Analogy and structure:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German |
| Published: |
Dordrecht u.a.
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1992
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 376 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792319354 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
PART I:
STRUCTURALIST DESCRIPTIONS
Chapter 1: MEASURING THE CERTAINTY
OF PROBABILISTIC RULES
1.0 Synopsis 13
1.1 Discrete Probdbilistic Rules 16
1.2 Certainty 17
1.3 Unbiased and Biased Rules 19
1.4 Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Rules 20
7.5 Minimizing the Certainty of a Rule 20
1.6 Further Differentiation of Outcomes 23
1.7 Two Measures of Uncertainty 25
1.8 The Certainty of Non-Finite Rules 25
1.9 Comparison of C, U, and I (to the order a) 27
1.10 Why the Order of Certainty is Positive 28
1.11 Natural Motivations of Certainty 30
1.11.1 Interpreting Q 30
1.11.2 Interpreting C2 37
1.11.3 A Conceptual Difference Between Q and H 38
1.12 QuadraticQ Versus Linear H 39
1.13 Axiomatic Differences Between Q and H 40
vii
viii ANALOGY AND STRUCTURE
Chapter 2: SYSTEMS OF RULES
2.0 Synopsis 41
2.1 Subrules and Subcontexts 45
2.2 Constructing a System of Rules 45
2.3 The Certainty of a System of Rules 47
2.4 Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Systems 49
2.5 Biased and Unbiased Systems 49
2.6 The Minimal Value for the Certainty of a System 50
2.7 Derived Systems of Rules 53
2.8 The Effect on Certainty of Splitting up a Rule 54
2.9 Rule Hotnogeneity 55
2.70 Randomness 56
2.11 Measuring the Correctness of a System 56
2.12 The Degree of Correctness 59
2.13 The Uncertainty of a System 60
2.14 Natural Interpretation of the Uncertainty of a System 61
2.15 The Difference in Uncertainty 62
2.15.1 Properties of Aif 62
2.15.2 Properties of AQ 65
Chapter 3: THE AGREEMENT DENSITY
FOR CONTINUOUS RULES
3.0 Synopsis 71
3.1 Definition of Agreement Density 73
3.2 Agreement Density for Univariate ContinuOUs Distributions 74
3.3 Agreement Density for Multivariate ContiflUouS Distribution^ 82
3.4 The Agreement Density as a Measure of Concentration 83
3.5 Differences between Z and Z 84
3.6 Maximizing Z as a Measure of Correctness 85
3.7 An Example 87
3.8 Entropy Density 89
Table of Contents ix
Chapter 4: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD STATISTICS
4.0 Synopsis 92
4.1 Probabilities Versus Statistics 96
4.2 A Maximum Likelihood Estimator 97
4.3 Estimators of Certainty and Uncertainty for a Rule 98
4.4 Biasedness ofthe Estimated Certainty for a Rule 99
4.5 Estimating the Certainty and Uncertainty for a System 100
4.6 Statistics for the Change in Uncertainty 102
4.7 Chi-Square Tests Based on the Change in Uncertainty 104
4.7.1 G2: 2/iA# (to the base e) 105
4.7.2 U2: (n-l)(J-l)AQ/Q(R) 110
4.8 Pearson s Chi-Square Statistic 112
4.9 A Warning 115
Chapter 5: optimal DESCRIPTIONS
5.0 Synopsis 118
5.1 Defining Optimality 119
5.2 Asymptotic Values for the Chi-Square Distribution 121
5.3 An Optimal Description is a Correct Description 124
5.4 An Optimal Description Minimizes the Number of Rules 125
5.5 Minimizing the Number of Outcomes 132
Chapter 6: SIMPLEST DESCRIPTIONS
6-0 Synopsis 136
6.1 Well-Formed Contexts 139
6.2 The Complaäty of a Contextual Specification 140
6.3 Logical Simplicity 140
6.4 Conjuncts of Positive Contexts 144
6.5 Fundamental Types of Behavior 146
6.5.1 Categorical 146
6.5.2 Exceptional/Regulär 147
6.5.3 Idiosyncratic 147
6.5.4 A Preference Scale 148
6.6 Examples 149
X ANALOGY AND STRUCTURE
6.7 Rule Ordering and Exceptionality 154
6.8 A Problem with Ordering 157
6.9 Redundancy 158
Chapter 7: PREFERRED DERIVATIONS
7.0 Synopsis 161
7.1 Binary Structures 166
7.2 Step-by-Step Procedures 169
7.3 Basic Behavior 172
7.4 Analysis Versus Synthesis 173
7.5 The Leaming Factor 179
7.6 Minimiäng Excess Questions and Guesses 191
Chapter 8: ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF A VARIABLE
8.0 Synopsis 194
8.1 Variable Analysis of Contextual Specifications 196
8.2 The Effect of a Variable 198
8.3 A Statistical Example 202
8.4 Defining the Overall Effect for a Set of Variables 207
PART II:
ANALOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS
Chapter 9: PROBLEMS WITH STRUCTURALIST DESCRIPTIONS
9.1 Statistical Problems 211
9.2 Problems with Rule Usage 214
9.2.1 Non-Deterministic Behavior 215
