Contaminants in terrestrial environments:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin u.a.
Springer
1993
|
| Series: | Springer series in physical environment
13 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 368 - 434 |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 439 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3540552774 0387552774 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin u.a. |b Springer |c 1993 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Springer series in physical environment |v 13 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Contaminación - Aspectos ambientales | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Interaction sol-atmosphère |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polluants |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sols - Pollution |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Air |x Pollution | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollutants | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Contaminants in terrestrial environments
Autor: Fränzle, Otto
Jahr: 1993
Contents
1 Introduction............................ 1
1.1 Man and Environment..................... 1
1.2 Technical Chemistry and Ecology............... 4
2 Basic Chemical and Ecological Principles........... 9
2.1 Exposure and Effect Criteria of Chemicals.......... 10
2.1.1 Structure-Activity Relationships............ 11
2.1.1.1 Chemical Structure Descriptors........ 12
2.1.1.2 Techniques for Denning
Structure-Activity Relationships........ 13
2.1.2 Equilibrium Constants for Chemicals Distribution. . 18
2.1.2.1 Aggregate State and Related Properties ... 18
2.1.2.2 Specific Gravity, Molar Mass and
Structure...................... 19
2.1.2.3 Melting and Boiling Points........... 21
2.1.2.4 Vapour Pressure, Vapour Density and
Volatility...................... 21
2.1.2.5 Water Solubility................. 24
2.1.2.6 n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient..... 27
2.1.3 Kinetic Constants for Environmental Processes ... 29
2.1.3.1 Hydrolysis..................... 30
2.1.3.2 Photolysis..................... 31
2.1.3.3 Oxidation and Reduction............ 33
2.1.3.4 Biotransformation................ 35
2.1.3.5 Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation and
Ecological Magnification............ 38
2.2 Stability of Ecosystems..................... 40
2.2.1 Different Notions of Stability.............. 40
2.2.2 Stability and Diversity of Ecological
Communities........................ 42
2.2.2.1 Diversity Analyses................ 43
2.2.2.2 Ecological Communities as Dissipative
Structures..................... 44
2.3 Biota Resilience Versus Chemical Persistence........ 48
2.3.1 Chemical Persistence................... 48
2.3.2 Resilience of Natural Biota............... 50
XIV Contents
2.4 Model Ecosystems and Related Definitions of
Environmental Toxicity of Chemicals............. 52
2.4.1 Ecotoxicological Tests.................. 54
2.4.2. Comparative Appraisal and Research Needs..... 55
3 Fluxes of Anthropogenic Chemicals in the Atmosphere ... 59
3.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of
Potential Pollutants....................... 60
3.1.1 Natural Atmospheric Cycles............... 61
3.1.2. Anthropogenic Air Pollution.............. 69
3.2 Transport and Dispersion.................... 77
3.2.1 General Atmospheric Boundary Conditions of
Air Pollution........................ 77
3.2.2 Atmospheric Lapse Rates and Plume Dilution .... 79
3.2.3 Selected Dispersion Models............... 85
3.2.3.1 Box Models.................... 85
3.2.3.2 Statistical Models................. 88
3.2.3.3 Gaussian Dispersion Models.......... 88
3.2.3.4 Grid Models.................... 90
3.2.3.5 Trajectory Models................ 96
3.3 Physical Transformation Processes..............101
3.3.1 Nucleation.........................101
3.3.2 Coagulation........................102
3.3.3 Condensation.......................105
3.3.4 Rainout and Washout..................106
3.4 Chemical Transformation Processes..............110
3.4.1 Formation of Free Radicals and Reactive Trace
Constituents........................112
3.4.2 Sulphate Reactions....................114
3.4.3 Nitrate-Forming Reactions...............116
3.4.4 Oxidative Chemistry of Organic Pollutants......118
3.4.4.1 Atmospheric Reaction Pathways for
Alkanes.......................119
3.4.4.2 Atmospheric Reaction Pathways for
Alkenes.......................120
3.4.4.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Aromatics.....121
3.5 Deposition............................126
3.5.1 Deposition Networks...................127
3.5.2 Sampling Procedures...................133
3.5.3 Principles of Deposition.................136
3.5.3.1 Dry Deposition of Gases............136
3.5.3.2 Dry Deposition of Particles...........138
3.5.3.3 Model Concept of Deposition.........139
Contents XV
3.5.4 Deposition of Gases.................... 142
3.5.4.1 General Features of Deposition........ 142
3.5.4.2 Deposition of Acidic Species and Ozone ... 143
3.5.5 Removal of Air-Borne Metals by Wet and Dry
Deposition......................... 158
3.5.5.1 Factors Influencing Total Atmospheric
Deposition of Metals............... 159
3.5.5.2 Deposition Rates and Mechanisms in
Deciduous and Coniferous Forests....... 163
3.5.5.3 Microscale Variability of Deposition in
Forests....................... 168
3.5.5.4 Large-Scale Spatial Variability of
Atmospheric Removal Processes of
Air-Borne Metals................. 170
3.5.5.5 Deposition Velocities of Metals........ 176
3.5.6 Deposition Patterns of Hydrocarbons......... 180
3.5 7 Deposition of Air-Borne Dust.............. 182
4 Fluxes of Chemicals in the Soil-Vegetation Complex.... 184
4.1 Energy and Water Balances as Boundary Conditions
of Chemical Fluxes........................185
4.1.1 Energy Balance at the Earth s Surface.........186
4.1.1.1 Net Radiation...................188
4.1.1.2 Soil Heat Flow..................189
4.1.1.3 Sensible Heat Flow in the Lower
Atmosphere....................191
