A history of ancient geography: Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 2
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A history of ancient geography |b Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |n 2 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
OF
YOL.
II.
CHAPTEE
XVII.
GEOGRAPHERS AFTER ERATOSTHENES.
Section I.
—
Uipparchus.
§ 1.
Authority of Eratosthenes attacked by Polemon.
§ 2.
Hipparchus
:
his
criticisms.
§ 3.
Conceives the idea of a map of the world, based on
astronomical observations of latitude and longitude.
§ 4.
Adopted for
the most part the conclusions of Eratosthenes.
§ 5.
His division of
the world into climata.
§§ 6, 7.
Enumeration of these as given us by
Strabo. Accepted the existence of Thule.
§ 8.
Erroneous views of
geography of Asia
;
exaggerated extent assigned to India.
§ 9.
His
criticisms of Eratosthenes frequently erroneous.
§ 10.
Indicates mode
of determining longitudes by eclipses.
§ 11.
Refusée
to admit the
continuity of the Ocean
.. .. .. .. .. ,.
Pagel
Section
2.—
Polybius.
§ 1.
His work marks an important epoch in geographical knowledge. In¬
creased knowledge of the West, arising from extension of Roman power.
§ 2.
Life and travels of Polybius. His great interest in geography.
§ 3.
General views. Little acquaintance with the western and
northern shores of Europe.
§ 6.
His account of Spain, and of Gaul.
§ 5.
Greatly increased knowledge of the Alps. Passes across them.
§
G.
Imperfect geographical notion. Statement as to their height.
§ 7.
Geo¬
graphy of Italy.
§ 8.
Of the countries on the Adriatic.
§ 9.
The
Via Egnatia
:
value of Roman roads.
§ 10.
Description of Byzantium,
the Euxine, and the
Palus
Maeotis.
§ 11.
Few notices concerning
Asia.
§ 12.
Valuable information respecting Asia Minor.
§ 13.
Africa
:
increased knowledge of, from the Punic Wars.
§ 14.
Ex¬
ploring expedition commanded by Polybius
:
very imperfectly known
to us.
§ 15.
Doubts the continuity of the oceans.
§ 16.
His state¬
ments of distances, as reported by Pliny
.. .. .. 16
PACK
NOTE A. Hannibal s Passage of the Alps
.. 37
„
Б.
Western Coast of Africa, according to
Polybius
........40
IV
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
CHAPTER
XVIII.
rOLYBIUS TO rOSIDONIUS.
Section
1.—
Progress of Roman Conquests.
§ 1.
Progress of geographical knowledge from Polybius to Strabo dependent
on that of Roman arms. Conquest of Southern Gaul, and of almost
all Spain.
§ 2.
Wars with Dalmatians,
Pannonians, Thracians,
&c.
The Danube first reached.
§ 3.
No progress in Asia. Hellenization
of Bactiia and adjacent provinces.
§ 4.
Kise of Parthian monarchy an
obstacle to extension of knowledge eastwards
.. ..
Page
43
Section
2.—
Greek Writers.
§ 1.
Apollodorus of Alexandria
:
his treatise on the Homeric Catalogue of the
Ships. His views of Homeric geography.
§ 2.
Demetrius of Scepsis
:
his work on the Trojan Catalogue. His views concerning the site of
Troy, and of Homeric geography generally.
§ 3.
Agatharchides of
Cnidus
:
his geographical work on the Red Sea.
§ 4.
His description
of tribes on the coast
:
the Ichthyophagi
:
the Chelonophagi.
§ 5.
In¬
land tribes
:
the Rhizophagi,
&c,
the Elephantomachi.
§ 6.
Curious
information concerning their manners and customs: and the wild
animals. No notice of gold.
§ 7.
The Troglodytes. Geographical
details of coast to the Straits.
§ 8.
The Arabian coast.
§ 9.
The
Sabseans
:
their wealth and luxury.
§ 10.
Their trade with India.
Inland trade by caravans across Arabia.
§ 11.
Time occupied by
voyage from
Palus
Mceotis to Ethiopia
...... 48
Section
3.—
Årtemidorus.
§ 1.
Årtemidorus
:
his date
:
his geographical work
:
comprised a full Periplus
of the Mediterranean and Euxine Seas. Imperfect information con¬
cerning the western shores of Europe. His Periplus of the Bed Sea.
§ 2.
Account of India and
ТартоЪапе.
§ 3.
His statements of dis¬
tances
:
and length of habitable world
:
compared with Eratosthenes.
§ 4.
Another computation, by land routes.
§ 5.
Breadth of the world.
§ 6.
Route from Ephesus to the Euphrates.
§ 7.
Metrodorus of Scepsis
and Alexander
Polyhistor .. .. .. .. .. 61
Section
4.—
Scymmis Chius.
§ 1.
Geographical treatise in verse ascribed without foundation to Scym-
nus Chius
—
author really unknown
:
considerable fragments remain.
§ 2.
Has very little value: a confused medley made up from
different sources.
§ 3.
Description of the Euxine the best part.
§ 4.
Confused accounts of Western Europe. Accurate notices of Greek
colonies
.. .. .. ,. .. .. .. ., 69
CONTENTS OF VOL. II. V
Section
5.—
Voyage of Eudoxus.
§ 1.
The voyage of Eudoxus of Cyzicus a real voyage of discovery. Narrative
of it by Posidonius. His first voyage.
