Continental lower crust:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
1992
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Developments in geotectonics
23 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0444882944 |
Internformat
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IX
Contents
Preface. V
List of contributors. VII
Chapter 1. THE SEISMIC VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF THE DEEP CONTINENTAL CRUST
W.S. Holbrook, W.D. Mooney and N.I. Christensen
1. Introduction. 1
2. Wide-angle seismic data. 2
2.1. Acquisition. 2
2.2. Interpretation. 5
2.3. Other methods. 7
3. Middle- and lower-crustal velocities. 7
4. Seismic velocities: constraints on composition. 12
4.1. Summary of laboratory measurements. 12
4.2. Results. 13
5. Fluids and anisotropy. 26
6. Discussion. 28
6.1. Average continental crustal structure. 28
6.2. Bulk lower-crustal composition. 29
6.3. Constraints from seismic reflection profiling. 31
6.4. Implications for crustal evolution. 32
6.5. Directions for future research. 33
7. Conclusions. 34
Acknowledgments. 34
References. 34
Chapter 2. MULTI-GENETIC ORIGIN OF CRUSTAL REFLECTIVITY: A REVIEW OF SEISMIC
REFLECTION PROFILING OF THE CONTINENTAL LOWER CRUST AND MOHO
W.D. Mooney and R. Meissner
1. Introduction. 45
2. The seismic reflection method. 45
2.1. Early deep crustal seismic reflection profiles. 46
2.2. The last 15 years of deep crustal reflection studies. 46
2.3. Resolution and uncertainties. 46
3. Observations of the continental lower crust and Moho. 48
3.1. Terminology and overview of important contributions. 49
3.2. Precambrian crust. 50
3.3. Ancient orogens. 51
3.4. Young (post-Mesozoic) orogens. 56
3.5. Recently extended crust. 58
3.6. The Moho. 59
4. Multi-genetic origin of lower crustal reflections. 62
4.1. Origin of reflectivity: concepts with direct borehole or outcrop evidence. 62
4.2. Origin of reflectivity: concepts without direct borehole or outcrop evidence. 64
5. Reflectivity and viscosity in the lower crust. 66
5.1. Geometry of lower crustal reflections. 66
5.2. Stress-strain evidence for major displacements in the lower crust. 66
5.3. Rheological control of seismic reflectors. 67
X Contents
5.4. Seismically transparent lower crust and mixed reflectivity patterns. 68
6. Conclusions. °°
Acknowledgments. 71
References. 71
Chapter 3. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LOWER CONTINENTAL CRUST
A.G. Jones
1. Introduction. 81
1.1. The parameter being sensed: electrical conductivity (er). 82
2. Review of methods. 83
2.1. Magnetotelluric method. 84
2.2. Geomagnetic Depth Sounding (GDS) and Horizontal Spatial Gradient (HSG). 88
2.2 Controlled-source EM methods. 88
2.4. Problems and limitations of the MT method. 89
2.4.1. Static distortions. 90
2.4.2. Strike determination. 92
2.4.3. Model resolution and uniqueness. 93
3. Summary of results. 96
3.1. Shields. 97
3.1.1. Baltic shield. 97
3.1.2. Canadian shield. 99
3.1.3. Siberian shield. 100
3.1.4. Shields: Conclusions. 100
3.2. Ritts. 100
3.2.1. East African Rift. 101
3.2.2. Rio Grande Rift. 101
3.2.3. Rhinegraben. 102
3.2.4. Baikal rift. 104
3.2.5. Midcontinent Rift. 105
3.2.6. Rifts: Conclusions. 105
3.3. Modern and ancient continental margins. 105
3.3.1. West coast of North America. 106
3.3.2. East coast of North America. 107
3.3.3. Iapetus suture. 107
3.3.4. Trans-Hudson Orogen. 109
3.3.5. Ladoga-Bothnian Bay-Skellefteâ zone. Ill
3.3.6. Continental margins: Conclusions. 112
3.4. "Generic" results. 113
3.5. Kapuskasing structure. 114
3.6. Valhalla complex. 115
3.7. Results: Conclusions. 116
4. Causes of enhanced electrical conductivity in the continental lower crust. 117
4.1. Saline fluids. 118
4.1.1. Existence and types of fluids. 120
4.1.2 Retention/replacement of fluids. 121
4.1.3. Large-scale fluid circulation. 122
4.1.4. Fluid conductivity. 122
4.1.5. Petrological arguments against free fluids. 123
4.2 Grain-boundary films. 124
4.2.1. Wetting angle paradox and carbon mobility. 125
4.2.2 Untestable hypothesis?. 125
4.2.3. Black shales. 125
4.3. Sulphides/metallic ores/graphite. 126
4.4. Partial melt. 126
4.5. Anisotropy?. 127
Contents XI
4.6. Pore geometry considerations. 128
4.7. Causes: Conclusions. 129
5. Conclusions. 130
Acknowledgments. 131
References. 131
Chapter 4. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE LOWER CONTINENTAL CRUST
