Life: the science of biology
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer [u.a.]
1992
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1145 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0716722763 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Purves, William K. |d 1934- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)131990055 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Life |b the science of biology |c William K. Purves ; Gordon H. Orians ; H. Craig Heller |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer [u.a.] |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a 1145 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Biologia Geral |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Biologie |2 ram | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Heller, H. C. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804122631957381120 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | K~?
/THOCItNhrOFi BIOIOGV
EDTTTQN
William K J urves Gordon H Orians H Craig Heller
Harvey Mudd College
Claremont, California
The University of Washington Stanford University
Seattle, Washington Stanford, California
SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC
DcEi w H FREEMAN AND COMPANY
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
1 The science of biology 1
PART ONE:
THE CELL
2 Small molecules 21
3 Large molecules 40
4 Organization of the cell 60
5 Membranes 90
6 Energy, enzymes, and catalysis 113
7 Pathways that release energy in cells 135
8 Photosynthesis 161
PART TWO:
INFORMATION AND HEREDITY
9 Chromosomes and cell division 187
10 Mendelian genetics and beyond 207
11 Nucleic acids as the genetic material 236
12 Molecular genetics of prokaryotes 267
13 Gene expression in eukaryotes 288
14 Recombinant DNA technology 306
15 Animal development 329
16 Immune systems and disease 356
- PART THREE:
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES
17 Origins 385
18 The mechanisms of evolution 400
19 The multiplication of species 421
20 Systematics and phylogeny 439
PART FOUR:
THE EVOLUTION OF DIVERSITY
21 Viruses and Monera 459
22 Protista 478
23 Fungi 502
24 Plants 518
25 Sponges and protostomate animals 546
26 Deuterostomate animals 582
27 Patterns in the evolution of life 612
PART FIVE:
THE BIOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
28 The flowering plant body 633
29 Transport, support, and protection in plants 657
30 Plant nutrition 679
31 Reproduction and development
in flowering plants 698
32 Regulation of plant development 713
PART SIX:
THE BIOLOGY OF ANIMALS
33 Physiology, homeostasis, and the regulation
of body temperature 741
34 Animal hormones 765
35 Animal reproduction 791
36 Neurons and the nervous system 815
37 Sensory systems 845
38 Effectors 870
39 Gas exchange in animals 893
40 Internal transport and cardiovascular systems 914
41 Animal nutrition 935
42 Salt and water balance and nitrogen excretion 962
43 Animal behavior 983
PART SEVEN:
ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
44 Behavioral ecology 1009
45 Structure and dynamics of populations 1032
46 Interactions within biological communities 1053
47 Ecosystems 1080
48 Biogeography 1103
49 Conservation biology 1126
CONTENTS
1 The Science of Biology 1
Characteristics of Living Organisms 1
Hierarchical Organization of Biology 3
Molecules, Cells, and Tissues 3
Organisms, Species, and Ecosystems 4
Emergent Properties 5
The Methods of Science 5
The Hypothetico-Deductive Method 7
Experimentation and Ethics 10
Size Scales 10
Time Scales 11
Major Organizing Concepts in Biology 12
Evolutionary Concepts 14
Charles Darwin and Evolution 15
The Importance of a World View 16
The Five Kingdoms 16
Questions Beyond Science 17
PART ONE:
THE CELL
2 Small Molecules 21~~
Atoms 21
Elements 22
How Elements Differ 23
Isotopes 23
Box A Detecting Radioactivity 24
The Behavior of Electrons 24
Chemical Bonds 26
Covalent Bonds 26
The Covalent Bonds of Different Elements 27
Ions and Ionic Bonds 27
Weaker Interactions 28
Molecules 28
Molecular Weight and the Mole 28
Chemical Reactions 29
Water 30
Acids, Bases, pH, and Buffers 30
Polarity 32
Hydrogen Bonds 33
Interactions Between Nonpolar Molecules
Some Simple Organic Compounds
and Functional Groups 34
3 Large Molecules 40
From Monomers to Polymers 40
Lipids 41
Triglycerides 41
Phospholipids 42
Other lipids 43
Carbohydrates 45
Monosaccharides 45
Disaccharides 45
Polysaccharides 46
Derivative Carbohydrates 48
Proteins 48
Amino Acids 48
Peptide Linkages 50
Levels of Protein Structure 51
Primary Structure 51
