Structural geology: fundamentals and modern developments
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford u.a.
Pergamon Press
1993
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 598 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0080418791 0080418783 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Structural geology |b fundamentals and modern developments |c S. K. Ghosh |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford u.a. |b Pergamon Press |c 1993 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 598 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| adam_text | Titel: Structural geology
Autor: Ghosh, Subir Kumar
Jahr: 1993
Contents
Preface xv
1. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
1.1 Geometric, kinematic, dynamic and historical aspects of structural
geology 1
1.2 Penetrative andnon-penetrative structures,fabric of a tectonite 2
1.3 Introduction to some common geologic structures 2
1.4 Symmetry of structures 4
1.5 Scale of structures 5
1.6 Geological and structural map 7
2. PRIMARY STRUCTURES
2.1 Importance of primary structures 8
2.2 Structures that indicate facing 9
2.3 Structures produced by penecontemporaneous deformation 16
3. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND
THEIR ATTITUDES
3.1 Planar and linear structures 21
3.2 Attitudes of planar and linear structures 21
3.3 Trend, plunge, dip angle and dip direction as spatial coordinates 22
3.4 Measurement of attitudes in the field 24
3.5 The pitch of a line on a plane 28
3.6 Apparent dip 28
4. STEREOGRAPHIC AND EQUAL
AREA PROJECTIONS
4.1 Principles of stereographic projection 29
4.2 Stereographic and equal area nets 29
4.3 Projection of a linear structure 32
4.4 Projection of a planar structure 32
4.5 Solution of simple structural problems 33
CONTENTS
4.6 Rotation of structural elements around a horizontal axis 37
4.7 Rotation of structural elements around an inclined axis 38
4.8 Contour diagrams ^
5. STRESS
5.1 Force 43
5.2 Stress vector 44
5.3 State of stress at a point 45
5.4 Cartesian tensors 47
5.5 Stress tensor 52
5.6 Stress quadric, principal axes and invariants of stress 55
Stress quadric 55
Principal axes of stress 56
Values of principal stresses 56
Directions of principal axes 57
Invariants of stress 58
A numerical example 58
5.7 Maximum shearing stresses 59
5.8 Sign convention for shear stress 61
5.9 Direction of shear stress on an obliquely inclined plane 62
5.10 Splitting up of stress tensor into isotropie and deviatone components 64
5.11 Plane stress 68
5.12 Mohr s circle diagram 70
5.13 Differential equations of equilibrium 72
6. DEFORMATION
6.1 Translation, rotation and deformation 73
6.2 Measure of strain 73
6.3 Displacement 74
6.4 Infinitesimal strain tensor and rotation tensor 76
Deformation tensor 76
Splitting up of deformation tensor into strain tensor and
rotation tensor 79
Strain components in new coordinate axes 82
Principal strains 82
Deviatone strain and dilatation 83
Strains on an oblique plane 83
Numerical example 84
Compatibility conditions 85
Infinitesimal strain in two dimensions 86
Sign convention for strain 86
7. BEHAVIOUR OF ROCKS UNDER STRESS
7.1 Elastic, viscous and plastic substances 87
7.2 Rheological models 88
viii
CONTENTS
7.3 More complex substances 90
7.4 Brittle, transitional and ductile behaviours of rocks 95
7.5 Influence of time 101
7.6 Flow law for steady state creep 102
7.7 Other factors influencing flow ofrocks 104
Water weakening of quartz 104
Water weakening of olivine 107
Influence of confining pressure 109
Influence of grain size 109
7.8 Dislocation and related phenomena 110
7.9 Deformation mechanisms 113
Types of deformation mechanism 113
Cataclasticflow 114
Crystal plasticity 115
Diffusion flow 117
Grain-boundary sliding and superplastic deformation 118
Deformation mechanism maps and flow regimes 121
7.10 Estimation of palaeostress 123
8. FINITE HOMOGENEOUS DEFORMATION
8.1 Homogeneous deformation 126
8.2 Strain ellipsoid 127
8.3 Principal axes of strain, rotational and irrotational deformation 129
8.4 Plane strain, flattening and constriction 129
8.5 Finite strain along a line 131
Longitudinal strain 131
Shear strain 132
8.6 Strain ellipse on an inclined plane 133
8.7 Lines of no finite longitudinal strain 134
8.8 Characteristic features of five types of strain ellipsoid 139
8.9 Linear transformation in two dimensions 141
8.10 Some simple types of finite homogeneous deformation 143
Pure shear 143
Simple shear 146
Combined pure and simple shears 153
8.11 Mohr diagram for strained and unstrained states 154
9. PROGRESSIVE DEFORMATION