P.N. Shive, RJ. Blakely, B.R. Frost and D.M. Fountain
1. Introduction. 145
2. Long-wavelength magnetic anomalies. 145
2.1. Big sources versus deep sources. 147
2.2. Satellite magnetic surveys. 148
2.3. Aeromagnetic surveys. 151
3. Magnetic properties of lower crustal rocks. 153
3.1. Types of samples studies. 154
3.2. Magnetic susceptibility (induced magnetization) of lower crustal rocks — laboratory data. 155
3.3. Magnetic mineralogy of lower crustal rocks — laboratory observations. 157
3.4. Effect of coolint on magnetite composition. 159
3.5. Effect of metamorphism on magnetite stability. 160
3.5.1. Buffer type equilibria. 161
3.5.Z Oxygen-conserved oxide-silicate equilibria. 161
3.6. Magnetite stability in crustal rocks. 162
3.6.1. Granitic rocks. 162
3.6.2. Mafic igneous and meta-igneous rocks. 163
3.6.3. Ultramafic rocks. 164
3.6.4. Metasedimentary rocks. 165
3.7. Rémanent magnetization in lower crustal rocks. 165
4. Nature of magnetic bodies in the lower crust. 167
4.1. Sources of magnetization in the lower crust. 167
4.2. Depth of magnetic layers. 169
5. Concluding remarks. 170
References. 170
Chapter 5. THERMAL STATE OF THE CONTINENTAL CRUST
D.S. Chapman and K.P. Furlong
1. Introduction. 179
2. Geotherm models. 180
3. Thermophysical parameters. 181
4. Framework geotherms. 183
5. Processes and conditions that affect or modify the thermal state of the continental lower crust. 185
5.1. Burial by sedimentation. 185
5.2 Exhumation. 188
5.3. Burial by thrusting. 189
5.4. Extensional unroofing. 191
5.5. Magmatic underplating. 193
6. Crustal heterogeneities. 196
7. Conclusion. 196
References. 198
Chapter 6. RHEOLOGY OF THE LOWER CRUST
E.H. Rutter and K.H. Brodie
1. Introduction. 201
2. Deformation mechanisms. 202
XII Contents
3. Data from experimental rock mechanics. 203
3.1. Limitations of experimental data. 203
3.2. Quartz. 206
3.3. Olivine. 211
3.4. Feldspars. 212
3.5. Amphiboles. 213
3.6. Pyroxenes. 213
3.7. Other minerals and polymineralic rocks. 217
4. Localization of strain into shear zones. 218
4.1. Cataclastic deformation. 220
4.Z Fabric (geometric) softening. 220
4.3. Reaction softening. 220
4.4. Potential effects of grain-size reduction. 220
4.5. Shear heating. 226
5. The size of recrystallized grains. 226
6. Structures and microstructures of naturally deformed rocks. 227
6.1. Crustal rheology during prograde metamorphism. 231
6.1.1. Effects of metamorphic reactions on deformability. 231
6.1.2 Role of partial melting. 235
6.2. Crustal rheology of high-grade rocks after peak metamorphism. 237
6.2.1. Isochemical high-temperature deformation. 237
6.2.2. Reactivation accompanied by metamorphic retrogression. 242
7. Flexure of the continental lithosphère.
8. Discussion. 251
8.1. The state of stress and Theological stratification. 251
8.2. Deep seismic soundings. 254
8.3. Modelling tectonic processes. 255
9. Conclusions. 256
Acknowledgments. 257
References. 257
Chapter 7. XENOLITHS — SAMPLES OF THE LOWER CONTINENTAL CRUST
R.L. Rudnick
1. Introduction. 269
2. The samples. 272
2.1. Definitions. 272
2.2. Occurrence. 273
3. Effects of transport. 278
4. Mineralogy. 280
5. P-T estimates. 281
6. Physical properties. 284
6.1. Resistivity measurements. 285
6.2. Seismic velocities. 286
6.3. Heat production. 289
7. Chemical composition. 289
8. Isotopic studies. 292
8.1. Sr and Nd. 292
8.2. Pb. 295
8.3. Age determinations. 296
9. Case studies. 298
9.1. The Chudleigh province, north Queensland — A Paleozoic fold belt. 298
9.Z The McBride province, north Queensland — A Proterozoic inlier. 300
9.3. The Eifel, western Germany — A Cenozoic rift. 301