Secondary Structure 51
Tertiary Structure 52
Quaternary Structure 54
Nucleic Acids 55
4 Organization of the Cell 60
Common Characteristics of Cells 60
Box A The Sizes of Things 62
Prokaryotic Cells 63
Features Shared by All Prokaryotic Cells 63
Other Features of Prokaryotic Cells 64
Kinds of Prokaryotes 65
Box B The Best-Known Prokaryote:
Escherichia coli 66
Probing The Subcellular World:
Microscopy 66
The Eukaryotic Cell 67
Roles of Membranes in Eukaryotic Cells 70
Information-Processing Organelles 70
The Nucleus 70
Nucleus and Cytoplasm 72
Ribosomes 73
Energy-Processing Organelles 73
Mitochondria 73
Plastids 74
The Origins of Plastids, Mitochondria,
and the Eukaryotes 76
The Endomembrane System 77
Endoplasmic Reticulum 76
The Golgi Apparatus 78
Exocytosis and Endocytosis 79
Lysosomes 79
Other Organelles 80
The Skeleton Within 82
The Skeleton Without 84
Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses 84
Fractionating The Eukaryotic Cell:
Isolating-Organelles 85
Rupturing the Cell 86 —
Separating the Organelles 86
5 Membranes 90
Membrane Structure and Composition 90
Membrane Lipids 91
Membrane Proteins 92
Membrane Carbohydrates 94
Box A Clycophorin: A Mystery Protein 95
Microscopic Views of Biological
Membranes 95
Where Animal Cells Meet 97
Desmosomes 97
Tight Junctions -97
Gap Junctions 97
Diffusion 99
Crossing The Membrane Barrier 99
Box B The Rapidity of Diffusion Within
Cells 100
Simple Diffusion Through a Membrane 101
Membrane Transport Proteins 103
Facilitated Diffusion 103
Active Transport 103
Osmosis 104
Some Other Activities of Membranes 106
Membranes and Energy Transformations 106
Receptors on the Membrane Surface 107
Cell Adhesion Molecules 107
Other Activities of Membranes 108
Membrane Integrity under Stress 108
Membrane Formation and Continuity 108
6 Energy, Enzymes, and Catalysis 113
Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 113
Thermodynamics and Chemical
Equilibrium 114
Chemical Equilibria 114
The Equilibrium Constant 115
Free Energy and Equilibria 116
Free Energy, Heat, and Entropy 117
Reaction Rates 118
Rate Constants 120
Enzymes and Selective Catalysis 120
Substrate Concentration and Reaction Rate 121
Coupling of Reactions 122
Molecular Structure of Enzymes 123
Structures and Actions of Protein-Digesting
Enzymes 124
Prosthetic Groups and Coenzymes 125
Regulation of Enzyme Activity 125
Irreversible Inhibition 125
Reversible Inhibition 126
Allosteric Enzymes 128
Mechanism of Allosteric Effects 128
Control of Metabolism Through Allosteric
Effects 130
Sensitivity of Enzymes to the Environment 131
Enzymes, Ribozymes, and Abzymes 132
7 Pathways That Release Energy in Cells 135
Adenosine Triphosphate 135
The Energy Content of ATP 137
The Transfer of Hydrogen Atoms
and Electrons 137
Box A Some Organisms Use ATP to Make
Light 138
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents in Cells 139
An Overview of the Release of Energy
from Glucose 140
Glycolysis 143
The Citric Acid Cycle 146
Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 146
The Respiratory Chain 148
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial
Structure 150
Box B Dissecting the Mitochondrion 151
Fermentation 153
Comparative Energy Yields 154
Connections with Other Pathways 154
Feedback Regulation 156
8 Photosynthesis 161
Early Studies of Photosynthesis 161
The Pathways of Photosynthesis 162
Light and Pigments 163
Basic Physics of Light 163
Pigments 165
Absorption Spectra and Action Spectra 166
The Photosynthetic Pigments 167
Box A Photosynthesis
in the Halobacteria 168
Photophosphorylation 168
The Activation of Chlorophyll:
A Light Reaction 168
Cyclic Photophosphorylation: ATP Biosynthesis 168
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation:
Formation of ATP and NADPH 170
ATP Formation in the Chloroplast 171
The Calvin-Benson Cycle 172
The First Stable Product of Carbon Dioxide
Fixation 173
What Is the Carbon Dioxide Acceptor? 173
Box B Tools that Cracked
the Calvin-Benson Cycle 174
Filling the Gaps in the Calvin-Benson Cycle 177
Alternate Modes
of Carbon Dioxide Fixation 179
Photorespiration 181
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 182
ibSRA
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PART TWO:
INFORMATION
AND HEREDITY
9 Chromosomes and Cell Division 187
Nuclei and Chromosomes 187
Organization of Chromatin 189
The Cell Cycle 190
Mitosis 191
Development of the Chromosomes and Spindle 193
Dancing Chromosomes 194
The End of Mitosis 194
Cytokinesis 194
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 195
Ploidy and the Karyotype 197
