Information, sensation, and perception:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego u.a.
Acad. Press
1993
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 326 S. |
| ISBN: | 0125218907 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Information,
Sensation,
and Perception
Kenneth H Norwich
Institute of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Physiology, and
Department of Physics
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC
A Division of Harcourt Brace amp; Company
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction
Perception 1
The Meaning and Import of Unification of the Laws
of Science 5
Laws of Conservation and Laws of Mechanism 9
Notes 10
References 10
2 Perception as a Choice among Alternatives
Perception: Undefined 11
Information: Defined 13
Information and Perception 15
The Gist of the Entropic Theory of Perception 17
Notes 19
References 21
3 The Empirical Laws of Sensation and Perception
The Law of Sensation 24
Adaptation 30
The Weber Fraction: The Analogs 34
Threshold Effects: The Laws of Blondel and Rey, of Hughes,
and of Bloch and Charpentier 42
Contents
Simple Reaction Time 44
The Poulton-Teghtsoonian Law 45
A Very Approximate Law of Olfactory Thresholds 46
The Ferry-Porter Law and Talbot s Law 47
Notes 48
References 49
Information of Events with Discrete Outcomes:
Methods of Communication Theory and Psychology
Picking up the Thread 54
A Channel of Communication 57
The Noisy Channel I 60
The Noisy Channel II 64
Summary 71
The Bottom Line 71
Appendix: The Equivalence of Equations (4 21) and (4 33) 71
Notes 74
References 74
Information of Events with Discrete Outcomes:
Applications in Communications Science and
in Psychology
Communications Science 75
Psychology: Categorical Judgments 76
The Conceptual Basis for the Application of Information
Theory as Developed in the 1950s 83
References 85
6 Information of Events with Discrete Outcomes:
Methods of Physics
Orientation 87
The First Law of Thermodynamics 88
Contents
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 89
The Carnot Cycle/Engine 89
The Clausius Inequality 91
Physical Entropy 92
The Principle of Increase of Physical Entropy 94
The Laboratory Measure of Physical Entropy Change 95
Summary of Section on Classical Thermodynamics 96
Statistical Mechanics: /t-Space and Phase Points 96
Macrostates and Microstates 97
The Basic Assumption of Statistical Mechanics 99
Physical Entropy and Disorder 103
Applications of Entropy Change in Chemistry 104
The Purpose of This Chapter 104
Notes 106
References 106
The Information of Events
with Continuous Outcomes
Probability Density 109
The Differential Entropy of a Probability Density Function 111
The Absolute Entropy 117
Convolution 119
Applications in Perceptual Studies 120
Notes 121
References 121
8 The Entropy of the Normal Distribution
Introduction 123
Convolution of Two Gaussians 125
Information 126
More on the Interpretation of the Information from
Continuous Sources 127
The Central Limit Theorem 128
Analog Channels 130
Appendix: Convolution of Two Gaussian Functions 131
References 132
X Contents
9 Modeling the i/-Function
The Sensory Receptor as a Quantum Detector 134
Sampling the Stimulus Population 136
The Reference Signal 137
Relationship between Variance and Mean 138
The Entropy Function 139
Population vs Sample Variance 140
Maximum H as Potential Information 141
The Sensory Neuron as Metachannel 141
F at the Threshold 142
Information-Free Approach 143
Conservation Laws and Unification 144
Appendix: The Parable of the Supermarket 146
Notes 148
References 149
1 0 Derivation of the Law of Sensation
The Dual Forms of the Empirical Law of Sensation:
Fechner s and Stevens Laws 151
Derivation of the Law of Sensation from the
Entropy Equation 152
Objections to a Common Law of Sensation 154
Objections to the Entropic Formulation of the Law
of Sensation 155
Other Endeavors to Unify the Two Forms of the Law
of Sensation 155
Numerical Evaluation of the Constants k, y, and n 156
Measurements of Total Numbers of Action Potentials 162
The Perceptual Variable 166
Unification 166
History 167
References 168
1 1 Sensory Adaptation
The Entropic Interpretation of Adaptation 171
Information, Receptors, and Categorical Judgments 174
Contents XI
Experimental Tests of the Entropic Theory of Adaptation 177
Experimental Tests of the Entropic Theory: Combined
Stimulus Intensity and Adaptation 183
Magical Numbers from the Law of Sensation 187
Numero, Numero, Wherefore Art Thou Numero? 188
Audition: The Technique of Simultaneous Dichotic
Loudness Balance (SDLB) 189
Concluding Remarks 191
Notes 193
References 194
12 Differential Thresholds, Weber Fractions, and JNDs
The Analogs 195
The Weber Fraction 196
Derivation of the Poulton-Teghtsoonian Law 202
Information per Stimulus from Weber Fractions 205
Invariants in Measuring Differential Thresholds 206
On the Physical Meaning of A 7 207
The Terminal, Rising Portion of the Weber Fraction Curve 207
AH as Threshold 208
Working toward a Common Set of Parameters 209