10. A lower crustal composition from xenoliths. 303
11. Representativeness of xenoliths as lower crust. 303
Contents XIII
12. Conclusions. 305
Acknowledgments. 308
References. 308
Chapter 8. EXPOSED CRUSTAL CROSS SECTIONS AS WINDOWS ON THE LOWER CRUST
J.A. Percival, D.M. Fountain and M.H. Salisbury
1. Introduction. 317
2. Compressional uplifts. 319
2.1. Kapuskasing uplift, Ontario, Canada. 319
2.2 Ivrea Zone, Southern Alps, Italy. 324
2.3. Calabrian massif, southern Italy. 328
2.4. Kohistan arc, Pakistan. 330
2.5. Central Australia. 332
2.6. Kasila Group, west Africa. 334
2.7. Summary — compressional uplifts. 334
3. Wide, oblique transitions. 335
3.1. Dharwar craton, southern India. 335
3.Z Pikwitonei granulite domain, Manitoba, Canada. 337
3.3. Western gneiss terrane, Yilgam block, Australia. 339
3.4. Summary — wide, oblique transitions. 339
4. Impactogenic uplifts. 340
4.1. Vredefort dome, South Africa. 340
4.2. Levack gneiss complex, Superior Province, Ontario. 340
4.3. Summary — impactogenic uplifts. 342
5. Transpressional uplifts. 342
5.1. Fiordland, South Island, New Zealand. 342
5.2. Tehachapi complex, Sierra Nevada, California. 344
5.3. Summary — transpressional uplifts. 345
6. Characteristics of lower crust in cross sections. 346
7. Implications for the nature of the lower crust. 347
Acknowledgments. 350
References. 350
Chapter 9. MAGMAS AS TRACERS OF LOWER CRUSTAL COMPOSITION: AN ISOTOPIC
APPROACH
G.L. Farmer
1. Introduction. 363
2. General techniques. 363
3. Case example — Western U.S. 368
3.1. Peraluminous granites. 369
3.2. Metaluminous granites. 375
4. Other examples. 383
5. Conclusions. 384
Acknowledgments. 386
References. 386
Chapter 10. FLUIDS IN THE DEEP CRUST — PETROLOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE
S.M. Wickham
1. Introduction. 391
2. Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. 392
2.1. Overview. 392
2.2. Fluid fugacity calculations. 393
3. Fluid inclusions. 398
Contents
4. Stable isotope constraints on deep crustal fluids. 402
4.1. Overview. 402
4.Z Deep crustal CO2 fluxes. 404
4.3. Oxygen isotope studies of granulites. 406
5. Melting and fluid transport. 409
5.1. Overview. 409
5.2. Experimental studies. 410
5.3. Fluid and melt transport properties. 411
5.4. Implications for melt and fluid motion. 413
5.5. CO2-rich melting and an alternative model of granulite petrogenesis. 414
6. Conclusions. 416
Acknowledgments. 417
References. 417
Chapter 11. MAGMA GENESIS AND CRUSTAL PROCESSING
R.W. Kay, S. Mahlburg Kay and R.J. Arculus
1. Introduction. 423
2. Magmas in the crust: processes and models. 423
2.1. Magma migration by crustal fusion: thermal consequences. 424
2.2. Crustal melting. 424
2.3. The buoyancy of magmas in the crust. 428
2.4. Segregation of crustal melts and fluids. 428
2.5. Magma mixing. 430
3. Magmatic underplating. 430
3.1. Underplating at rifted continental margins: seismic evidence. 430
3.2 Underplating of non-rift crust: evidence of silicic volcanism. 431
3.3. Underplating in continental interiors: thermal evolution evidence. 431
3.4. Underplating at convergent margins: thermal and comopsitional arguments. 432
3.6. Xenolithic evidence. 432
4. Anatexis and granitoid melt generation. 432
4.1. Himalayan leucogranites: crustal melting in a collision zone. 433
4.2. Crustal melting at the Taupo (New Zealand) and Trois Seigneurs (Pyrenees) rift zones. 434
4.3. Crustal melting under dry conditions: alkaline, anorogenic, anhydrous (A-type) granitoids. 434
5. Continental growth, recylcing, and the lower crust. 435