Meiosis 198
The First Meiotic Division 200
The Second Meiotic Division 201
Synapsis, Reduction, and Diversity 201
Meiotic Errors and Their Consequences 202
Mitosis, Meiosis, and Ploidy 202
Cell Division In Prokaryotes 204
10 Mendelian Genetics and Beyond 207
Mendel s Discoveries 207
Mendel s Strategy 208
Experiment 1 209
Terminology for Mendelian Genetics 210
Segregation of Alleles 210
The Test Cross 211
Box A Elements of Probability 212
Independent Assortment of Alleles 212
Genetics after Mendel:
Alleles and Their Interactions 214
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance 214
Box B Probabilities
in the Dihybrid Cross 214
Pleiotropy 215
The Origin of Alleles: Mutation 216
Multiple Alleles 216
Focus On Chromosomes 217
Linkage 217
Sex Determination 218
Sex Linkage 220
Mendelian Ratios Are Averages, Not Absolutes 221
Special Organisms for Special Studies 223
Meiosis in Neurospora 223
Recombination in Eukaryotes 223
Cytogenetics 224
Box C Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes 224
Interactions of Genes with Other Genes and
with the Environment 226
Epistasis 226
Quantitative Inheritance and Environmental
Effects 227
Box D Human Genetic Disorders 229
Mapping Human Chromosomes 229
Pedigree Analysis 230
Somatic-Cell Genetics 230
Non-Mendelian Inheritance 231
11 Nucleic Acids as the Genetic Material 236
What Does the Gene Control? 236
One Gene, One Polypeptide 237
What Is the Gene? 237
The Transforming Principle 238
The Transforming Principle Is DNA 241
The Genetic Material of a Virus 241
Nucleic Acid Structure 241
Evidence from X-Ray Crystallography and
Biochemistry 241
Watson, Crick, and the Double Helix 243
Key Elements of DNA Structure 243
Alternative Structures for DNA 244
Structure of Ribonucleic Acid 245
Implications of the Double-Helical
Structure of DNA 246
Replication of the DNA Molecule 246
Demonstration of Semiconservative Replication 247
Replicating an Antiparallel Double Helix 249
From DNA to Protein 251
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 251
Box A Collaboration of Proteins
at the Replication Fork 252
Transcription 253
Transfer RNA 254
The Ribosome 255
Translation 256
The Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum 258
Box B Making the Most of Your RNA 259
RNA Viruses and the Central Dogma 260
The Genetic Code 260
Mutations 261
Point Mutations 263
Chromosomal Mutations 264
The Frequency of Mutations~26A
The Origin of New Genes 264
12 Molecular Genetics of Prokaryotes 267
Mutations in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 267
Box A Counting a Population
of Bacteria 268
Bacterial Conjugation 269
Isolating Specific Bacterial Mutants 271
The Bacterial Fertility Factor 273
Transfer of Male Genetic Elements 273
Sexduction 275
Bacteriophages 276
Recombination in Phages 276
Lysogeny and the Disappearing Phages 277
Transduction 278
Gpisomes and Plasmids 279
Transposable Elements 280
Control of Transcription in Prokaryotes 280
Processing a Polycistronic Messenger 281
Promoters 282
Operons 282
Repressible Systems 283
Catabolite Repression 284
13 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 288
Hybridization of Nucleic Acids 288
Eukaryotic Gene Structure 289
Repetitive DNA in Eukaryotes 290
Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes 291
Transposable Elements and Evolution 291
Gene Duplication and Gene Families 292
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 292
Capping and Tailing of RNA 293
Splicing of RNA 293
The Stability of mRNAs 294
Regulation of Gene Expression
in Eukaryotes 295
Transcriptional Control: Gene Inactivation 295
Box A Cassettes and the Mating Type
of Yeasts 296
Transcriptional Control: Amplification of Genes 297
Transcriptional Control:
Selective Gene Transcription 298
Translational Control 299
Posttranslational Control 300
Genes, Viruses, and Cancer 301
Origins of Oncogenic Viruses
and of Transposable Elements 302
14 Recombinant DNA Technology 306
The Pillars of Recombinant DNA
Technology 306
Cleaving and Splicing DNA 307
Restriction Endonucleases 307
Sticky Ends and DNA Splicing 307
Cloning Genes 308
Cloning Vectors 309
Insertion of Vectors into Host Cells 309
Box A Yeasts in Recombinant DNA
Technology 311
Selection of Transgenic Cells 311
Expression of Cloned Genes 313
Sources of Genes for Cloning 313
Gene Libraries and Shotgunning 313
Complementary DNA 313
Synthetic DNA 314
Exploring DNA Organization 315
Separation of Intact Chromosomes 315
Separation and Purification of DNA Fragments 315
Detection of Specific DNA Fragments 315
Autoradiography 316