4.1.1.4 Latent Heat Flux.................193
4.1.1.5 Efficiency of Photosynthesis...........194
4.1.1.6 Energy Balance of Wet, Dry and
Vegetated Surfaces................195
4.1.2 Water Balance of Bare Soil and Vegetation Stands . 199
4.1.2.1 Precipitation and Interception.........202
4.1.2.2 Infiltration and Surface Runoff.........208
4.1.2.3 Deep Drainage..................211
4.1.2.4 Change in Soil Water Storage.........213
4.1.2.5 Soil Water Potential and Matrix Flow .... 214
4.2 Impact of Environmental Chemicals on Vegetation .... 222
4.2.1 Direct Effects of Acid and Basic Deposition
and Photo-Chemical Oxidants.............224
4.2.1.1 Sulphur Dioxide.................224
4.2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides.................227
4.2.1.3 Ammonia.....................228
4.2.1.4 Photooxidants...................230
XVI Contents
4.2.1.5 Combined Effects of Pollutant Gases.....231
4.2.1.6 Paniculate Pollutants..............234
4.2.1.7 Combination Effects of Acid Precipitation . . 236
4.2.2 Indirect Effects of Acidic Precipitation.........239
4.2.2.1 Biotic Interactions................240
4.2.2.2 Interactions with Pesticides...........241
4.2.2.3 Soil Acidification and Related Effects
on Soil-Borne Microorganisms.........242
4.2.3 Dynamic Models of Forest Dieback..........252
4.2.3.1 Models with Non-Linear Dose-Effect
Relationships...................252
4.2.3.2 Time-Series Analysis and Mapping......254
4.3 Pollutant Impact on Materials.................256
4.3.1 Pollutant Effects......................256
4.3.1.1 Corrosion of Metals and Metal Alloys .... 257
4.3.1.2 Degradation of Inorganic Non-Metallic
Materials......................258
4.3.1.3 Degradation of Organic Materials.......264
4.3.2 Critical Levels of Pollution...............266
4.3.3. European Research Programmes on Pollutants
Effects and Restoration..................267
4.4 Interactions of Environmental Chemicals with Soil and
Subsoil...............................268
4.4.1 Environmental Factors and Chemistry.........269
4.4.1.1 Dispersion.....................270
4.4.1.2 Sorption and Ion Exchange...........272
4.4.1.3 Heavy Metals and Organics in Soil......291
4.4.2 Bioavailability and Biotransformation.........310
4.4.2.1 Effects of Chemicals on Microorganisms
and Soil Fauna..................311
4.4.2.2 Chemical Structure and Biodegradation ... 321
4.4.2.3 Active Microorganisms.............328
4.4.3 Chemical Fate Modelling................334
4.4.3.1 Transport Modelling of Dissolved
Chemicals.....................335
4.4.3.2 Immiscible Contaminant Modelling......342
4.4.3.3 Aquatic Equilibrium Modelling........344
4.4.3.4 Regionalized Fate Modelling..........349
References...............................368
Subject Index..............................435
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
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| dewey-full | 574.5/222 |
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| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
| dewey-raw | 574.5/222 |
| dewey-search | 574.5/222 |
| dewey-sort | 3574.5 3222 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Allgemeines Biologie Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV009129688 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:31:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540552774 0387552774 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006051572 |
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| physical | XVI, 439 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
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| series | Springer series in physical environment |
| series2 | Springer series in physical environment |
| spelling | Fränzle, Otto 1932-2009 Verfasser (DE-588)119117452 aut Contaminants in terrestrial environments Otto Fränzle Berlin u.a. Springer 1993 XVI, 439 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in physical environment 13 Literaturverz. S. 368 - 434 Air - Pollution ram Chimie de l'atmosphère ram Chimie de l'environnement ram Contaminación - Aspectos ambientales Interaction sol-atmosphère ram Polluants ram Sols - Pollution ram Air Pollution Environmental chemistry Pollutants Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd rswk-swf Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s DE-604 Springer series in physical environment 13 (DE-604)BV035361514 13 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006051572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fränzle, Otto 1932-2009 Contaminants in terrestrial environments Springer series in physical environment Air - Pollution ram Chimie de l'atmosphère ram Chimie de l'environnement ram Contaminación - Aspectos ambientales Interaction sol-atmosphère ram Polluants ram Sols - Pollution ram Air Pollution Environmental chemistry Pollutants Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4309007-2 |
| title | Contaminants in terrestrial environments |
| title_auth | Contaminants in terrestrial environments |
| title_exact_search | Contaminants in terrestrial environments |
| title_full | Contaminants in terrestrial environments Otto Fränzle |
| title_fullStr | Contaminants in terrestrial environments Otto Fränzle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contaminants in terrestrial environments Otto Fränzle |
| title_short | Contaminants in terrestrial environments |
| title_sort | contaminants in terrestrial environments |
| topic | Air - Pollution ram Chimie de l'atmosphère ram Chimie de l'environnement ram Contaminación - Aspectos ambientales Interaction sol-atmosphère ram Polluants ram Sols - Pollution ram Air Pollution Environmental chemistry Pollutants Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Air - Pollution Chimie de l'atmosphère Chimie de l'environnement Contaminación - Aspectos ambientales Interaction sol-atmosphère Polluants Sols - Pollution Air Pollution Environmental chemistry Pollutants Umweltverschmutzung Terrestrisches Ökosystem |
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