§ 2.
His attempt to circum¬
navigate Africa
:
its unsuccessful result.
§ 3.
Truthful character of
the narrative, misrepresented by later writers
.. ..
Page
74
Section
6.—
Roman Wars: the Jugurthine and Mithridatic Wars.
§ 1.
Increased knowledge of Northern Africa from the Second Punic War.
§ 2.
Operations against Jujrurtha.
§ 3.
Sertorius: the Fortunate
Islands.
§ 4.
Extensive trade of Gades. Conquest of Spain by Pom-
pey.
§ 5.
War in the East against Mithridates and Tigranes. Power
and dominions of Mithridates.
§
G. Campaigns of Lucullus.
§ 7.
He
crosses the Euphrates and invades Armenia.
§ 8.
Imperfect knowledge
of geography.
§ 9.
Campaign of Pompey.
§ 10.
Retreat of Mithri¬
dates to the Bosporus
:
his projects and death.
§ 11.
Progress of
Roman arms in Thrace and neighbouring provinces.
§ 12.
Relations
with Parthia.
§ 13.
Expedition of Crassus
...... 79
■
Section
7.—
Posidonius.
§ 1.
Posidonius
:
his historical writings
:
geographical notices. His work on
the Ocean.
§ 2.
His determination of the circumference of the earth.
§ 3.
His estimate of length of the
habitable world. Suggestion of
circumnavigation from Spain to the Indies.
§ 4.
Admits the possi¬
bility of sailing round Africa.
§ 5.
Clear notions on tides. Notices of
physical phenomena.
§ 6.
Scattered notices cited from him by
Strato
:
erroneous views.
§ 7.
Astronomical writers probably belonging to this
period: Cleomedes.
§8.
Geminus
.. .. .. .. 93
PAGE
ΝΟΤΕ Α.
Greek
Monarchs
of
Bactria
.
:
102
„
В.
Measurements of Mediterranean accord¬
ing to Artemidorus
103
„
С.
Tigranocerta
104
„
D.
River Arsanias
..
105
»
E.
Gauls on the Danube
ib.
»
ř.
Zeugma
.. .. ■* ..
107
CHAPTER
XIX.
Cesar s wars.
§ 1.
Roman province in Gaul.
Cimbri
and
Teutones.
§ 2.
Cœsar
determines
on conquest of Gaul. The Helvetians
:
their migration and defeat.
§ 3.
Campaign against Ariovistus in Alsace.
§ 4.
War with the
Belgaj. P. Crassus reduces the Armoricans. Revolt of the Alpine
VÍ
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
tribes.
§ 5.
Revolt of the Armoricans. Naval war with the
Veneti.
Crassus subdues Aquitania.
§ 6.
War with the Germans.
Сазѕаг
crosses the Rhine.
§ 7.
His first expedition to Britain.
§ 8.
His
second expedition.
§ 9.
Subsequent operations
:
he crosses the Rhine
a second time.
§ 10.
General revolt of the Gaulish nations, and final
subjection.
§ 11.
Cresar s conquest of Gaul led to an accurate know¬
ledge of the country.
§ 12.
Tribes and towns
:
natural strongholds.
§ 13.
Imperfect knowledge of Britain and Germany.
§ 14-.
Geogra¬
phical account of Britain
:
no mention of Cassiterides.
§ 15.
Imperfect
acquaintance with Germany.
§ IG.
Ethnographical notices of Ger¬
mans.
§ 17.
Civil Wars. March of
Cato
from Cyrene to Utica.
§ 18.
Wars in the East. Expedition of Antony against the Parthians.
Difficulty of following it in detail
........
Page
109
PAGE
NOTE A. Belgian Tribes
........ 135
„
B. Capsar s Passage from Gaul to Britain
136
„
C. Landing of Caesar in Britain
,. .. 137
„
D. Passage of the Thames
.. .. 138
„
E. The Capital of Cassivellaumis
.. .. 139
„
F. British Tribes
.. .. .. ..
íô.
CHAPTER XX.
ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS.
Section
1.—
Raman Empire under Augustus.
§ 1,
Eoman Empire completed by the annexation of Egypt. Review of the
provinces and dependent States. Spain. Gaul.
§ 2.
Britain and
Germany still independent.
§ 3.
Annexation of provinces south of
the Danube
:
Rhsetia, Vindelicia, Noricum, and
Pannónia.
§ 4.
Sub¬
jugation of Alpine tribes in Italy. Cottian Alps independent.
§
б.
II-
lyricum and
Dalmaţia.
§ 6.
Mcesia. The Danube the northern fron¬
tier.
§ 7.
Nations north of the Danube
:
the Dacians, Bastarnae, and
Sarmatians.
§ 8.
Sannatian
tribes from the Danube to the Bory-
sthenes. Greek cities. Kingdom of Bosporus.
§ 9.
Macedonia and
Thrace. Province of Achaia.
§ 10.
Asia. Roman province of the
name.
§ 11.
Bithynia,
Pontus, Galatia.
§ 12.
Cappadocia, Lycia, and
Pamphylia.
Cilicia,
Commagene.
§ 13.
Syria: native local dynasties
preserved.
§ 14.
Parthian monarchy, Atropatene, Armenia. Peace¬
ful relations of Augustus with the Parthians.
§ 15.