Localization of Genes on Chromosomes 316
Restriction Mapping 318
Chromosome Walking 318
Sequencing DNA 318
Gene Copies by the Billion 319
Box B Determining the Base Sequence
of DNA 322
Prospects 322
Genome Projects 324
Plant Agricultural Biotechnology 324
Recombinant DNA Technology
and the Environment 326
15 Animal Development 329
Cleavage 329
Becoming Multicellular 329
Formation of the Blastula 331
Gastrulation 332
Box A Tracking Migrating Cells:
Fate Maps 335
Organ Formation: The Nervous System 336
Postembryonic Development 337
Larval Development and Metamorphosis 337
Imaginal Discs 338
Prospective Fate and Prospective Potency 339
Differentiation 340
Is Differentiation Irreversible? 340
Determination by Cytoplasmic
Segregation 341
Polarity in the Egg and Zygote 341
Box B Polarity in the Sea Urchin Egg 343
Cytoplasmic Factors in Polarity in Drosophila 343
Germ-Line Granules in Caenorhabditis 345
Determination by Embryonic Induction 345
Induction and the Organizer 345
Instructive versus Permissive Induction 346
Aggregation of Embryonic Cells 347
Pattern-Formation^ 348
Establishing Body Segmentation 348
Homeotic Mutations 348
The Homeobox 349
Positional Information in Developing Limbs 350
A Complete Catalog of Development
in a Tiny Worm 352
16 Immune Systems and Disease 356
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms against
Pathogens 356
If Pathogens Evade the First Defenses 357
Viral Diseases and Interferon 358
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms of Plants 358
Specific Defenses against Invaders 359
Cells of the Immune System 359
The Immune Response 360
Immunological Memory and Immunization 361
Clonal Selection and Its Consequences 362
Box AAB Cell Produces
One Immunoglobulin 362
Self, Nonself, and Tolerance 363
Development of Plasma Cells 365
Monoclonal Antibodies 365
The Immunoglobulins 367
The Classes of Immunoglobulins 368
The Complement System 369
The Origin of Antibody Diversity 369
How a B Cell Produces a Particular Heavy
Chain 370
The Constant Region and Class Switching 371
The Cellular Immune System 372
The Major Histocompatibility Complex 375
Transplants 376
Interleukins 376
Disorders of the Immune System 376
Immune Deficiency Disorders 377
Cancer 379
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PART THREE:
EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESSES
17 Origins 385
Spontaneous Generation: Old Ideas 385
Early Experiments on Spontaneous Generation
Pasteur s Experiments 386
Spontaneous Generation Revisited 386
The Early Earth 387
Laboratory Simulation of Earth s Early
Atmosphere 387
Energy Sources for Life s Origins 388
Theories about the Origin of Life 389
Oparin s Theory 389
Eigen s Theory 390
Cairns-Smith s Theory 390
The Evolution of Catalytic Activity 391
Evolution of Enzymes 391
Pre-Enzymatic Control of Chemical Reactions 391
The Origin of Genes 392
Comparative Metabolism 392
Anaerobic Microorganisms 393
Aerobic Microorganisms 393
The Evolution of Photosynthesis 393
Dating the Past 394
Relative Dating 394
Absolute Dating 394
Box A A Concise Scenario for the Origin and
Early Evolution of Life 397
18 The Mechanisms of Evolution 400
What Is Evolution? 400
Environmentally Induced Variation 401
Genetically Based Variation 401
The Structure of Populations 402
The Hardy-Weinberg Rule 404
An Agent That Changes Genotype
Frequencies 405
Nonrandom Mating 405
Agents That Change Allele Frequencies 406
Mutation 406
Genetic Drift 406
Migration 407
Natural Selection 408
Fitness 411
Box A Why Do Daughter Wasps
Stay Home and Help to Rear
Younger Siblings? 412
Genetic Variation and Evolution 412
Geographic Variation 413
How Much of Genetic Variation
Is Adaptive? 415
Microevolution and Macroevolution 418
19 The Multiplication of Species 421
What Are Species? 421
How New Species Arise 422
Geographic Speciation 422
The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation 424
Isolating Mechanisms 427
Parapatric Speciation 428
Sympatric Speciation 428
How Important Is Each Speciation Mode? 430
The Genetics of Speciation 430
The Cohesion of Species 430
Factors Promoting Cohesion 432
How Long Does Speciation Take? 432
The Significance of Speciation 432
Long-Term Effects of Speciation 433
Ecology and the Rate of Speciation 433
Evolutionary Radiations 433
Exploiting a New Feeding Technique: Gaping 436
20 Systematics and Phylogeny 439
The Importance of Biological
Classification 439
Taxonomic Hierarchies 440
The Goals of Classification Systems 442
Orthodox Systematics 443
Phenetic Systematics 444
Cladistic Systematics 445
Comparison of Taxonomic Methods 446
