The West Indies: patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1990
|
| Edition: | 1. paperback ed. |
| Series: | Cambridge studies in historical geography
8 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 609 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521386519 |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of illustrations page x
Preface xvii
Notes and abbreviations xxii
1 The environment 1 **)
Geology and surface features 3
Weather and climate 13
The vegetational response 25
Soils 34
Fauna 37
2 Aboriginal peoples: settlement and culture 41
The settlement of early indian groups 44
Neo indian cultures at the time of European contact 53
The West Indies population in 1492 71
Effects of indian cultures on island environments: the 1492
situation 75
3 Spanish intrusion and colonisation 78
Preliminaries to Hispanic New World settlement 79
The beginnings of Hispanic New World settlement: Espanola to
1509 86
The peak of Spanish settlement, 1509 to 1519 105
The Hispanic West Indies in decline: the sixteenth century after
1519 121
4 Early northwest European plantations 128
Privateers and buccaneers: settlements and lifestyles 132
Overseas territorial expansion of the English, French and Dutch:
preliminary considerations 135
vii
viii Contents
The first plantation islands: St Kitts and Barbados 142
Expansion into other islands 169
The beginnings of North American West Indian trade 173
The situation in 1645 174
5 Northwest European sugar estates: the formative period, 1645 to
1665 176
Establishment of sugar cane agriculture in Barbados: pre¬
requisites 177
The emergence and evolution of the Barbados sugar estate
complex 1*
Other estate cash crops 211
Socio economic consequences of the development of the Barba¬
dos sugar estate complex 212
Environmental changes 219
Other islands 223
The situation in 1665 228
6 The extension of the West Indian sugar estate economy, 1665 to
1833.1 General development and trade 232
Prerequisites for the regional extension of plantation sugar cane
agriculture 234
Military conflicts 240
General trading patterns and controls of trade 258
7 The extension of the West Indian sugar estate economy, 1665 to
1833. II Sugar production, regional population growth, and the
slave white ratios 284
The regional expansion of sugar production 285
Regional population growth 304
Slave white ratios 308
8 The extension of the West Indian sugar estate economy, 1665 to
1833. Ill Population: social characteristics, migration and the
growth of towns 326
Social characteristics of the population 328
Regional migration patterns 375
The growth of towns 378
9 The extension of the West Indian sugar estate economy, 1665 to
1833. IV Agricultural innovation and environmental change 382
The idealised sugar cane plantation 384
Innovation diffusion 391
Contents ix
Environmental change and agricultural innovation, 1665 to 1720 393
Mill innovation, 1665 to 1833 405
The intensification of cane agriculture, and further environ¬
mental changes, 1720 to 1833 423
Innovation and environment in the West Indian sugar producing
system: a summary 443
10 Post 1833 adjustments: the period to 1900 448
Population growth 456
Cane estate expansion and renewal 484
The search for new crops 501
The initiation of a West Indian peasantry 506
Environmental responses 512
Summary 515
11 Twentieth century trends, and conclusions 518
Notes 540
References 553
Illustrations
Plates (between pp. 202 and 203)
1.1 Mont Pelee, Martinique
1.2 Terraced coral cap, Barbados
1.3 Yaqui del Norte, Espanola
1.4 Cockpit country, Jamaica
1.5 Tropical rain forest
1.6 Seasonal rain forest
1.7 Cactus thorn scrub
1.8 Derived savanna, Nevis
5.1 Turner s Hall Wood, Barbados
10.1 Erosional forms, Haiti
Figures
1.1 The West Indies: a locational map 2
1.2 Major structural divisions of the West Indies 8
1.3 West Indies landforms. (a) volcanic landforms, northern St
Vincent; (b) Barbados, showing the coral limestone cap and
the Scotland District core; (c) Tertiary limestone landforms,
Jamaica; (d) landforms on crystalline rocks, Blue Mountains,
Jamaica 10
1.4 Mean sea surface temperatures of the island Caribbean region 14
1.5 Weather patterns in the West Indies 16
1.6 The orographic effect of small islands in the trade wind zone 18
1.7 Annual precipitation totals in the West Indies 21
1.8 West Indian climates 23
1.9 Native vegetation formations in the West Indies 26
1.10 General patterns of nutrient cycling in tropical rain forest 30
1.11 The disposition of mangrove species on West Indian coastlands 33
x
Illustrations xi
1.12 Ferralitic soil structure in the West Indies 36
1.13 Relationships between the numbers of species (reptiles and
amphibia) present and island size in the West Indies 39
2.1 Distribution of aboriginal indian groups in the West Indies in
1492 42
2.2 Palaeo and meso indian sites in the West Indies 46
2.3 Location of the Constanza basin, Espanola 49