Establishment
of Parthian Empire unfavourable to extension of geography. Apollo-
doras of Artemita.
§ 16.
Isidoras
of Charax
:
his work on the Stathmi
Parthici.
§ 17.
Relations of Rome with Scythians and Indians.
§ 18.
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
VII
Vague notions of the Seres and production of silk.
§ 19.
Arabia still
wholly independent. Egypt.
§ 20.
Cyrenaïca
—
Roman province of
Africa.
§ 21.
Numidia and
Mauretania
......
Page
141
Section
2.—
Boman
Writers:
Juba.
§ 1.
Very few Roman writers on geography.
Varro Atacinus.
Cornelius
Nepos
:
his tale of the Indian navigators.
§ 2.
Sallust
:
his geography
of Africa.
§ 3.
Statius Sebosus
:
the Fortunate Islands.
§ 4.
Juba
:
his knowledge of Africa. Strange theory of the Nile.
§ 5.
Account
of the Fortunate Islands.
§ 6.
Extension of Roman roads and itiner¬
aries.
§ 7.
M. Agrippa
:
his map. Supposed measurement of the
world by J.
Cœsar
............ 171
Section
3.—
Military Expeditions.
§ 1.
Expedition of
iElius Gallus
into Arabia. Narrative of it by Strabo.
§ 2.
Geographical difficulties. Wealth of the Sabseans.
§ 3.
Expe¬
dition of Petronius into Ethiopia.
§ 4.
Of Cornelius Balbus against
the Garamantes
.. .. .. .. .. .. 179
Section
4.—
Wars in Germany.
§ 1.
Increased knowledge of Germany after the time of Csesar. Drusus crosses
the Rhine: his first campaign in Germany.
§ 2.
His second and third
campaigns. Advances to the Elbe.
§ 3.
Campaigns of Tiberius.
§ 4.
Changes among the German nations. Migration of the Marcomanni
§ 5.
Defeat of Quintilius Varus.
§ 6.
Campaigns of Germanicus
18G
Section
5.—
Diodorus.
§ 1.
Diodorus Siculus
:
his historical work
:
a mere compilation.
§ 2.
The
first five books.
§ 3.
Account of islands in the Mediterranean
:
and
οι
Britain.
§ 4.
Of the tin trade
........ 194
PAGE
КОТЕ
Α.
Alpine
Tribes
199
В.
Galatia
..
200
С.
Tigers
..
201
7J
D.
Juba s Account of the Nile
»6.
5)
E.
The Fortunate Islands
202
J»
F.
Expedition of jElius
Gallus
into Arabia
204
)J
G.
Aliso
206
lì
H.
Defeat of Varus
207
Vlil
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
CHAPTER
XXI.
STRABO.
Section
1,—
General Views.
§ 1.
Strabo
:
his date and life
:
notices found in his works.
§ 2.
His travels
:
his historical work
:
his geography written iu advanced age.
§ 3.
Rela¬
tion of his geographical work to that of Eratosthenes.
§ 4.
Historical
and mythological digressions.
§ 5.
His neglect of Herodotus. Dis¬
cards the statements of Pytheas.
§ 6.
Neglect of
Boman
writers.
§ 7.
His work intended for the general reader. Difference of character
from those of Pliny and Ptolemy.
§ 8.
Great advance in physical
geography.
§9.
Inferior in regard to mathematical geography to
Eratosthenes and Posidonius. His general views on this subject.
§ 10.
Increase of materials for geography in his time.
§ 11.
The first
two books. His views on Homeric geography.
§ 12.
Eeview of Era¬
tosthenes. Geological speculations,
§ 13.
Discussion of length and
breadth of inhabited world.
§ 14.
Defends Eratosthenes against Hip-
parchus: follows him generally in regard to Asia.
§ 15.
Want of
observations of latitude and longitude. The Sphragides.
§ 16.
Review
of Posidonius and Polybius. Division of the earth into zones.
§ 17.
Outline of Strabo s own views
:
assumes general notion of figure of the
earth, &c.
§ 18.
Boundaries of habitable world
:
error as to breadth
:
his map of the Mediterranean inferior to that of Eratosthenes.
§ 19.
Origin of erroneous conclusion.
§ 20.
Northern and southern limits of
the world.
§ 21.
Mode of constructing a map.
§ 22.
General descrip¬
tion of the Mediterranean and the countries surrounding it.
§ 23.
Er¬
roneous ideas of figure and position of Spain, Gaul, and Britain.
§ 24.
Imperfect notions of that of Italy, Sicily, and the other islands.
§ 25.
General want of geographical accuracy. Vagueness as to distances.
Page
209
Section
2.—
Descriptive Geography—Europe.
§ 1.
Description of Spain.
§ 2.
Its civilization and wealth. Its mines.
§ 3.
His account derived solely from Greek authorities.
§ 4.
Islands adja¬
cent to Spain.
§ 5.
Geography of Gaul.
§ 6.
Description of the
provinces.
§ 7.
Aquitania. Manners and customs of the Gauls.
§ 8.
Britain
:
his knowledge derived almost entirely from
Сгеѕаг.
lerne.
§ 9.
His account of the Alps greatly in advance of Polybius.
§ 10.
Passes through them.
§ 11.
Description of Italy and adjacent islands
:
its imperfections. The Apennines well described. Campania and its
volcanic phenomena. Greek colonies.