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Progressive pure shear 157
9.3 Progressive simple shear 162
9.4 Progressive plane strain of a more complex type 165
9.5 Shortening of extended layers 170
9.6 Deformation path 172
CONTENTS
10. MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN
10.1 Introduction 176
10.2 Spherical marker 176
10.3 Fry method for isotropie initial fabric 7
10.4 Randomly oriented elliptical markers l79
10.5 Non-random initial fabric ^
70.6 Other methods of finding strain ratio in two dimensions 192
Buckle-folded veins 92
Boudinage structures 3
Deformed fossils 93
/0.7 Determination of three-dimensional strain 193
11. ROTATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
/7. / Rotation of different geometric elements 196
77.2 Vorticity 197
77 J 7?a/e of rotation of a rigid ellipsoidal inclusion and of a passive
marker plane in simple shear 200
7 /.-/ Tfaie of rotation of a rigid ellipsoidal inclusion and of a passive
marker plane in pure shear 201
77.5 Rotation rates in more complex types of non-coaxial deformation 204
77.6 Finite rotations 208
12. GEOMETRY OF FOLDS
72.7 Definition of a fold 217
72.2 Axis of folds 217
72.5 Structural elements of a folded surface 219
12.4 Structural elements of folds on a single layer or a stack of layers 221
72.5 Qualitative description of fold geometry 222
Terms which describe folds with dissimilar orientations of
structural elements 223
Terms which describe folds irrespective of absolute
orientations of structural elements 227
12.6 Morphological classification of folds 233
72.7 The shape of a folded surface 237
12.8 Outcrop patterns of folds 240
72.9 The axis of macroscopic folds 244
72.70 Construction of a transverse profile 246
/2.77 Orientation of axial plane 248
13. MECHANISM OF FOLDING
/5./ Three types of folds 251
7².2 Buckling of a slender bar 252
/i.i Differential equation of deflection of a thin elastic plate 257
13.4 Buckling of an embedded layer 258
CONTENTS
13.5 Geometry of single-layer buckle folds 261
13.6 Single-layer folding with layer-parallel homogeneous strain 262
13.7 Single-layer folding in non-Newtonian materials 263
13.8 Wavelength of large-scale buckle folds 264
13.9 Buckle folding of multilayers 265
13.10 Strain in buckle-folded layers 271
13.11 Three stages of buckle folding 273
13.12 Development of different orders of folds 274
13.13 Orientation of buckle-fold axis, hinge migration 277
13.14 Diagnostic morphological characters of buckle folds 280
13.15 Bending folds 281
13.16 Passive folds 284
/J.7 7 ÃËå models of flexure folding and shear folding 285
Flexurefolds 285
Shearfolds 288
7J.75 Kink band and conjugate fold 291
14. CLEAVAGE
74./ Nomenclature 295
/4.2 Microscopic characters 296
74. J Geometrical relations with folds 297
Axial plane cleavage 297
Cleavage refraction 297
Transected cleavage 298
Oi/ier relations 300
/4.4 Use of axial plane cleavage in geometrical analysis 301
/4.5 Axial plane cleavage and strain 303
/4.6 Axial plane cleavage in relation to principal axes of finite strain 303
/4.7 Problems concerning the origin of cleavage 304
/4.« Rotation 305
/4.9 Syntectonic growth 310
/4./0 Plastic deformation 313
/4.// Solution transfer 315
/4. /2 Dewatering hypothesis 317
/4./² Crenulation cleavage 318
/4./4 Extensional crenulation cleavage 322
/4./5 Disjunctive cleavage 322
/4./6 Concept of steady-state foliation 325
15. INTERFERING FOLDS
/5. / Introduction 327
/5.2 Interfering patterns in a single deformation 328
/5.² Morphological types of superposed folds 329
/5.4 Outcrop patterns of superposed folds 334
/5.5 Modes of superposed buckling 338
General considerations 338
CONTENTS
Superposed buckling in single layer
Modes of superposed buckling in multilayers 346
Relative tightness of old and new folds 349
15.6 Geometrical analysis of superposed folds in mesoscopic scale 351
General 35i
Overprinting relations 353
Style and orientation 5
15.7 Macroscopic analysis 358
Mapping 358
Plotting of poles of S surfaces in equal area or stereographic
projection 35
Division into cylindrical domains 359
Reconstruction of large-scale geometry 360
15.8 The problem of coaxial folding 364
16. LINEATIONS
¡6.1 Types of lineations 366
16.2 Usefulness of lineations in structural analysis 367
Geometrical relation with folds 367
Geometrical relation with strain 368
Linear structures indicating slip direction 371
Lineation in superposed deformation 371
16.3 Patterns of deformed early lineation 3 71
Lineations deformed byflexural slip folds 371
Lineations deformed by shear folds 372
Lineation patterns in other types of folding 373
16.4 Slickenside, slickenfibre, slickolite ??