Constructing Phylogenies 447
Structure and Behavior 448
Biochemical Traits 448
The Future of Systematics 452
Taxonomic Keys 454
21 Viruses and Monera 459
Viruses 459
Discovery of the Viruses 459
Viral Structure 459
Reproduction of Viruses 460
Classification of Viruses 461
Viroids: RNA without a Capsid 462
Scrapie-Associated Fibrils: Infectious Proteins? 462
General Biology of the Monera 463
Bacteria and Disease 463
The Kingdom Monera 463
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 464
Metabolic Diversity in the Kingdom Monera 465
Structural Characteristics of Bacteria and Bacterial
Associations 467
Box A The Gram Stain and Bacterial
Cell Walls 467
Reproduction and Resting 468
Major Groups of the Bacteria 468
Archaebacteria 468
Gram-Negative Bacteria 469
Gram-Positive Bacteria 474
Mycoplasmas 475
22 Protista 478
Protista and the Other Eukaryotic
Kingdoms 478
Special Features of Some Protists 479
Contractile Vacuoles 479
E ndosymbiosis 479
Alternation of Generations 480
Protozoa 481
Phylum Mastigophora 481
Phylum Sarcodina 483
Phylum Sporozoa 484
Phylum Ciliophora 485
Funguslike Protista 488
Phylum Gymnomycota 488
Phylum Protomycota 490
Phylum Oomycota 491
Algae 491
Phylum Pyrrophyta 492
Phylum Chrysophyta 493
Phylum Phaeophyta 494
Phylum Rhodophyta 495
Box A Algae in a Turbulent
Environment 496
Phylum Chlorophyta 497
23 Fungi 502
General Biology of the Fungi 502
The Fungal Body 502
Fungi and Their Environment 503
Nutrition of Fungi 504
Dikaryon Formation in the Fungi 507
Multiple Hosts in a Fungal Life Cycle 507
Division Eumycota 509
Class Zygomycetes 509
Class Ascomycetes 509
Class Basidiomycetes 511
Class Deuteromycetes 513
Lichens 513
24 Plants 518
The Plant Kingdom 518
Alternation of Generations in Plants 518
Classification of Plants 519
Plant Colonizers of the Land 520
Origins of the Plant Kingdom 520
The Two Divisions oHhe_Plant Kingdom 520
Division Bryophyta 521
Plasticity of Form in the Bryophytes 522
The Bryophyte Life Cycle 522
Class Hepaticae: Liverworts 523
Class Anthocerotae: Hornworts 523
Class Musci: Mosses 524
Division Tracheophyta 524
Evolution of the Tracheophytes 526
Subdivision Psilopsida: The Most Ancient
Tracheophytes 526
Further Developments in the Ancient
Tracheophytes 528
The Origin of Roots 528
The Origin of True Leaves 528
Homospory and Heterospory 528
Surviving Seedless Tracheophytes 530
Subdivisions Lycopsida and Sphenopsida:
Club Mosses and Horsetails 530
Subdivision Pteropsida:
Plants with Megaphylls 530
Class Filicinae: Ferns 531
The Fern Life Cycle 532
The Seed Plants 532
Class Gymnospermae 534
Fossil Gymnosperms 534
Order Coniferales: Conifers 535
The Gymnosperm Life Cycle 535
Class Angiospermae: Flowering Plants 537
The Flower 538
Evolution of the Flower 539
The Fruit 541
The Angiosperm Life Cycle 541
Subclasses of the Angiospermae 542
Origin and Evolution of the Angiosperms 542
Where Herbaceous Plants Predominate 543
25 Sponges and Protostomate Animals 546
How Are Animals Classified? 547
Body Symmetry 547
Developmental Pattern 548
Body Cavities 549
The Origins of Animals 550
Oxygen and the Evolution of Animals 550
Early Animal Evolution 552
Simple Aggregations 552
Phylum Porifera 552
The Evolution of Diploblastic Animals 554
Phylum Cnidaria 554
Phylum Ctenophora 559
The Evolution of Bilateral Symmetry 560
Phylum Platyhelminthes 560
Development of Body Cavities 561
Phylum Nemertea 561
Pseudocoelomate Animals 563
Phylum Nematoda 563
Phylum Rotifera 564
Coelomate Animals 565
Phylum Pogonophora: Losing the Gut 565
Phylum Annelida:
Many Subdivisions of the Coelom 566
The Shift to an External Skeleton 568
Phylum Arthropoda 568
Diversification of the Arthropods 568
Ancient Arthropods and Modern Descendants 568
Subphylum Chelicerata 569
Subphylum Crustacea 571
Subphylum Uniramia 573
Calcified Protection 575
Phylum Mollusca 575
Themes In Protostome Evolution 579
26 Deuterostomate Animals 582
Tripartite Deuterostomes 582
Phylum Phoronida 583
Phylum Ectoprocta 583
Phylum Brachiopoda 584
Modifying the Lophophore 585
Phylum Hemichordata 585
Adaptations to Predatory Life 585
Phylum Chaetognatka 585
Calcifying the Skeleton 586
Phylum Echinodermata 586
Evolution of the Pharynx 587
Phylum Chordata 589
Sucking Mud:
The Rise of the Vertebrates 590
jaws: A Key Evolutionary Novelty 591
Fins and Mobility 591
Mobility and Buoyancy 592
Breathing Air and Exploring the Land 594
In and Out of the Water: The Amphibians 594
Conquest of the Land 595
Modern Reptiles 597
Dinosaurs and Their Descendants 598
The Origins of Mammals 600
Human Evolution 602