§ 12.
Sicily. iEtna. The
folian-
Islands.
§ 13.
Sardinia and Corsica.
§ 14.
North of Europe.
Germany. Shores of the Ocean. Very imperfect knowledge of all this
part of Europe.
§ 15.
Defective information concerning European
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II. IX
Scythia. Conquests of Mitbridates. The Tauric Chersonese.
§ 16.
The
Getře
or Dacians. Illyricum,
Pannonia
and Moesia.
§ 17.
Mace¬
donia and Thrace.
§ 18.
Three books devoted to Greece and the
islands. Their unsatisfactory character. Chiefly occupied with Ho¬
meric geography.
§ 19.
Erroneous geographical idea of Greece.
§ 20.
Notices of physical geography.
§ 21.
Islands of the .¿Egean. Page
239
PAGE
NOTE A. AgeofStrabo
........272
„
B. Volcanic Eruptions
—
Them and Methcme
274
„
C. Distances of Chorographer
.. .. 275
CHAPTEB
XXII.
ST» abo
—
(continued).
Section
1.—
Asia.
§
I. S
trabo
in general followed Eratosthenes in respect to Asia. Its division
into two parts by Mount Taurus.
§ 2.
The
Tanaïs
and
Palus Mœotis.
Scythians and Sarmatians.
§ 3.
Caucasian tribes on the east of the
Euxine. Albanians, Iberians and Colchians.
§ 4.
Detailed descrip¬
tion of Caucasus.
§ 5.
The Caspian Sea
:
regarded as an inlet of the
Ocean.
§ 6.
Nations east of the Caspian
:
the
Daře,
the Massageta5
and Sacae.
§ 7. Sogdiana, Bactriana,
Aria, Margiana. The Seres.
§ 8.
Termination of Asia to the east
:
its supposed extent.
§ 9.
Ar¬
menia and Media. Description of the chain of Mount Taurus.
§ 10.
Of the course of the Euphrates and Tigris.
§ 11.
Armenia and Atro-
patene. Confusion respecting the lakes. The Greater Media.
§ 12.
Cappadocia
:
full description derived in part from personal knowledge.
§ 13.
Pontus
:
his description one of the most valuable parts of his
work. Obscure mountain tribes in the interior.
§ 14.
Imperfect
acquaintance with interior of Asia Minor. Galatia.
§ 15.
Phrygia.
The provinces on the JEgean
:
Caria,
Ionia,
Lydia
and the Troad. He
follows Demetrius of Scepsis in respect of the Troad.
§ 16.
Lycia,
Pamphylia and
Cilicia.
§ 17.
Want of definite geographical data
:
erroneous statements of distances.
§ 18.
Line of route taken from
Artemidorus. Width of Asia Minor.
§ 19.
His account of India
:
taken from Megasthenes and earlier writers. No later sources of
knowledge.
§ 20.
Imperfect geographical idea of the country
:
adopts
that of Eratosthenes without alteration. The rivers of India.
§ 21.
The great mountain chain to the north. No information as to the
peninsula of India or Taprobane.
§ 22.
Ariana
:
his use of the term
:
X
CONTENTS
OP
YOL.
II.
countries comprised in it
:
follows Eratosthenes throughout.
§ 23.
Persia proper
:
well described.
§ 24. Susiana :
its rivers
:
difficulty
of determining them.
§ 25.
Assyria and Babylonia. Mesopotamia.
§26.
Syria: its description full and satisfactory: but contains some
strange errors.
§ 27.
Arabia. Increased knowledge of the peninsula.
Expedition of JElius
Gallus
.. .. .. .. ..
Page
27ß
Section
2.—
Africa.
ţ?
1.
Full and accurate description of Egypt. The voyage up the Nile.
§ 2.
Canal across the isthmus of Suez.
§ 3.
Particulars of Indian trade.
Prosperity of Egypt, but decayed condition of Thebes and other towns.
§ 4.
The Oases
:
the Upper Kile.
§ 5.
General idea of form of Africa
:
same as that of Eratosthenes.
§ 6.
Mauretania.
§ 7.
Mount Atlas.
The Gretulians
:
tribes of the interior.
§ 8.
Provinces on the Medi¬
terranean very briefly described.
§ 9.
The
Cyrenaïca. Silphium.
Native tribes of the interior.
§ 10.
The work of
S
trabo
little known
till long after his death. Its great celebrity among the Byzantines.
321
PAGE
NOTE A. TheChalybes
........33(3
CHAPTER
XXIII,
STRABO TO PLINY.
Section
1.—
Strabo to
Plini/.
§ 1.
Extension of the Roman Empire in Britain and
Mauretania.
§ 2.
Inva¬
sion of Britain under Claudius. Conquest of southern part of the
island.
§ 3.
Wars continued under Nero
:
conquest extended to the
Tyne.
§ 4.
No progress made in Germany.
§ 5.
Expedition of a
Roman knight in quest of amber. Little additional information ac¬
quired.
§ 6.
Wars in Armenia.
§ 7.
Exploration of the Nile by two
Koman
centurions sent by Nero.
§ 8.
Mauretania.
Expedition of
Suetonius
Paulinus
across Mount Atlas.
§ 9.
Voyage of Hippalus to
India
.. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. 308
Section
2.—
Pomponius Mela.
§ 1.