9.2.2 Partitioning 215
9.2.3 Non-Unique Rule Application 217
Chapter 10: an analogical approach
10.1 Local Homogeneity 219
10.2 Idiosyncratic Behavior 224
10.2.1 Frequency and Contextual Specification 227
Table of Contents m
10.3 Exceptional/Regulär Behavior 229
10.3.1 Properties of Exceptionat/Regulär Behavior 232
10.3.2 The Exponential Effect 234
10.3.3 The Effect of Frequency 236
10.4 Categorical Behavior 237
10.5 Deviant Forms and Missing Information 242
Chapter 11: A NATURAL TEST FOR HOMOGENEITY
11.1 A Natural Estimator of Z 2A6
11.2 The Rate of Agreement 249
11.3 A Natural Statistical Test 251
11.4 SomeExamples 254
11.5 Non-Symmetry of AC 257
11.6 Advantages 258
11.7 Some Theorems 259
Chapter 12: STATISTICAL ANALOGY
12.1 AnAlgorithm 266
12.1.1 Categorical Behavior 267
12.1.2 Exceptional/Regulär Behavior 273
12.1.3 Idiosyncratic Behavior 276
12.2 Homogeneous Non-Deterministic Behavior 278
12.3 Bounds on Statistical Homogeneity 283
Chapter 13: defining other levels of significance
13.1 Heterogeneity at Smaller Levels of Significance 286
13.2 Eliminating Statistics Altogether 295
Chapter 14: ACTUAL EXAMPLES
14.1 Infant Survival 301
14.2 Food Poisoning 303
14.3 Final-Stop Deletion 305
14.4 Past-Tense Forms in Finnish 310
xii ANALOGY AND STRUCTURE
Chapter 15: ANALOGICAL ANALYSES
OF CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
15.1 Continuous Contexts 323
15.2 A Non-Parametiic Approach 329
75.3 Ties 339
15.4 Continuous Outcomes 342
15.5 Continuous Contexts and Outcomes 346
Chapter 16: BEHAVIORAL FACTORS
16.1 Imperfect Memory 349
16.2 The Instability of Non-Deterministic Behavior 353
16.3 Another Rule of Usage: Selection by Plurality 357
16.4 Efficiency and Processing Time 359
Concluding Remarks: A FINAL ANALOGY 364
REFERENCES 366
INDEX 371
|
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| language | German |
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| spelling | Skousen, Royal Verfasser aut Analogy and structure Royal Skousen Dordrecht u.a. Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1992 XII, 376 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Analogía (Lingüística) Lingüística estructural Analogy (Linguistics) Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) Structural linguistics Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Strukturelle Linguistik (DE-588)4135392-4 gnd rswk-swf Mathematische Linguistik (DE-588)4037950-4 gnd rswk-swf Analogie (DE-588)4197814-6 gnd rswk-swf Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd rswk-swf Mathematische Linguistik (DE-588)4037950-4 s DE-604 Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 s Analogie (DE-588)4197814-6 s DE-188 Strukturelle Linguistik (DE-588)4135392-4 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005087039&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Skousen, Royal Analogy and structure Analogía (Lingüística) Lingüística estructural Analogy (Linguistics) Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) Structural linguistics Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Strukturelle Linguistik (DE-588)4135392-4 gnd Mathematische Linguistik (DE-588)4037950-4 gnd Analogie (DE-588)4197814-6 gnd Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd |
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| title | Analogy and structure |
| title_auth | Analogy and structure |
| title_exact_search | Analogy and structure |
| title_full | Analogy and structure Royal Skousen |
| title_fullStr | Analogy and structure Royal Skousen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analogy and structure Royal Skousen |
| title_short | Analogy and structure |
| title_sort | analogy and structure |
| topic | Analogía (Lingüística) Lingüística estructural Analogy (Linguistics) Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) Structural linguistics Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Strukturelle Linguistik (DE-588)4135392-4 gnd Mathematische Linguistik (DE-588)4037950-4 gnd Analogie (DE-588)4197814-6 gnd Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Analogía (Lingüística) Lingüística estructural Analogy (Linguistics) Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) Structural linguistics Sprache Strukturelle Linguistik Mathematische Linguistik Analogie Struktur |
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