Approaches to social research:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York u.a.
Oxford Univ. Pr.
1993
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. [529] - 549 |
| Physical Description: | XX, 572 S. |
| ISBN: | 019504469X 0195073967 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804122888813412352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Why Study Research Methods? 4
Consuming Research Evidence 4
Producing Research Evidence 5
Topics for Research 6
Methodological Approaches to the Social World 7
Some Preliminary Research Questions 8
An Experimental Answer 10
An Answer from Survey Research 11
An Answer from Field Research 12
An Answer from Available Data 13
Conclusions 14
I SCIENTIFIC AND LOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 15
Chapter 2 The Nature of Science 17
The Aim of Science 18
Science as Product 18
Scientific versus Nonscientific Questions 19
Knowledge as Description 20
Knowledge as Explanation and Prediction 21
Knowledge as Understanding 24
Tentative Knowledge 26
Science as Process 27
Empiricism 30
Objectivity 31
Control 33
Science: Ideal versus Reality 35
Summary 37
Chapter 3 The Logic of Scientific Reasoning 40
Logic and Reasoning 40
Elements of Logical Analysis 41
Terms 41
Propositions 42
Arguments 42
xiv Contents
Validity and Truth: Logic and Science 44
Deduction and Induction 44
Deductive Reasoning in Science 45
Argument Forms 46
The Deductive Pattern of Scientific Explanation 49
Inductive Reasoning in Science 51
Inductive Generalization 51
Testing Hypotheses: The Hypothetico Deductive Method 54
Summary 59
II RESEARCH DESIGN 65
Chapter 4 Elements of Research Design 67
Selecting Topics for Research 67
Units of Analysis 69
Variables 72
Types of Variables 72
Relationships 75
Relationships Among Qualitative Variables 77
Relationships Among Quantitative Variables 78
Relationships Between a Qualitative and a Quantitative Variable 80
The Nature of Causal Relationships 81
Stating Problems and Hypotheses 87
Research Purposes and Research Design 91
Stages of Social Research 94
Stage 1: Selection and Formulation of the Research Problem 94
Stage 2: Preparation of the Research Design 94
Stage 3: Measurement 94
Stage 4: Sampling 95
Stage 5: Data Collection 95
Stage 6: Data Processing 95
Stage 7: Data Analysis and Interpretation 95
Summary 95
Chapter 5 Measurement 100
The Measurement Process 100
Conceptualization 101
Specification of Variables and Indicators 102
Operationalization 103
Operational Definitions in Social Research 105
Verbal Reports 106
Observation 108
Archival Records 108
Selection of Operational Definitions 109
Contents
Levels of Measurement 110
Nominal Measurement 110
Ordinal Measurement 111
Interval Measurement 112
Ratio Measurement 113
Reliability and Validity 114
Sources of Error 115
Reliability Assessment 118
Test Retest Reliability 118
Parallel Forms, Split Half, and Internal Consistency Reliability 119
Intercoder Reliability 120
Improving Reliability 121
Validity Assessment 122
Subjective Validation 122
Criterion related Validation 123
Construct Validation 124
A Final Note on Reliability and Validity 130
Summary 130
Chapter 6 Sampling 136
Why Sample? 137
Population Definition 140
Sampling Designs 143
Probability Sampling 143
Random Selection 143
Simple Random Sampling 146
Stratified Random Sampling 151
Cluster Sampling 154
Systematic Sampling 157
Nonprobability Sampling 159
Convenience Sampling 159
Purposive Sampling 160
Quota Sampling 161
Other Sampling Designs 162
Combined Probability and Nonprobability Sampling 163
Referral Sampling 164
Factors Affecting Choice of Sampling Design 165
Stage of Research and Data Use 165
Available Resources 166
Method of Data Collection 166
Factors Determining Sample Size 167
Population Heterogeneity 167
Desired Precision 168
Sampling Design 170
Available Resources 170
Number of Breakdowns Planned 171
Other Considerations 171
Summary 172
xvi Contents
HI METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 179
Chapter 7 Experimentation 181
The Logic of Experimentation 181
Testing Causal Relations 182
Matching and Random Assignment 184
Internal and External Validity 185
Sampling in Experiments 186
Staging Experiments 188
An Example: Who Will Intervene? 189