His work the only regular geographical treatise in Latin. Its date.
§ 2.
Peculiar arrangement. Division of the continents. The Antichthones.
§ 3.
Popular character of his work. His statements often taken from
early writers.
§ 4.
Want of critical judgement: fables and errors.
§ 5.
His geography of Western Europe
:
in advance of the Greek
CONTENTS
OF
VOL. IL
Xl
writers.
§ 6.
His account of Gaul and Britain. The Orcades.
§ 7.
Imperfect account of Germany. Sarmatians.
§ 8.
Caspian Sea.
Kastern
extremity of Asia.
§ 9.
India.
§ 10.
Western Asia.
§ 11.
Arabia and interior of Libya.
§12.
External coast of Africa Page
002
PAGE
ХОТЕЛ.
British Pearls
........369
,,
B. The Dumnonii
.. .. .. ..
ib.
.,
C. Tho
Аи
of Mela
......
:J70
CHAPTER
XXIV.
PLINY.
Section
1,—
-General
Views.
§ 1.
Pliny s Natural History
:
its encyclopedic character.
§ 2.
His
Иге лпи
works
:
mode of composition.
§ 3.
Defective character of geographical
portion of his work.
§ 4.
Its political and statistical value.
§ 5.
Statements of distances
:
crude mode of dealing with them.
§ 6.
His
second book. Meteorology. Ignorance of astronomy.
§ 7.
Xotices
of
astronomical phenomena.
§ 8.
Statement of proofs of the continuity
of the Ocean. Misrepresentation of his authorities.
§ 9.
Notices of
earthquakes. Height of mountains.
§ 10.
Measurement of
ini al
itrd
world
:
of circumference of the earth
.. .. .. . 571
Section
2.—
Descriptive Geography
—
Europe.
§ 1.
Peculiar arrangement of his descriptions of.countries.
§ 2.
Spain: im¬
perfect geographical account. Correct notion of the Pyrenees.
§
o.
Gaul
:
the old Eoman province well described
:
the rest very imperfectly.
§ 4.
His account of Italy
:
its statistical value
:
but geographical!}
almost worthless.
§5.
The Apennines: the Pauus
:
the Tiber.
§
fj.
Confusion of historical geography. Circeii.
§ 7.
Sardinia and Corsica.
Sicily.
§8.
Roman provinces south of the Danube.
§9.
His descrip¬
tion of Greece: its confused and useless character.
§ 10.
The Euxine
and its European shores. Confused account of Scythian tribes.
§ 11.
Germany
:
its northern shores. Scandinavia. Nations of the interior.
§12.
Meagre notices of the British Islands
.. .. .. 387
Section
3.—
Geography of Asia and Africa.
§ 1.
More interesting than his account of Europe. Contains additional in¬
formation. Asia Minor.
§ 2.
Syria. Palmyra.
§ 3.
The Euphrates
and the Tigris.
§ 4.
Armenia and the Caucasus. Vague account of
the Caspian and lands beyond. Margiana.
§ 5.
Parthian
Empir«.1:
XÍÍ
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
ils
divisions. Parthia Proper.
§ 6.
Meagre account of Upper Asia
:
and of Scythian tribes
:
the Seres.
§ 7.
India
:
considerable advance
in the knowledge of it in the time of Pliny. The Granges and its
tributaries. The Indus. General conformation of India.
§ 8.
Trade
with India. Voyage from Arabia direct to India
:
and back.
§ 9.
Examination of his account
:
its authentic character,
§ 10.
Tapro-
bane
:
additional information recently obtained concerning it. Trade
with the Seres.
§11.
Description of Arabia: apparent fulness, but
defective in reality.
§ 12.
Periplus of the coasts
:
enumeration of
tribes of the interior. Extent of Roman knowledge of the country.
§ 13.
Erroneous estimate of its size.
§ 14.
The Red Sea and coast
of Africa outside the Straits.
§ 15.
Interior of Africa
:
Roman explora¬
tions. Confused account of Ethiopia. The southern ocean.
§ 16.
The western coast of Africa. Confused accounts from different sources.
§ 17.
North of Africa.
Mauretania.
Mount Atlas.
§ 18.
Mediterra¬
nean coast. Vague notices of tribes of the interior.
§ 19.
His men¬
tion of the river Niger or
Nigr
is.
§ 20.
Ή
is account of the Nile and of
Egypt.
§ 21.
Comparison of the size of the continents. His enumera¬
tion of the
cimato
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Ра°;е
40 )
PAGE
XOTE
Α.
Sources
of the Tigris
.
P
» ■
.. 439
В.
Writers
on Ethiopia
«
a
· .
.. 440
С.
Pliny s
Account of the
Climata
.. 441
CHAPTER
XXV.
PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHR2EAN SEA.
1.
Peculiar character of the document known by this name
:
its accuracy.
§ 2.
Its date
:
may be assigned to the reign of Domitian. Not the
authority used by Ptolemy.
§ 3.
Description of voyage down the
Red Sea
:
Auxuma.
§ 4.
From Adulis to Cape
Aromata.
§ 5.
Trade
and productions.
§ 6.
Cape
Aromata,
Taba?, Opone.
§ 7.
Coast from
Opone
to Rhapta.
§ 8.
Identification of localities
:
Rhapta the limit
of knowledge.
§ 9.
Arabian coasts of the
Eed
Sea, from Leuce Come
to
Muza.
