Essential statistics for social research:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boulder u.a.
Westview Press
1993
|
| Edition: | 2. ed., rev. and updated |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 291 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0813315557 0813315565 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essential statistics for social research |c Michael A. Malec |
| 250 | |a 2. ed., rev. and updated | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boulder u.a. |b Westview Press |c 1993 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 291 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xix
1 Introduction 1
A Fear of Statistics? 2
A Small Example 3
An Overview of the Chapters 5
Measurement and Levels of Measurement 7
Computers and Statistics 11
Important Terms 15
Suggested Readings 15
2 Organization and Presentation of Data n
Rates 17
Frequency Distribution 19
Pictorial Presentation 24
An SPSS Example: FREQUENCIES 26
Important Terms 31
Suggested Readings 31
3 Descriptive Measures: Dentrality 33
The Mode 34
The Median 36
Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles 37
The Mean 39
Grouped Data 43
Coded Data 49
vii
viii Contents
Notes on the Measures of Centrality 51
An SPSS Example 56
Important Terms 59
Suggested Readings 59
Quick Quiz Answers 59
Important Symbols Introduced in This Chapter 60
4 Measures of Dispersion 61
Ranges 62
Deviation Measures 65
The Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution 71
An SPSS Example: z Scores 76
Important Terms 78
Suggested Readings 78
Quick Quiz Answers 78
5 Bases of Statistical Inference, I: Probability and
the bogie of Hypothesis Testing 81
Probability: A Way of Viewing the World 82
Basic Rules of Probability 85
Probability and Social Science 87
The Binomial Distribution and the Normal Curve 90
Probability and the Logic of Hypothesis Testing 93
One Tail and Two Tail Tests 95
Important Terms 98
Suggested Readings 98
Quick Quiz Answers 98
6 Bases of Statistical Inference, II: Sampling and Estimation 99
Populations and Samples 100
The Sampling Distribution of a Statistic 103
How Big Must a Sample Be? 105
An Adjustment for Small Populations 106
Estimation 107
The Standard Error 108
Sample Size and the Standard Error 113
Estimation from Finite Populations 114
Important Terms 116
Contents ix
Suggested Readings 116
Quick Quiz Answers 116
7 Testing For the Difference Between Means 117
Thet Test 117
An SPSS Example of the t Test 127
Important Terms 129
Suggested Readings 129
Quick Quiz Answers 130
8 Analysis of Variance 131
An SPSS Example: ANOVA 143
Important Terms 145
Suggested Readings 145
9 Measuring the Association Between Two Nominal Variables 147
The Concept of Statistical Association 147
Percentage Difference 150
Chi Square: A Test of Statistical Independence 151
Additional Notes on Chi Square 160
Other Measures of Association Based on Chi Square 163
Lambda: A Proportional Reduction in Error Measure
for Nominal Level Data 166
The General Logic of PRE: Prediction Rules and
Error Rules 172
Goodman and Kruskal s Tau 175
An SPSS Example 179
Important Terms 181
Suggested Readings 181
Quick Quiz Answers 182
10 Measuring the Association Between Two Ordinal Variables 185
Gamma: A Symmetric Measure of One Way Association 185
Kendall s Tau Statistics: Symmetric Measures of Mutual
Association 197
Which Measure to Use? 200
Somers s d: An Asymmetric Measure of Association 200
x Contents
Testing for the Significance of Gamma, Tau, and d 202
Spearman s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient, Rho 206
An SPSS Example 212
Important Terms 214
Suggested Readings 214
Quick Quiz Answers 214
11 Measuring the Association Between Two Interval Variables 217
The Pearson r2 as a PRE Measure 218
The Pearson r 226
Computing Formulas 228
Testing for the Significance of r 230
Additional Notes 232
Measuring Curvilinear Correlation: Eta Square 236
An SPSS Example: The Pearson r 238
Important Terms 239
Suggested Readings 239
Quick Quiz Answers 239
12 Moltivariate Analysis: Three or More Variables 241
Elaboration: Tabular Analysis of Percentage Differences 241
Partial Correlation 247
Multiple Correlation 252
Three or More Independent Variables 255
Correction for Sampling Error 256
An SPSS Example: Partial Correlation 257
Important Terms 258
Suggested Readings 258
Quick Quiz Answers 258
Appendix 261
References 281
Index 285
About the Book and Author 291
Tables
1.1 Levels of measurement 12
2.1 Murder rates for a sample of 145 urban areas 20
2.2 Frequency distributions of 145 murder rates 21
3.1 Family income in Doe City 34
3.2 Deviation scores 41
3.3 Frequency distribution (with cumulative frequencies) of
145 homicide rates 42
3.4 The mean and Formula 3.6 48
3.5 Guessed deviations 48
3.6 Coding 49
3.7 The guessed mean and Formula 3.7 50
3.8 Another application of the guessed mean 52
3.9 The weighted mean 53
3.10 Summary of characteristics of mode, median, and mean 56
4.1 Dispersion example 66
4.2 Computation of variance and standard deviation 70
5.1 A sampling distribution of the probability of obtaining a
given number of heads when twenty coins are tossed 89
5.2 Type I and Type II errors 95
6.1 Random sample of thirty homicide rates 108
6.2 Partial list of 100 sample values 108
7.1 Homicide rates of thirty six eastern and thirty western
cities 118
7.2 Violent crime rate (rounded) for fifteen cities 126
xii Tables
8.1 Data for analysis of variance example: Three schools,
nine students 132
8.2 Comparison of four samples 136
8.3 Data for analysis of variance: Four schools, twenty four
students 140
9.1 Sex and preference for Brand X (percentage distribution) 148
9.2 Sex and preference for Brand Y (percentage distribution) 148
9.3 Hypothetical coin tossing results 152