The Rise of Homo 604
Homo sapiens Evolves 605
The Evolution of Language and Culture 606
The Human Lineage 607
Themes in Deuterostome Evolution 609
27 Patterns in the Evolution of Life 612
How Earth Has Changed 612
The Fossil Record 613
The Completeness of the Fossil Record 613
Patterns in the Fossil Record 614
Precambrian Life 616
The Paleozoic Era 616
The Mesozoic Era 618
The Cenozoic Era 619
Patterns in the Evolution of Life 620
Origins of Lineages 620
Trends in Size 621
Rates of Evolutionary Change 622
Extinction Rates 624
Causes of Extinctions 625
How Predictable Is Evolution? 627
PART FIVE:
THE BIOLOGY
OF FLOWERING
PLANTS
28 The Flowering Plant Body 633
Four Examples 633
Coconut Palm -633
Red Maple 634 ~
Rice 635
Soybean 635
Subclasses of Flowering Plants 636
Organs of the Plant Body 637
Roofs 637
Stems 639
Leaves 640
Levels of Organization in the Plant Body 640
Plant Cells 641
Plant Cell Walls 641
Parenchyma Cells 642
Sclerenchyma Cells 642
Collenchyma Cells 642
Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem 644
Sieve Tube Elements 644
Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems 644
Growth and Meristems 645
The Meristems and Their Products 645
The Young Root 645
Box A Roots and Fungi 648
Primary Tissues of the Stem 648
Secondary Growth of Stems and Roots 649
Wood 651
Box B An Unusual Tree Trunk 652
Secondary Growth: Periderm 652
Leaf Anatomy 652
Modular Construction of the Plant Body 654
29 Transport, Support, and Protection
in Plants 657
Challenges of the Terrestrial Environment 658
Uptake and Transport of Water
and Minerals 658
Osmosis 659
Uptake of Minerals 660
Water and Ion Movement from Soil to Xylem 660
Box A There Are No Pressure Pumps
in the Xylem 662
Ascent of Sap in Xylem:
The Magnitude of the Problem 662
Early Models of Transport in the Xylem 662
Root Pressure 662
The Evaporation-Cohesion-Tension Mechanism 663
The Xylem Sap Is Under Tension 663
Transpiration and the Stomata 665
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 665
Translocation of Substances
in the Phloem 666
The Pressure Flow Model 667
Loading and Unloading of the Phloem 668
An Alternative Form of Sucrose Transport 668
Support in a Terrestrial Environment 668
Reaction Wood 668
Quonset Huts and Marble Palaces 669
Challenges Posed by Dry and Wet
Environments 670
Special Adaptations of Leaves
to Dry and Wet Environments 670
Other Adaptations to a Limited Water Supply 671
Floating Plants 671
Where Water Is Plentiful and Oxygen Is Scarce 672
Saline Environments 672
Salt Accumulation and Salt Glands 673
Adaptations Common to Halophytes
and Xerophytes 673
A Versatile Halophyte 674
Plants and Herbivores 674
Grazing and Plant Productivity 674
Chemical Defenses against Herbivores 674
A Versatile Secondary Product 674
Box B A Protein for Defense
against Insects 676
30 Plant Nutrition 679
Nutrients 679
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs 680
How Does a Sessile Organism Find Nutrients? 680
Ingestion versus Controlled Uptake
of Nutrients 680
Mineral Nutrients 680
Discovering Which Minerals Are Essential 682
Soils 682
Soils and Plant Nutrition 683
Soil Formation 684
Effects of Plants on Soils 684
Nutritional Adaptations to Differing Soils 685
Habitats Laden with Heavy Metals 685
Plants on Serpentine Soils 686
Nitrogen Fixation 687
Chemistry of Nitrogen Fixation 688
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 688
Box A Biotechnology in a Plant 689
Industrial Nitrogen Fixation 690
Denitrification 691
Nitrification 691
Nitrate Reduction 691
Sulfur Metabolism 692
Adaptation to Available Sunlight 692
Leaf Orientation 692
Leaf Arrangement 693
Epiphytes in a Tropical Rain Forest 693
Heterotrophic Seed Plants 694
31 Reproduction and Development in
Flowering Plants 698
Sexual Reproduction 698
Gametophytes 699
Pollination 699
Double Fertilization 699
Embryo Formation in Flowering Plants 702
Fruit 702
Box A Maternal Care in Plants 703
Asexual Reproduction 703
Asexual Reproduction in Nature 704
Asexual Reproduction in Agriculture 705
From Seed to Flower 707
Seed Dormancy 707
Roles of Seed Dormancy 707
Seed Germination 708
Mobilizing Food Reserves 708
Vegetative Growth 709
Transition to the Flowering State 709
Box B Reproductive versus
Vegetative Growth 710
32 Regulation of Plant Development 713
An Overview of Development 713
From Seed to Seedling 713
Reproductive Development 713
Dormancy and Senescence 713
Plant Growth Substances 715
Gibberellins 715
Discovery of the Gibberellins 716
Why So Many Gibberellins? 717
Other Activities of Gibberellins 718
Auxin 718
Discovery of Auxin 718