16.5 Relation between stretching lineation and the fold axis 378
17. BOUDINAGE
17.1 Introduction 381
17.2 Geometry of boudinage structure 382
17.3 Significance of boudin shape in transverse section 386
17.4 Aspect ratios of boudins in cross-section 388
17.5 Geometrical relation with folds 389
17.6 Boudinage in superposed deformations 392
17.7 Origin of extension fracture boudins 395
17.8 Origin of pinch-and-swell structures 399
17.9 Origin of chocolate tablet boudinage structures 402
17.10 Sequential versus simultaneous development of boudinage along a
layer 405
17.11 Rotated boudins and their asymmetry 405
Rotation of rigid boudins 405
Asymmetry ofdeformable boudins 408
CONTENTS
17.2 Origin of asymmetric boudins 409
Types of asymmetric boudins 409
Shearfracture boudinage 411
/ 7.13 Foliation boudinage 418
17.14 Boudinage in relation to granitization and metamorphism 423
18. FAULTS
18.1 Fault terminology 426
18.2 Classification of faults based on relative movement between walls 427
18.3 Relation between slip and separation 430
18.4 Determination of net slip 432
18.5 Recognition of faults 434
18.6 Reverse faults 437
Terminology 437
O ver thrust s and nappes 438
Thrust geometry 440
Thrust-related folds 443
Thrust systems 443
Displacements in hinterland-dipping duplexes 447
¹. 7 Normal faults 450
/S.« Strike-slip faults 459
/A.9 Balanced cross-sections 463
/ß./0 Mechanical aspects of faulting 466
Criteria of brittle failure 466
Anderson s theory of faulting 469
Hafner s analysis 471
Faulting in sedimentary cover in response to vertical movement
in basement 472
Faulting in simple shear tectonics 473
Mechanical paradox of large overthrusts ???
19. JOINTS
/9.7 Introduction 478
/9.2 Óî/ï/5 /ë relation to stresses 479
/9.² Geometrical relation with folds and faults 481
/9.4 Surface features 484
/9.5 Distinction between extension and shear joints 486
/9.6 Relationship between joint spacing and bed thickness 487
/9.7 Orientation analysis 488
/9.# Joints in relation to the tectonic cycle 491
/9.9 Joints in igneous rocks 492
20. UNCONFORMITY AND
BASEMENT-COVER RELATION
20./ Unconformity 494
20.2 Basement-cover relationship 497
CONTENTS
21. DUCTILE SHEAR ZONES
21.1 Types of shear zones 503
21.2 Shear zone rocks 504
21.3 Microstructural characters of mylonites 508
21.4 Mylonitization in relation to metamorphism 510
21.5 Softening processes associated with development of ductile shear
zones 510
21.6 Shear zone patterns 512
21.7 Shear sense indicators 516
21.8 Rotation of shear zone folds 523
21.9 Nature of deformation in shear zones 526
21.10 Shear strain parallel to the shear zone boundary 529
22. TIME RELATION BETWEEN
CRYSTALLIZATION AND DEFORMATION
22.1 Introduction 530
22.2 Precrystalline deformation 531
22.3 Paracrystalline deformation 533
22.4 Post-crystalline deformation 536
22.5 Metamorphic history and structural history 538
22.6 Chemical zoning of garnet 541
22.7 Time relation between deformation and emplacement of granitic
bodies and mafic dykes 543
References 552
Author Index 583
Subject Index 591
|
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| spelling | Ghosh, Santi Kumar Verfasser (DE-588)123377587 aut Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments S. K. Ghosh 1. ed. Oxford u.a. Pergamon Press 1993 XVI, 598 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier GEOLOGIA ESTRUTURAL larpcal Geology, Structural Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd rswk-swf Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005870879&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ghosh, Santi Kumar Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments GEOLOGIA ESTRUTURAL larpcal Geology, Structural Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4225664-1 |
| title | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments |
| title_auth | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments |
| title_exact_search | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments |
| title_full | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments S. K. Ghosh |
| title_fullStr | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments S. K. Ghosh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural geology fundamentals and modern developments S. K. Ghosh |
| title_short | Structural geology |
| title_sort | structural geology fundamentals and modern developments |
| title_sub | fundamentals and modern developments |
| topic | GEOLOGIA ESTRUTURAL larpcal Geology, Structural Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | GEOLOGIA ESTRUTURAL Geology, Structural Strukturgeologie |
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