCES 367
xxii
CONTENTS
page
26. ACHIEVEMENT, DIAGNOSTIC, AND APTITUDE
TESTING
1. WHAT ARE ACHIEVEMENT, DIAGNOSTIC, AND APTITUDE
TESTS? 369
1. Achievement and diagnostic tests
2. Aptitude tests
2. THE USE OF APTITUDE TESTS 370
3. PREPARATION AND VALIDATION OF APTITUDE TESTS 371
1. The test
2. The criterion
3. Validation
4. Item validity
5. Cross-validation
4. THE HARVARD LANGUAGE APTITUDE PROJECT 374
5. SELECTED REFERENCES 376
27. DESIGNING EXPERIMENTS IN FOREIGN
LANGUAGE LEARNING
1. THE PROBLEM OF COMPARING RESULTS IN A COMPLEX
FIELD 377
1. Need for dependable evidence of effectiveness
2. Mass experiments of whole methods versus small
experiments of single elements
3. Dimensions of foreign language learning of par¬
ticular interest in experimental investigations
2. CONTROL-TYPE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 382
Design i. C X
Design 2. X Y
Design 3. C X/X C
Design 4. X Y/Y X
Design 5. C X
Design 6. C/X
Design 7. X Y Z/Y Z X/Z X Y
1. Dimensions of goodness in designing and inter¬
preting experiments
2. Some problems that lend themselves to investi¬
gation by the control type of experiment
3. CORRELATION TYPE OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 387
1. Correlation as a means of discovering significant
factors
2. Some variables that seem accessible to correlation
type investigation
4. OTHER DIMENSIONS OPEN TO STUDY 387
5. IN CONCLUSION 388
1. Progressive improvement of foreign language
teaching
xxiii
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lado, Robert 1915-1995 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)118816179 |
| author_facet | Lado, Robert 1915-1995 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lado, Robert 1915-1995 |
| author_variant | r l rl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV009204811 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PB71 |
| callnumber-raw | PB71.5 |
| callnumber-search | PB71.5 |
| callnumber-sort | PB 271.5 |
| callnumber-subject | PB - Modern and Celtic Languages |
| classification_rvk | ES 847 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)247413282 (DE-599)BVBBV009204811 |
| dewey-full | 407.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 407 - Education, research, related topics |
| dewey-raw | 407.6 |
| dewey-search | 407.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3407.6 |
| dewey-tens | 400 - Language |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | 8. impr. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02007nam a2200517 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV009204811</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090331 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">940313s1975 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0582525349</subfield><subfield code="9">0-582-52534-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)247413282</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV009204811</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">PB71.5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">407.6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ES 847</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)27912:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5,3</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">D 6821</subfield><subfield code="2">dopaed</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lado, Robert</subfield><subfield code="d">1915-1995</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118816179</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Language testing</subfield><subfield code="b">the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">8. impr.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London</subfield><subfield code="b">Longmans</subfield><subfield code="c">1975</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXIII, 389 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sprachtest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077737-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Test</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059549-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Fremdsprachenunterricht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4018428-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schulleistungstest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077203-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Fremdsprachenunterricht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4018428-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Test</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059549-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Schulleistungstest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077203-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Fremdsprachenunterricht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4018428-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sprachtest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077737-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006116739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006116739</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV009204811 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:33:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0582525349 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006116739 |
| oclc_num | 247413282 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 |
| physical | XXIII, 389 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1975 |
| publishDateSearch | 1975 |
| publishDateSort | 1975 |
| publisher | Longmans |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lado, Robert 1915-1995 Verfasser (DE-588)118816179 aut Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book 8. impr. London Longmans 1975 XXIII, 389 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest Sprachtest (DE-588)4077737-6 gnd rswk-swf Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd rswk-swf Fremdsprachenunterricht (DE-588)4018428-6 gnd rswk-swf Schulleistungstest (DE-588)4077203-2 gnd rswk-swf Fremdsprachenunterricht (DE-588)4018428-6 s Test (DE-588)4059549-3 s DE-604 Schulleistungstest (DE-588)4077203-2 s 1\p DE-604 Sprachtest (DE-588)4077737-6 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006116739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Lado, Robert 1915-1995 Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest Sprachtest (DE-588)4077737-6 gnd Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd Fremdsprachenunterricht (DE-588)4018428-6 gnd Schulleistungstest (DE-588)4077203-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077737-6 (DE-588)4059549-3 (DE-588)4018428-6 (DE-588)4077203-2 |
| title | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_auth | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_exact_search | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_full | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_fullStr | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_full_unstemmed | Language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| title_short | Language testing |
| title_sort | language testing the construction and use of foreign language tests a teacher s book |
| title_sub | the construction and use of foreign language tests ; a teacher's book |
| topic | Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest Sprachtest (DE-588)4077737-6 gnd Test (DE-588)4059549-3 gnd Fremdsprachenunterricht (DE-588)4018428-6 gnd Schulleistungstest (DE-588)4077203-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fremdsprachenunterricht - Sprachtest Sprachtest Test Fremdsprachenunterricht Schulleistungstest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006116739&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ladorobert languagetestingtheconstructionanduseofforeignlanguagetestsateachersbook |