Auxin Transport 718
Phototropism and Gravitropism 720
Auxin and Vegetative Development 720
Auxin and Fruit Development 721
Box A Strategies for Weed Killing 722
Plant Cell Walls 723
Cell Walls and Growth 723
Auxin and the Cell Wall 723
Auxin Receptors 725
Differentiation and Organ Formation 725
Cytokinins 725
Discovery of the Cytokinins 725
Other Activities of the Cytokinins 726
Ethylene 726
Senescence 727
Abscisic Acid 727
Bud Dormancy and Abscisic Acid 728
Environmental Cues 728
Phytochrome 728
Phytochrome and Early Seedling Growth 729
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering 731
Other Patterns of Photoperiodism 731
Importance of Night Length 731
Circadian Rhythms and the Biological Clock 732
A Flowering Hormone? 733
The Search for Florigen 735
Vernalization and Flowering 735
PART SIX:
THE BIOLOGY
OF ANIMALS
33 Physiology, Homeostasis, and the Regulation
of Body Temperature 741
Homeostasis 742
Organs and Organ Systems 742
The Structure of Organs 742
The Organ Systems for Information
and Control 743
The Organ Systems for Protection, Support,
and Movement 744
The Organs of Reproduction 745
The Organs of Nutrition 745
The Organs of Transport 746
The Organs of Excretion 746
General Principles of Homeostasis 746
Set Points and Feedback 747
Regulatory Systems 748
The Effects of Temperature on
Living Systems 748
The Qio Concept 749
Metabolic Compensation 749
Thermoregulatory Adaptations 750
Laboratory Studies of Ectotherms
and Endotherms 750
Field Study of an Ectotherm 750
Behavioral Thermoregulation 752
Control of Blood Flow to the-Skin 752
Box A Fevers and Feeling Crummy 753
Metabolic Heat Production 754
Biological Heat Exchangers 755
Thermoregulation in Endotherms 755
Active Heat Production and Heat Loss 756
Living in the Cold 757
Changing Thermal Insulation 758
Evaporative Water Loss 758
The Vertebrate Thermostat 758
Set Points and Feedback 758
Turning Down the Thermostat 760
Shallow Torpor 760
Hibernation 761
34 Animal Hormones 765
Chemical Communication 765
Local Hormones 765
Circulating Hormones 766
Glands and Hormones 766
Invertebrate Hormones 767
Hormonal Control of Molting in Insects 767
Hormonal Control of Development in Insects 768
Vertebrate Hormones 769
Neurohormones of the Posterior Pituitary 771
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary 771
Hypothalamic Releasing Neurohormones 774
Hormones of the Thyroid Gland 775
Parathyroid Hormone 777
Hormones of the Pancreas 778
The Adrenal Hormones 778
Box A Stress and Aging 780
The Hormones of the Gonads 780
Other Hormones 781
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 782
Water-Soluble Hormones and
Second Messengers 782
Box B Muscle-Building Anabolic
Steroids 783
The Targets of cAMP 784
Other Second Messengers 785
Calcium Ions 785
Lipid-Soluble Hormones 785
Hormones and Behavior 785
Sexual Behavior in Rats 785
Bird Brains and Bird Song 786
35 Animal Reproduction 791
Asexual Reproduction 791
Budding 791
Regeneration 792
Parthenogenesis 792
Sexual Reproductive Systems of Animals 793
Gametogenesis 793
Sex Types 795
Getting Eggs and Sperm Together 796
Reproductive Systems in Humans
and Other Mammals 797
The Male 797
The Female 798
The Menstrual Cycle 800
Hormonal Control of the Human Female
Reproductive Cycle 800
Human Sexual Responses 801
Fertilization 802
Sperm Activation 803
Egg Activation and Blocks to Polyspermy 803
Care and Nurture of the Embryo 804
Oviparity 804
Viviparity 805
The Extraembryonic Membranes and the Beginning
of Development 805
Box A The Technology of
Birth Control 806
Pregnancy 808
Birth 810
Labor 810
Delivery 810
Lactation 811
36 Neurons and the Nervous System 815 38 Effectors 870
Cells of the Nervous System 817
Neurons 817
Glia 817
Cells in Circuits 818
Anatomy of the Nervous System 818
Major Functional Divisions 818
Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System 819
The Spinal Cord 820
The Reticular Formation 821
The Limbic System 821
The Cerebrum 822
The Electrical Properties of Neurons 824
Pumps and Channels 824
The Resting Potential 825
Changes in Membrane Potentials 825
Action Potentials 826
Propagation of the Action Potential 826
Synaptic Transmission 830
The Neuromuscular Junction 830
Events in the Postsynaptic Membrane 830
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses 831
Summation 832
Other Kinds of Synapses 832
Neurotransmitters and Receptors 833
Clearing the Synapse of Neurotransmitter 834
Neurons in Circuits 834
The Autonomic Nervous System 834
Monosynaptic Reflexes 836
Polysynaptic Reflexes 837
Higher Brain Functions 837