§ 10.
From
Muza
to Cane.
§ 11.
From Cane to the
Zenobian Islands.
§ 12.
The Persian Gulf.
§ 13.
Omana
:
Scythia.
§ 14.
Mouths of the Indus
:
Gulfs of Eirinon and
Baráce.
§
lõ.
Bary
gaza.
§ 16.
Tidal phenomena.
§ 17.
Configuration of coast
:
the Pekkan.
§ 18.
Coast of Ariace. Melizigara.
§ 19.
Coast of
Limyrice. Muziris and Nelkynda.
§ 20.
Imports and exports
:
arrangements of trade.
§ 21.
Account of navigation from Arabia
direct to the Indian ports.
§ 22.
Nelkynda the limit of ordinary
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II,
ХШ
trade. Imperfect information beyond. Colchi and the pearl fishery.
§ 23.
Taprobane. The mouth of the Granges. Chryse.
§ 24.
Trado
from the Ganges with Thinae
........
Page
443
PAGE
NOTE A. Destruction of town of
АгаЫа
Felix
.. 478
„
B. Minnagara
.. .. .. ..
ib.
CHAPTEK
XXVI.
PLIKY TO PTOLEMY.
Section
1.—
Dionysius Pariegetes,
§ 1.
Poetical work of Dionysius
:
its unpretentious character.
§ 2.
Its date
:
probably belongs to the reign of Domitiau
:
its want of poetical merit .
§ 3.
His general views of geography.
§ 4.
The great Indian pro¬
montory
:
the Seres.
§ 5.
The Scythian tribes
:
the Huns.
§ 6.
Imperfect knowledge of western nations. British Islands. Chryse and
Taprobane.
§ 7.
India and Arabia
:
the Nile.
§ 8.
Great reputation
enjoyed by
Lis
little work
:
paraphrases and translations
.. 480
Section
2.—
Tacitus.
§ 1.
Agricola
:
his extension of Roman conquests in Britain.
§ 2.
Subdues
the Caledonians and advances to north of the island.
§ 3.
His Life
by Tacitus: ethnological and geographical notices in it.
§ 4.
His
Germania:
has little geographical value.
§5.
Its great ethnographical
value. Division of the Germans into three tribes.
§ 6.
Description
of the tribes in geographical order. The Chatti, Chauci, Cherusci,
Cimbri.
§ 7.
The Suevi, Semnones and
Longobardi.
§ 8.
The
Hermunduri, Marcomanni and Quadi. Tribes on the northern Ocean.
§ 9.
Islands in the Ocean
:
the Suiones and Sitones.
§ 10.
Diversity
of different accounts of German tribes
........ 490
Section
3.—
Progress of Roman Arms
:
Extension of the Empire.
§ 1.
The Roman Empire at its height from Domitian to Trajan. Wars with
the Dacians.
§ 2.
Trajan: his conquest of
Dacia:
reduces it to a
Koman
province.
§ 3.
His wars in the East
:
crosses the Euphrates
and Tigris.: navigates the Persian Gulf.
§ 4.
Peaceful reign of
Hadrian
:
his administrative talents
:
makes the tour of the empire
:
his visit to Britain
:
his wall.
§ 5.
His travels
:
imperfect account of
them.
§ 6.
Arrian
:
his Periplus of the Euxine
:
a report addressed
to the emperor.
§ 7.
Contains a minute and detailed Periplus of the
XIV CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
south coast
:
with a brief account of the rest.
§ 8.
Reign of Antoninus
Pius
:
his wall in Britain.
§ 9.
Extended knowledge of distant
countries.
Koman
embassy to China
.. .. ..
Page
502
PAOB
XOTE
A. Dacia
..........516
,,
В.
Travels of Hadrian
......517
CHAPTER
XXVII.
МАВШЈЅ
TYBIUS.
§ 1.
The work of Marinus known to us only through Ptolemy. Impossible
to judge of his merits.
§ 2.
Solely engaged in collecting materials for
the map of the world.
§ 3.
Determination of length and breadth of
inhabited world: great extension of both.
§ 4.
Breadth. Roman
expeditions in the land of the Ethiopians
:
Agisymba.
§ 5.
Enormous
exaggeration of result.
§ 6.
Extension of coast of Africa to the south
:
equally exaggerated. Cape Prasum.
§ 7.
Thule the limit to the
north.
§ 8.
Length of the world. Position of the Fortunate Islands.
Length of the Mediterranean.
§ 9.
Increased trade with the Seres.
Itinerary from the Euphrates to Sera.
§ 10.
Calculation of distances
:
the result vastly in excess.
§ 11,
Supposed confirmation by calculation
of extension by sea.
§ 12.
Increased knowledge of lands beyond Cape
Comorin. The
Gŕangetic
Gulf: coast from thence to Cattigara.
§ 13.
Periplus of the coasts
:
unskilfully dealt with by Marinus.
§ 14.
The
result utterly erroneous.
§ 15.
Disbelief in connection of Oceans.
Probably the result of recent discoveries.
§ 16.
Marinus adopts the
measurement of the earth by Posidonius
:
and reckons only
500
stadia
to a degree.
§ 17.
Special importance of this error from nature of his
work.
§ 18.
Attempts to realise the idea of Hipparchus of a map
founded on astronomical observations.
§ 19.