Prediction: Effects of Adaptation on Equal
Loudness Contours 209
Summary 211
Notes 213
References 213
13 Simple Reaction Times and the Blondel-Rey Law
Introduction 215
Derivation of an Equation Giving Simple Reaction Time
as a Function of Stimulus Intensity 216
Derivation of One of the Empirical Equations of H Pieron 222
The Constant AH for Simple Reaction Time 222
Evaluation of the Informational Equation for Simple
Reaction Time 223
The Informational Basis of Reaction Times 226
xii Contents
Compiling a Common Set of Parameters for Taste
of Sodium Chloride 228
The Laws of Blondel and Rey, of Hughes, and of Bloch
and Charpentier 234
The Blondel-Rey Law and the Ferry-Porter Law 236
Brightness Enhancement 239
Olfactory Thresholds 239
Conclusions 240
Appendix: Changing the Units of the Parameter /3 241
Notes 242
References 243
1 4 Odds and n s, and the Magical Number Log (2ir) Bits
of Information
Retrospective: The Genealogy of F = kH 247
F Just Above Threshold for Detection: Distinction
between HPsychophysical) and F(Neural) 247
Expanding the Horizons beyond Intensity
and Duration 253
The Exponent n 253
The Exponent n at Various Auditory Frequencies 255
An Intensity-Frequency Formulation of the Entropy
Equation for Audition 258
De-adaptation 259
The Magical Number 7: Whence and Why? 260
A Brief History of the Complete Law of Sensation 265
Notes 266
References 267
1 5 Boltzmann and Berkeley
Boltzmann: F = kH and S = -ksHB 269
George Berkeley: The Relativity of Perception 272
Appendix: The Near-equivalence of if
B and HY 275
Notes 276
References 277
Contents x l u
16 Physiological Consequences of the Relativity
of Perception
Perception of the States of Matter:
A Personal Reminiscence 279
Origin of the Entropy Theory 282
Generation of Signals by the Perceptual Unit:
The Discrete Model 284
Generation of Signals by the Perceptual Unit:
The Continuous Model 288
Notes 291
References 291
17 Extrapolations and Speculations
Reality 293
The Perceptual Unit 294
Illusions: The Necker Cube as Entropic Multivibrator 296
Cochlear Implants 297
The Relativity of Existence 298
The Evolution of Evolution 299
The Anthropic Principle 305
Quantum Theory and Perception 307
Summary 308
Notes 310
References 311
Glossary of Symbols 313
Index 317
|
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| spelling | Norwich, Kenneth H. Verfasser aut Information, sensation, and perception Kenneth H. Norwich San Diego u.a. Acad. Press 1993 XIX, 326 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Perception - Modèles mathématiques Perception - Modèles mathématiques ram Percepção larpcal Psicologia larpcal Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques ram Waarneming gtt Wiskundige modellen gtt Mathematisches Modell Models, Theoretical Perception Perception Mathematical models Sensation Senses and sensation Mathematical models Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4064317-7 gnd rswk-swf Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd rswk-swf Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4064317-7 s Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005518416&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Norwich, Kenneth H. Information, sensation, and perception Perception - Modèles mathématiques Perception - Modèles mathématiques ram Percepção larpcal Psicologia larpcal Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques ram Waarneming gtt Wiskundige modellen gtt Mathematisches Modell Models, Theoretical Perception Perception Mathematical models Sensation Senses and sensation Mathematical models Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4064317-7 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064317-7 (DE-588)4114528-8 |
| title | Information, sensation, and perception |
| title_auth | Information, sensation, and perception |
| title_exact_search | Information, sensation, and perception |
| title_full | Information, sensation, and perception Kenneth H. Norwich |
| title_fullStr | Information, sensation, and perception Kenneth H. Norwich |
| title_full_unstemmed | Information, sensation, and perception Kenneth H. Norwich |
| title_short | Information, sensation, and perception |
| title_sort | information sensation and perception |
| topic | Perception - Modèles mathématiques Perception - Modèles mathématiques ram Percepção larpcal Psicologia larpcal Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques ram Waarneming gtt Wiskundige modellen gtt Mathematisches Modell Models, Theoretical Perception Perception Mathematical models Sensation Senses and sensation Mathematical models Wahrnehmung (DE-588)4064317-7 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Perception - Modèles mathématiques Percepção Psicologia Sens et sensations - Modèles mathématiques Waarneming Wiskundige modellen Mathematisches Modell Models, Theoretical Perception Perception Mathematical models Sensation Senses and sensation Mathematical models Wahrnehmung |
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