9.4 Religious and political preferences (hypothetical data) 152
9.5 Expected cell frequencies based on data from Table 9.4 154
9.6 Schematic representation of a 2 X 2 table 155
9.7 Expected frequencies for Table 9.6 155
9.8 Work table for computing Chi square using data from
Table 9.4 156
9.9 Critical values of Chi square for various levels of
Alpha (a) and for varying degrees of freedom 157
9.10 Coin toss example 158
9.11 Illustration of empty cells 159
9.12 Illustration of one fixed cell 159
9.13 Religious and political preferences (hypothetical data) 163
9.14 Coin toss (N = 120) 165
9.15 Club membership and delinquency (hypothetical data),
example 1 168
9.16 Club membership and delinquency (hypothetical data),
example 2 170
9.17 Parent s and child s religious preferences (hypothetical
data) 170
9.18 Husbands and wives religious preferences (hypothetical
data) 171
9.19 Parent child political preferences, example 1 173
9.20 Parent child political preferences, example 2 173
10.1 An example of three subjects ranked on two variables 187
10.2 Ranking of five occupations by two students (three
hypothetical examples) 188
10.3 List of pairs from Table 10.2 189
10.4 Computation of Gamma with tied ranks (ungrouped
data) 191
Tables xiii
10.5 Income and education (hypothetical data) 192
10.6 Summary of characteristics of measures of ordinal
association 203
10.7 Values needed for testing the significance of S from
Table 10.5 206
10.8 Computing p with tied ranks 208
11.1 Hours studied and quiz scores 219
11.2 Calculation of Ej 220
11.3 Calculation of ayx and byx 222
11.4 Calculation of Y and E2 224
11.5 Deviation scores 226
11.6 Standard scores as a basis for calculating the Pearson r 227
11.7 Calculation of zY 228
11.8 Hypothetical homicide and suicide rates 231
12.1 Number of storks and human birthrate 243
12.2 Storks and babies by type of area 244
12.3 Party and voting 245
12.4 Party and voting by social class 245
12.5 Social class and attitude toward abortion (hypothetical
data) 246
12.6 Social class and attitude toward abortion by religious
liberalism (hypothetical data) 246
A Proportions of the area under the normal curve 264
B Critical values of Student s t 267
C Critical values of F 269
D Critical values of Chi square 274
E Probability that S attains or exceeds a specific value 276
F Critical values of Rho 277
G Critical values of the Pearson r 278
Figures
2.1 Class boundaries 22
2.2 Histogram of the distribution of 145 murder rates 23
2.3 Frequency polygon of 145 murder rates 24
2.4 Frequency curve superimposed over frequency polygon 25
2.5 Pie charts 25
2.6 Pictograph (bar chart, using figures) of U.S. population
data, 1790 1990 26
3.1 Illustration of the median as a position average 38
3.2 Location of quartiles in a symmetric distribution 39
3.3 The mean as center of gravity 42
3.4 Another example of the mean as center of gravity 42
3.5 Central locations for differently shaped distributions 55
4.1 Identical ranges, different patterns of dispersion 64
4.2 The standard deviation and the normal distribution 72
4.3 Raw scores and z scores, an example 73
4.4 The area between two scores 75
5.1 The probability of observing a given number of heads
when twenty coins are tossed 92
5.2 One tail test and two tail test 96
6.1 A stratified sample 102
6.2 A population value and three possible sample values 105
6.3 The sample mean and sampling error 110
6.4 Probability and confidence intervals 112
6.5 Sample size and standard error 114
7.1 Point and interval estimates from Table 7.1 120
7.2 Point and interval estimates, another example 122
XV
xvi Figures
8.1 Schematic representation of Table 8.2 136
9.1 Approximate shape of the Chi square distribution when
df = 1 and when df = 10 158
10.1 Calculation of similar and dissimilar pairs for Table 10.5 193
10.2 Yule s Q as a special case of Gamma 196
10.3 Illustration of complete mutual association 198
11.1 Prediction error as deviation from the mean 220
11.2 Prediction error as deviation from the regression line 221
11.3 Using deviation scores 225
11.4 Using z scores 229
11.5 Homicide and suicide rates 232
11.6 Types of relationships 233
11.7 Homo and heteroscedasticity 234
11.8 Within category means as a prediction rule for Eta square 237
12.1 Storks and babies 247
12.2 Perfect and zero association 248
12.3 Storks, babies, and rural urban areas 248
12.4 Simple relationships among three variables 253
12.5 Relationships among three variables 254
|
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| discipline | Soziologie |
| edition | 2. ed., rev. and updated |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Malec, Michael A. Verfasser aut Essential statistics for social research Michael A. Malec 2. ed., rev. and updated Boulder u.a. Westview Press 1993 XX, 291 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s DE-188 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005876961&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Malec, Michael A. Essential statistics for social research Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
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| title | Essential statistics for social research |
| title_auth | Essential statistics for social research |
| title_exact_search | Essential statistics for social research |
| title_full | Essential statistics for social research Michael A. Malec |
| title_fullStr | Essential statistics for social research Michael A. Malec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential statistics for social research Michael A. Malec |
| title_short | Essential statistics for social research |
| title_sort | essential statistics for social research |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Statistik Empirische Sozialforschung Einführung |
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