His map of the Mediter¬
ranean generally adopted by Ptolemy. Defective arrangement of Ms
work.
§ 20.
Imperfect mode of drawing maps.
§ 21.
Impossible to
criticize his results in detail. His work wholly superseded by that of
Ptolemy
,.............. 519
CONTENTS
OF
VOL. IL
XV
CHAPTER
XXVIII.
PTOLEMY.
Part
1.—
His Geographical System.
§ 1.
Ptolemy
:
his date and that of his work.
§ 2.
His obligations to Marinus
of Tyre.
§ 3.
More of an astronomer than a geographer. Took up
the idea of Hipparchus.
§ 4.
Attempt to construct a map, based on
observations of latitude and longitude. Unable to carry out the idea,«
but retained the form.
§ 5.
His six books of tables
:
advantage of
this form.
§ 6.
Calculated to mislead by a deceptive appearance of
accuracy.
§ 7.
Erroneous estimate of their value in consequence.
§ 8.
Ptolemy s own account of his mode of proceeding.
§ 9.
His cor¬
rections of Marinus.
§ 10.
His positions for the Mediterranean and
the Roman Empire devoid of all scientific authority. Paucity of
astronomical observations.
§ 11.
Attempt to correct longitudes.
§ 12.
Examination of his map of the Mediterranean. Erroneous position of
Sardinia and Corsica
:
and of Carthage.
§ 13.
Massilia and Byzantium
:
Alexandria and Bhodes.
§ 14.
His longitudes still more erroneous.
Source of this error.
§ 15.
Reckons only
500
stadia to a degree.
Effect of this false graduation on ru s map.
§ 16.
Erroneous position
of the Fortunate Islands
:
and therefore of his prime meridian;
§ 17.
Correction of his longitudes according to true graduation. Amount of
error remaining.
§ 18.
Tendency to exaggerate distances.
§ 19.
Con¬
tinuation of
шар
eastwards of the Mediterranean: vitiated by the
same causes. Corrections of Marinus.
§ 20.
Estimates of distance to
Sera and the Sinaa. Indefinite limits of the world.
§ 21.
Breadth of
the world from Prasum to Thule.
§ 22.
The eighth book
:
its peculiar
character.
§ 23.
Its supposed scientific value.
§ 24.
Its real purpose.
Not based upon real observations.
§ 25.
Ptolemy s mode of con¬
structing his maps. His theoretical skill.
§ 26.
The maps appended
to his work
:
probably copied from the originals
.. ..
Page
546
CHAPTER
XXIX.
Ptolemy
—
(continued).
Part
2.—
Detailed Geography.
§ 1.
Extent of geographical information possessed by Ptolemy. Increased
knowledge of the British Islands.
§ 2.
Description of Ireland.
§ 3.
Britain
:
his accurate knowledge of the southern portion. Strange
error with regard to position of Scotland.
§ 4.
The neighbouring
islands misplaced
:
the Orcades. Thule.
§ 5.
Gaul and Spain
:
His
XVI
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
materials
:
errors in geographical application of them.
§ 6.
Rivers in
Gaul.
§ 7.
Germany
:
defective character of his map.
§ 8.
Sarmatia
:
the nations that inhabited it.
§ 9.
Confusion as to rivers and moun¬
tains
:
false idea of the
Palus
Maaotis.
§ 10.
Accurate notion of the
Caspian
:
acquainted with the Volga.
§ 11.
Countries bordering on the
Mediterranean
:
inaccurate positions assigned on. his map.
§ 12.
Improved map of Greece.
§ 13.
Scythia
:
its division by Mt. Imaus.
§ 14.
Vagueness of notions concerning Northern Asia
:
confusion of
names from different sources.
§ 15.
Account of
Serica.
§ 16.
And of
the
Sinas.
Extended knowledge of south-east of Asia.
§ 17.
Erroneous
view of position, of India.
§ 18.
Erroneous exaggeration of size of
Ceylon.
§ 19.
Misconception of the countries east of the Gangetic
Gulf.
§ 20.
Possessed valuable information: but his geographical
arrangements altogether wrong.
§ 21.
Confusion of whole subject
:
impossible to identify Cattigara or Thinae.
§ 22.
Iabadius. Supposed
continuous land connecting Asia with Africa.
§ 23.
His account
of Arabia
:
improved periplus of the coast
:
tribes and towns of the
interior.
§ 24,
Africa
:
his knowledge did not extend beyond that of
Marinus. Difficulties attending his account of the sources of the
Nile
:
its correctness proved by recent discoveries.
§ 26. Eis
know¬
ledge derived from the east coast. Trade with Rhapta.
§ 27.
Moun¬
tains of the Moon.
§ 28.
The
Gir
and Nigir. Ptolemy s account of
them. Its difficulties.
§ 29.
Division of modern geographers upon
the subject.
§ 30.
Connection of Ptolemy s two rivers with the Atlas
and Northern Africa.
§ 31.
Peculiar conformation of this part- of
Africa: its
wadìes
and lakes.
§ 32.
Erroneous position in latitude
assigned to the rivers. Its coincidence with that of the Quorra acci¬
dental.
§ 33.
No mention of the great desert of Sahara.
§ 34.
Difficulty of identifying the
Gir
and Nigir with any known rivers.
§ 35.
Ptolemy s account of the west coast of Africa. Pervading
errors with regard to latitudes. Probable identifications.