Subject Recruitment and Acquisition of Informed Consent 190
Introduction to the Experiment 192
The Experimental Manipulation 193
Manipulation Checks 193
Measurement of the Dependent Variable 194
Debriefing 194
Pretesting 195
Experimental and Mundane Realism 196
The Experiment as a Social Occasion 197
Demand Characteristics 197
Evaluation Apprehension 199
Other Motives of Experimental Subjects 199
Experimenter Effects 200
Minimizing Bias Due to the Social Nature of Experimentation 201
Experimentation Outside the Laboratory 203
Field Experiments 204
Experimental Designs in Survey Research 207
Units of Analysis Other than Individuals 208
Summary 209
Chapter 8 Experimental Designs 213
Threats to Internal Validity 214
Preexperimental Designs 218
Design 1: The One Shot Case Study 218
Design 2: The One Group Pretest Posttest Design 219
Design 3: The Static Group Comparison 220
True Experimental Designs 221
Design 4: The Pretest Posttest Control Group Design 221
Design 5. The Posttest Only Control Group Design 222
Design 6: The Solomon Four Group Design 223
Overview of True Experimental Designs 223
Factorial Experimental Designs 225
Interaction Effects 227
Quasi Experimental Designs 230
An Example: Interracial Attitudes and Behavior at a Summer Camp 232
Contents xi
Evaluation Research 238
Internal Validity 238
External Validity 239
Summary 241
Chapter 9 Survey Research 246
General Features of Survey Research 246
Large Scale Probability Sampling 246
Systematic Procedures: Interviews and Questionnaires 248
Quantitative Data Analysis 250
Secondary Analysis of Surveys 251
The Uses and Limitations of Surveys 252
Survey Research Designs 254
Cross sectional Designs 254
Longitudinal Designs 255
Steps in Survey Research: Planning 257
Constructing the Instrument 258
Developing the Sampling Plan 260
Face to Face and Telephone Interviewing 260
Face to Face Interviewing 261
Telephone Interviewing 262
Self Administered Questionnaires 264
A Final Note on Planning 265
Field Administration 266
Interviewer Selection 269
Interviewer Training 269
Pretesting 270
Gaining Access 270
Interviewing 271
Supervision and Quality Control 275
Follow up Efforts 276
Summary 277
Chapter 10 Survey Instrumentation 282
Materials Available to the Survey Designer 283
Open ended and Closed ended Questions 283
Direct and Indirect Questions 286
Response Formats 289
Visual Aids 292
Existing Questions 292
Sketches or Preliminaries 293
The Opening 293
The Placement of Sensitive and Routine Questions 294
Order, Flow, and Transition 294
Filling in the Sketch: Writing the Items 296
Using Language Effectively 297
xviii Contents
The Frame of Reference Problem 300
Reason Analysis 301
Memory Problems 304
Response Bias Problems 305
Format Considerations 307
The Final Product 309
Pretesting 309
Summary 310
Chapter 11 Field Research 316
The Potentials and Limitations of Field Research 318
Field Observation 320
Nonparticipant Observation 322
Participant Observation 324
Research Design and Sampling 327
Sampling in Field Research 328
Stages of Field Research 330
A Field Study of the Homeless 331
Selecting a Research Setting 332
Gaining Access 335
Presenting Oneself 337
Gathering Information 341
Analyzing the Data 345
Summary 349
Chapter 12 Research Using Available Data 354
Sources of Available Data 354
Public Documents and Official Records 355
Private Documents 360
Mass Media 361
Physical, Nonverbal Evidence 362
Social Science Data Archives 363
Advantages of Research Using Available Data 363
Nonreactive Measurement 364
Analyzing Social Structure 364
Studying and Understanding the Past 365
Understanding Social Change 365
Studying Problems Cross Culturally 365
Improving Knowledge Through Replication and Increased Sample Size 366
Savings on Research Costs 366
General Methodological Issues in Available Data Research 367
Searching for and Procuring Available Data 367
Measurement of Key Concepts 368
Evaluation of Data Quality 369
Assessment of Data Completeness 372
Historical Analysis 373
Descriptive and Analytical History 373
Contents . xix
Handling Documentary Evidence 376
Historical Interpretation 378
Content Analysis 381
Selecting and Defining Content Categories 382
Denning the Unit of Analysis 382
Deciding on a System of Enumeration 383
Carrying Out the Analysis 384