2.4 Location of the Ciguayo and Macorix peoples, Espanola, in
1492 52
2.5 Subsistence sources for indian conuco agriculturalists 54
2.6 The manioc sweet potato complex 56
2.7 Arawak indian house styles 67
2.8 Cazicazgoes in Espanola, 1492 68
3.1 Atlantic islands controlled by the Portuguese in the fifteenth
century 81
3.2 An early caravel 82
3.3 Early sailing routes across the Atlantic 85
3.4 Hispanic settlements in Espanola, 1492 to 1496 88
3.5 Sixteenth century Santo Domingo, after its rebuilding in 1502 99
3.6 The new villas created in Espanola between 1503 and 1509,
and elsewhere in the Hispanic West Indies between 1509 and
1519 102
3.7 The sugar producing districts of Espanola, after 1515 113
3.8 The Florida Straits, and the influence of its location on shipping
movements from Habana: revised homeward routes to Spain
after 1519 124
4.1 The level of bullion imports into Spain, 1550 to 1650 130
4.2 Buccaneer base camps in the northern Caribbean, 1570 to
1620 133
X~43 Dutch interests in the island Caribbean, 1600 to 1630 140
4.4 English and French settlements in St Kitts, 1624 to 1645 143
4.5 The Ligon map of Barbados, c 1647 144
4.6 Source areas of the major agents of environmental change in
the West Indies, 1624 to 1645 169
4.7 Early settlements in Antigua 170
4.8 Settlement in Guadeloupe and adjacent islands, to 1645 172
5.1 The sugar growing districts of Brazil during the 1640s 179
5.2 The three roller sugar mill of Brazil 181
x 5.3 The Pernambuco model of sugar cane production 182
5.4 Forest clearance in Barbados, 1645 to 1665 185
5.5 Parish councils in Barbados, 1645 205
5.6 The early development of Bridgetown, Barbados 206
5.7 Outmigration from Barbados, 1650 to 1666 217
xii Illustrations
5.8 Early settlement in Jamaica, 1645 to 1665 227
5.9 The Barbados model of sugar cane production 229
6.1 Early (c 1700) French settlements in St Domingue 245
6.2 Major sugar producing districts in St Domingue, 1791 254
6.3 French sugar refineries in the island Caribbean, 1680 and 1681 263
6.4 Free ports in the island Caribbean, 1757 to the 1790s 280
7.1 Settled land in Antigua during the 1670s 291
7.2 Plantations present in Jamaica in 1670 293
7.3 Estates and towns present in Jamaica in 1774 295
7.4 Sugar estates, towns and other settlements in Martinique and
Guadeloupe during the 1690s 298
7.5 Tobacco and sugar estates in Cuba, 1550 to 1650 302
7.6 Eighteenth and early nineteenth century extension of the zone
of cane estates in Cuba 305
7.7 Total population growth in Caribbean territories, 1665 to 1833 307
7.8 Slave white/production ratios in Barbados and Jamaica 310
7.9 Slave white/production ratios in the northern Leeward Islands 314
7.10 Slave white/production ratios in the Ceded Islands, Trinidad
and St Lucia 317
7.11 Slave white/production ratios in the French territories and
Cuba 322
8.1 Totals of big , middling , and small planters, and of freemen
holding less than 2.4 ha in Barbados, by parish, 1680 330
8.2 The major Pinney estates on Nevis 335
8.3 Categories of estate landholders in St Mary s parish, Antigua,
in 1688, 1706 and 1767 338
8.4 Changes in the patterns of estate ownership, numbers of
planters, and types of plantation by product in Jamaica, 1671 to
1684 342
8.5 Growth of Worthy Park estate, Jamaica, between 1670 and
1684 343
8.6 Eighteenth century (1732) land division in Grandeterre,
Guadeloupe 350
8.7 Major districts of freedman settlement in Trinidad during the
last quarter of the eighteenth century 374
8.8 Town plans of Kingston, Jamaica, and Bridgetown, Barbados,
1702 and 1722 respectively 380
9.1 Labat s (1724) idealised sugar plantation 387
9.2 Actual sugar plantation layout (Galbaud du Fort, Leogane, St
Domingue) in the mid eighteenth century 388
9.3 Avalle s (1796) idealised sugar plantation 390
9.4 The Barbados cane hole system 403
9.5 Centres of innovation diffusion in the West Indies, 1665 to 1720 406
Illustrations xiii
9.6 Windmill design in Barbados 412
9.7 Windmills in Barbados: a section of the map by H.Moll (1722) 414
9.8 Roller arrangements in the triangular roller mill in the late
eighteenth century 419
9.9 Construction of cane holes in the early nineteenth century 431
9.10 Major areas of soil loss in Barbados during the 1790s 436
9.11 Major areas of soil loss in Jamaica during the 1830s 437
9.12 The rate of arrival of common weeds in Barbados 442
9.13 Major innovations in West Indian agriculture, 1665 to 1833 446
10.1 Epidemic diseases in Habana, 1810 to 1910 457
10.2 The distribution of major urban areas in Cuba, 1899 461
10.3 The dispersal of cholera in the island Caribbean, 1849 to 1854 467
10.4 The major sugar producing districts of Cuba, 1830 to 1850 487
10.5 Early nineteenth century sugar estate development in Puerto
Rico 493
10.6 Nineteenth century sugar estate development in Guadeloupe
and Martinique 494
10.7 Prices of sugar on the London markets during the nineteenth