§ 37.
Erro¬
neous position of the Fortunate Islands
:
and of
Cerne.
§ 38.
Un¬
trustworthy character of his geography of Africa.
§ 39.
Deficiency of
materials concealed by the scientific form in which they are arranged.
§ 40.
Ptolemy s want of conception of physical geography. Imperfect
indication of mountains and rivers.
§ 41.
His erroneous longitude for
India contributed to the discovery of America
.. ..
Page
580
PAGE
ΝΟΤΕ Α.
Kate of marching in Africa
..
637
„
Б.
Ptolemy s Longitudes in the Mediter¬
ranean
638
η
С.
Latitude of Thule
639
„
D.
Ptolemy s Map of Scotland
..
640
„
E.
Oxiana
Palus
641
F.
Ptolemy s Map of India
642
!,
G.
Iabadius..
643
CONTENTS
OF VOL. II.
XVII
CHAPTER
XXX.
GEOGRAPHY AFTER PTOLEMY.
Section
1.—
Historical Events.
§ 1.
Decline of geographical science after Ptolemy.
§ 2.
Few events that
had any bearing on its extension. Wars of M. Aurelius. Severus in
Britain.
§ 3.
Wars of the Romans in the East. Fall of the Parthian
monarchy.
§ 4.
Wars with the Persians.
Zenobia.
§
Expedition of
Julian
:
his death.
§ 6.
Northern frontier of the Roman Empire.
Dacia
abandoned
:
and the
Agri Decumates
in Germany.
§ 7.
Con¬
quests of Theodosius in Britain
.. .. .. ..
Page
645
Section
2.—
Greek Writers.
§ 1.
Pausanias
:
his Description of Greece
:
its object archaeological, not geo¬
graphical.
§ 2.
His digressions: account of the Ethiopians and Mount
Atlas.
§ 3.
Notice of the Seres and production of silk.
§ 4.
Other
Greek writers after Ptolemy very poor and meagre.
§ 5.
Marcianus
of Heraclea. His Periplus of the Outer Sea
:
adds nothing to the
information of Ptolemy.
§ 6.
Exaggerates still more the size of
Taprobane.
§ 7.
His account of the western lands and of Britain.
§ 8.
His epitome of Menippus.
§ 9.
Anonymous Periplus of the
Euxine.
§ 10.
The Stadiasmus of the Great Sea. Its peculiar charac¬
ter and value.
§ 11.
Agathemerus
:
his treatise on geography.
§ 12.
Stephanus of Byzantium
:
his Geographical Dictionary
:
its purpose
in reality grammatical, not geographical: the extant work a mere
abridgement
.. .. .. ,. .. .. ..
6Õ5
PAGE
KOTE
A. Province of
Valentia
in Britain
.. 672
B. The Stadiasmus of the Great Sea
..
t6.
CHAPTEK
XXXI.
GEOGRAPHY AFTER PTOLEMY
—
(continued).
Roman Writers.
§ 1.
Miserable character of the literature of this period. Solinus
:
his work
taken almost wholly from Pliny.
§ 2.
His notice of the British
Islands
:
and of the Seres. Popularity of his work in the middle ages.
Use of the word
Mediterranean.
§ 3.
Animianus
Marcellinus :
his
historical work
:
its merits. His geographical episodes.
§ 4.
Their
defective execution. Account of nations adjoining the
lìoman
Empire·
XVIII
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
The Huns and the
Alani
:
the Saracens.
§ 5.
Avicnas
:
his poetical
Description of the World
:
a translation of Dionysius.
§ 6.
Another
translai
ion of the same work hy Priscianus.
§ 7.
Thn
Ora Maritima
of Aviemis
:
a clumsy compilation
:
his authorities.
§ 8.
His account
of the voyage of Himilco, and of the tin islands.
§ 9.
Ausonins
:
his
poem of the Mosella: its geographical notices. His
Ordo
Nobilium
Urbium.
§ 10.
Rutilius
:
his poetical account of his voyage.
§ 11.
Orosius: summary of geography prefixed to his history.
§ 12.
Julius
/Ethicus
and Julias Honorius.
§ 13.
Itineraries. Itinerary of An¬
toninus.
§ 14.
The Jerusalem Itinerary.
§ 15.
The Tabula Peutin-
geriana.
§16.
The Notitia Dignitatum: its account of the
Boman
Wall in Britain.
§ 17.
The anonymous Geographer of Ravenna.
§ 12.
Dicuil
:
his account of Thule
......
Page
675
РАЄИ
NOTE A. Voyage of Himilco
......703
„
B. The Cosmography of
.(Ethicus
.. .. ib.
„
С.
Measurement of Roman Empire
.. 706
|
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| spelling | Bunbury, Edward Herbert Verfasser aut A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 2 Amsterdam/Uithoorn Gieben (1979) XVIII, 743 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV008865054 2 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005863659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bunbury, Edward Herbert A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_auth | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_exact_search | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_full | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 2 |
| title_fullStr | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 2 |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 2 |
| title_short | A history of ancient geography |
| title_sort | a history of ancient geography among the greeks and romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the roman empire |
| title_sub | Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005863659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008865054 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bunburyedwardherbert ahistoryofancientgeographyamongthegreeksandromansfromtheearliestagestillthefalloftheromanempire2 |