Summary 387
Chapter 13 Multiple Methods 391
Triangulation 391
Multiple Measures of Concepts Within the Same Study 394
Composite Measures: Indexes and Scales 395
Structural Equation Modeling 399
Multiple Tests of Hypotheses Across Different Studies 402
Replications Using the Same Research Strategy: Compliance Without Pressure 403
Replications Using Different Research Strategies: Deterrent Effects of Arrest 405
A Comparison of the Four Basic Approaches to Social Research 407
Summary 410
IV DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION 413
Chapter 14 Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis 415
Beginning the Analysis 416
Data Processing 417
Coding 417
Editing 421
Entering the Data 422
Cleaning 423
Modifying the Data 424
The Functions of Statistics in Social Research 425
Univariate Analysis 426
Bivariate Analysis 434
Relationships Involving Nominal Scale Variables 434
Relationships Between Two Ordinal Scale Variables 438
Relationships Between a Nominal /Ordinal and an
Intcrval /Ratio Scale Variable 440
Relationships Between Two Interval /Ratio Scalc Variables 442
Summary 446
Chapter 15 Multivariate Analysis 451
Modeling Relationships 452
Arrow Diagrams 452
Stochastic and Systematic Components 454
Elaboration 456
xx Contents
Multiple Regression Analysis 458
A Three Variable Example 460
Use of Dummy Variables 463
Other Modeling Techniques 469
Summary 470
Chapter 16 Research Ethics 474
Treatment of Human Subjects 475
Harm 476
Informed Consent 479
Deception 481
Privacy 484
Making Ethical Decisions 486
The Uses of Research: Science and Society 490
Summary 494
Chapter 17 Writing Research Reports 497
Using the Library for Research 497
Outlining and Preparing to Write 502
Major Headings 504
The Abstract 504
Introduction 504
Literature Review 505
Methods 505
Findings 506
Discussion 507
References 507
Other Considerations 507
The Writing Reading Interface 507
Revisions 508
Length 509
Summary 509
Glossary 511
References 529
Name Index 550
Subject Index 556
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV008554089 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | H62 |
| callnumber-raw | H62.S4776 1993 |
| callnumber-search | H62.S4776 1993 |
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| callnumber-subject | H - Social Science |
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| discipline | Soziologie |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Approaches to social research Royce A. Singleton ... 2. ed. New York u.a. Oxford Univ. Pr. 1993 XX, 572 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. [529] - 549 Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences -- Research Social sciences -- Methodology Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s 2\p DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s 3\p DE-604 Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s 4\p DE-604 Singleton, Royce Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005622410&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Approaches to social research Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences -- Research Social sciences -- Methodology Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4139716-2 (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Approaches to social research |
| title_auth | Approaches to social research |
| title_exact_search | Approaches to social research |
| title_full | Approaches to social research Royce A. Singleton ... |
| title_fullStr | Approaches to social research Royce A. Singleton ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Approaches to social research Royce A. Singleton ... |
| title_short | Approaches to social research |
| title_sort | approaches to social research |
| topic | Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences -- Research Social sciences -- Methodology Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Onderzoeksmethoden Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences -- Research Social sciences -- Methodology Methodologie Forschungsmethode Methode Empirische Sozialforschung Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005622410&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT singletonroyce approachestosocialresearch |