century 495
10.8 The extension of sugar estates in Trinidad during the nine¬
teenth century 498
10.9 Cacao estates in Trinidad in the late nineteenth century 502
10.10 Major areas of peasant farming, with the main peasant vil¬
lages, in Jamaica, to 1860 509
11.1 Two areas of severe soil loss and soil erosion within the island
Caribbean 526
11.2 Changes in land use, Trinidad, 1924 to 1950 527
11.3 A classic population growth curve 527
11.4 Effects of development on environment within the West
Indies: a general model 534
Tables
1.1 Groupings and size of islands in the West Indies 4
1.2 The major geological periods which relate to the formation of
the West Indies 6
1.3 Modification of temperature: Guadeloupe 17
1.4 Mean monthly windspeeds at Basseterre, St Kitts 18
1.5 Mean monthly precipitation totals for Basseterre, St Kitts and
Bridgetown, Barbados 20
1.6 Comparative P PE data for two stations in Barbados 24
1.7 Vegetation formations in the lowland West Indies 28
xiv Illustrations
1.8 Litter fall, surface litter and decomposition rate of litter in
rain forests of different elevations 29
2.1 Decline in mean yields from conucos 57
2.2 Estimated annual labour inputs for conucos in coastal
Nicaragua 59
2.3 Approximate calorie return per hour input of work for different
means of acquisition of food in conuco settlements 62
2.4 Vegetable protein of certain plants 64
2.5 Main seasonal sources of available food stuffs for the island
Arawak 65
X3.1 Introduction of cultivated plants and domesticated animals into
Espanola, 1492 1519 116
3.2 Patterns of environmental change in selected habitats, to 1519 121
3.3 New World destinations of sixteenth century Spanish colonists
of known origin 122
4.1 Early land grants in Barbados, 1628 38 148
4.2 Tobacco shipments from St Kitts and Barbados, 1637 40 158
4.3 Patterns of environmental change in St Kitts and Barbados,
1624 45 168
4.4 Estimated population of selected colonies in the Americas,
1629 and 1642 173
5.1 Horses exported by licence from England to Barbados 1652 65 199
5.2 Selected fees of the Secretary of Council, Barbados, 1642 50 210
5.3 Environmental changes in Barbados, 1645 65 223
V6.1 General population totals in the West Indies, 1665 and 1833 236
X 6.2 Factors leading to the expansion or decline of sugar cane estate
production in the West Indies, 1665 1833 238
/ 6.3 Major wars and treaties affecting development in the West
Indies, 1665 1833 241
y 6.4 Annual price of muscovado sugar on the London market,
1665 1829 269
6.5 Freight and insurance rates on sugar from the West Indies to
London,1700 50 273
7.1 Sugar imports into England and Wales, 1650 4 to 1695 9 285
V 7.2 Sugar production, English colonies, 1700 4 to 1825 29 286
X 7.3 Sugar production, French and Spanish colonies, 1700 4 to
1825 9 287
7.4 Total production of sugar in the English West Indian colonies,
1700 4 to 1825 9 288
7.5 Slave white ratios of Barbados and Jamaica 311
7.6 Slave white ratios of the major northern Leeward Islands 313
7.7 Slave white ratios in the Ceded Islands 316
7.8 Slave white ratios in Trinidad and St Lucia 318
Illustrations xv
7.9 Slave white ratios in the French islands 320
7.10 Slave white ratios in Cuba and Puerto Rico / 32T)
7.11 The rural urban balance of population in Cuba, 1827 324
X 8.1 Distribution and classification of Barbados property owners,
according to the 1680 census 329
8.2 The role of big planters in Barbados, 1680 333
8.3 Classification of Nevis property owners, according to the 1678
census 334
8.4 Classification of Antiguan property owners, according to the
1678 census 338
v 8.5 Servants shipped from Bristol to the West Indies, 1654 86 361
8.6 Estimated number of African slaves brought into the British
West Indies, 1627 to 1775 364
v 8.7 Number of slaves delivered to selected territories, 1698
1707 366
V 8.8 Percentages of freedmen in selected West Indian territories,
c 1780 and c 1830 373
V 9.1 Types of mill present in selected territories in the eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries 410
9.2 Plantations with sugar mills in Barbados, according to parish,
1685 and 1722 416
V 9.3 Production and harvesting rates for different mill types 423
9.4 Major estate innovations and their sources, 1665 1833 444
10.1 Slave imports into Brazil and the Hispanic American islands,
1830 60 445
10.2 Population growth in selected Caribbean territories, 1833
1900 459
, 10.3 Potential labour force locally available for estate owners in
British West Indian colonies at emancipation 472
10.4 Immigration to the British West Indies, 1834 65 474
10.5 Immigration of liberated Africans into Jamaica, 1834 67 477
/10.6 Summary of population movements in the West Indies, 1833—
v 1900 483
10.7 Regional annual Caribbean production of sugar cane, 1835 9
to 1895 9 485
10.8 Annual production of sugar cane in Hispanic and French
Caribbean territories, 1835 9 to 1895 9 485