Sleeping and Dreaming 838
Learning and Memory 839
Language, Lateralization^ and Human Intellect 841
37 Sensory Systems 845
Chemosensors 846
Chemosensation in Arthropods 846
Olfaction 847
Gustation 849
Mechanosensors 850
Touch and Pressure 850
Stretch Receptors 851
Hair Cells 851
Auditory Systems 853
Photosensors and Visual Systems 856
Rhodopsin 856
Visual Systems of Invertebrates 859
Vertebrate and Cephalopod Eyes 859
The Vertebrate Retina 861
Binocular Vision 865
Other Sensory Worlds 866
Infrared and Ultraviolet Detection 866
Echolocation 867
Detection of Electric Fields 867
Magnetic Sense 868
Cilia, Flagella, and Microtubules 870
Ciliated Cells 870
Cells with Flagella 872
How Cilia and Flagella Move 872
Microtubules as Intracellular Effectors 873
Microfilaments and Cell Movement 873
Amoeboid Movement 874
Muscles 874
Smooth Muscle 874
Skeletal Muscle 875
Controlling the Actin-Myosin Interaction 877
Twitches, Graded Contractions, and Tonus 878
Fast and Slow Twitch Fibers 879
Cardiac Muscle 880
Skeletal Systems 881
Hydrostatic Skeletons 881
Exoskeletons 881
Endoskeletons of Vertebrates 883
Types of Bone 885
Joints and Levers 885
Other Effectors 887
Chromatophores 888
Glands 889
Sound and Light Producers 890
Electric Organs 890
39 Gas Exchange in Animals 893
Gas Exchange is by Diffusion 894
Breathing Air or Water 894
Effects of Temperature on Water Breathers 894
Altitude 895
Carbon Dioxide Exchange with
the Environment 896
Respiratory Adaptations 896
Surface Area 896
Ventilation 897
Insect Respiration 897
Fish Gills 898
|
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| author | Purves, William K. 1934- Orians, Gordon H. Heller, H. C. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131990055 |
| author_facet | Purves, William K. 1934- Orians, Gordon H. Heller, H. C. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Purves, William K. 1934- |
| author_variant | w k p wk wkp g h o gh gho h c h hc hch |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV008242236 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH308 |
| callnumber-raw | QH308.2 |
| callnumber-search | QH308.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3308.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WB 9100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)23901580 (DE-599)BVBBV008242236 |
| dewey-full | 574 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
| dewey-raw | 574 |
| dewey-search | 574 |
| dewey-sort | 3574 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV008242236 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:16:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0716722763 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005441569 |
| oclc_num | 23901580 |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 1145 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
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| publisher | Sinauer [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Purves, William K. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)131990055 aut Life the science of biology William K. Purves ; Gordon H. Orians ; H. Craig Heller 3. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer [u.a.] 1992 1145 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologia Geral larpcal Biologie ram Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s 2\p DE-604 Orians, Gordon H. Verfasser aut Heller, H. C. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005441569&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Purves, William K. 1934- Orians, Gordon H. Heller, H. C. Life the science of biology Biologia Geral larpcal Biologie ram Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Life the science of biology |
| title_auth | Life the science of biology |
| title_exact_search | Life the science of biology |
| title_full | Life the science of biology William K. Purves ; Gordon H. Orians ; H. Craig Heller |
| title_fullStr | Life the science of biology William K. Purves ; Gordon H. Orians ; H. Craig Heller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Life the science of biology William K. Purves ; Gordon H. Orians ; H. Craig Heller |
| title_short | Life |
| title_sort | life the science of biology |
| title_sub | the science of biology |
| topic | Biologia Geral larpcal Biologie ram Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologia Geral Biologie Biology Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005441569&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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