10.9 Annual production of sugar cane in British Caribbean terri¬
tories, 1835 99 496
10.10 Ranking lists of Caribbean sugar producers, 1835 9, 1865 9
and 1895 9 500
10.11 Patterns of peasant production in Jamaica, 1850 and
1890 511
xvi Illustrations
11.1 Population and population density of West Indian islands,
1981 520
11.2 Present political status, and date achieved, of former British
colonies in the Caribbean 522
11.3 Caribbean sugar production, 1923 4, 1962 3 and 1982 3 524
|
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| author | Watts, David |
| author_facet | Watts, David |
| author_role | aut |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften Geographie |
| edition | 1. paperback ed. |
| era | Geschichte 1492-1950 gnd Sozialgeschichte 1492-1980 gnd Geschichte 1492-1900 gnd Geschichte 1492-1980 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1492-1950 Sozialgeschichte 1492-1980 Geschichte 1492-1900 Geschichte 1492-1980 |
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| geographic | Westindien (DE-588)4079228-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Westindien |
| id | DE-604.BV008967452 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:27:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521386519 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005919980 |
| oclc_num | 632579474 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-N2 DE-188 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-N2 DE-188 DE-11 |
| physical | XXII, 609 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1990 |
| publishDateSearch | 1990 |
| publishDateSort | 1990 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Cambridge studies in historical geography |
| series2 | Cambridge studies in historical geography |
| spelling | Watts, David Verfasser aut The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 David Watts 1. paperback ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1990 XXII, 609 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge studies in historical geography 8 Geschichte 1492-1950 gnd rswk-swf Sozialgeschichte 1492-1980 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1492-1900 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1492-1980 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd rswk-swf Zuckerindustrie (DE-588)4067995-0 gnd rswk-swf Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd rswk-swf Zuckerhandel (DE-588)4217954-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Westindien (DE-588)4079228-6 gnd rswk-swf Westindien (DE-588)4079228-6 g Zuckerhandel (DE-588)4217954-3 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Sozialgeschichte 1492-1980 z Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Geschichte 1492-1980 z Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 s Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 s Geschichte 1492-1900 z 1\p DE-604 Zuckerindustrie (DE-588)4067995-0 s 2\p DE-604 Geschichte 1492-1950 z 3\p DE-604 Cambridge studies in historical geography 8 (DE-604)BV000005439 8 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005919980&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Watts, David The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 Cambridge studies in historical geography Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Zuckerindustrie (DE-588)4067995-0 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Zuckerhandel (DE-588)4217954-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-588)4067995-0 (DE-588)4318539-3 (DE-588)4217954-3 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4079228-6 |
| title | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 |
| title_auth | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 |
| title_exact_search | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 |
| title_full | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 David Watts |
| title_fullStr | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 David Watts |
| title_full_unstemmed | The West Indies patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 David Watts |
| title_short | The West Indies |
| title_sort | the west indies patterns of development culture and environment since 1492 |
| title_sub | patterns of development, culture and environment since 1492 |
| topic | Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Zuckerindustrie (DE-588)4067995-0 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Zuckerhandel (DE-588)4217954-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Umwelt Zuckerindustrie Sozioökonomischer Wandel Zuckerhandel Geschichte Westindien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005919980&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005439 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wattsdavid thewestindiespatternsofdevelopmentcultureandenvironmentsince1492 |