5.1. Andesitic crust from the mantle. 436
5.2. Lower crustal delamination. 437
5.2.1. Tectonic setting for lower crustal delamination. 437
5.2.2. Lower crustal delamination: nature of evidence to test the model. 439
5.2.2. Lower crustal delamination: signature recognized in mantle-derived magmas?. 440
6. Concluding remarks. 440
References. 441
Chapter 12. TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF REGIONAL GRANULITE TERRANES: IMPLICATIONS
FOR THE FORMATION OF LOWERMOST CONTINENTAL CRUST
K. Mezger
1. Introduction. 447
2. Characteristics of regional granulite terranes. 448
2.1. General characteristics. 448
2.2. Pressure-temperature conditions. 449
2.3. Fluids in granulite terranes. 450
2.4. Heat sources and tectonic setting. 451
3. Evolution of regional granulite terranes: examples. 452
3.1. Napier Complex (Enderby Land, Antarctica). 453
3.1.1. Geologic setting. 453
Contents XV
3.1.2. Geologie history. 454
3.1.3. Possible tectonic setting. 455
3.2. Pikwitonei granulite domain (Superior Province). 456
3.2.1. Geologic setting. 456
3.2.Z Geologic history. 457
3.2.3. Possible tectonic setting. 461
3.3. Adirondack terrane (Grenville Province). 462
3.3.1. Geologic setting. 462
3.3.2 Geologic history. 462
3.3.3. Possible tectonic setting. 465
4. Granulites and the lower crust. 467
5. Discussion. 468
Acknowledgments. 472
References. 472
Subject index. 479 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Earth Crust |
| geographic_facet | Earth Crust |
| id | DE-604.BV007355606 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-27T11:00:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444882944 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004744653 |
| oclc_num | 26672777 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | XV, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Developments in geotectonics |
| series2 | Developments in geotectonics |
| spelling | Continental lower crust ed. by D. M. Fountain ... Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1992 XV, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Developments in geotectonics 23 Erdkruste (DE-588)4015169-4 gnd rswk-swf Unterkruste (DE-588)4401793-5 gnd rswk-swf Kontinentale Erdkruste (DE-588)4451364-1 gnd rswk-swf Kontinent (DE-588)4165153-4 gnd rswk-swf Earth Crust (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kontinent (DE-588)4165153-4 s Erdkruste (DE-588)4015169-4 s DE-604 Unterkruste (DE-588)4401793-5 s Kontinentale Erdkruste (DE-588)4451364-1 s DE-188 Fountain, David M. Sonstige oth Developments in geotectonics 23 (DE-604)BV001887471 23 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004744653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Continental lower crust Developments in geotectonics Erdkruste (DE-588)4015169-4 gnd Unterkruste (DE-588)4401793-5 gnd Kontinentale Erdkruste (DE-588)4451364-1 gnd Kontinent (DE-588)4165153-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015169-4 (DE-588)4401793-5 (DE-588)4451364-1 (DE-588)4165153-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Continental lower crust |
| title_auth | Continental lower crust |
| title_exact_search | Continental lower crust |
| title_full | Continental lower crust ed. by D. M. Fountain ... |
| title_fullStr | Continental lower crust ed. by D. M. Fountain ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Continental lower crust ed. by D. M. Fountain ... |
| title_short | Continental lower crust |
| title_sort | continental lower crust |
| topic | Erdkruste (DE-588)4015169-4 gnd Unterkruste (DE-588)4401793-5 gnd Kontinentale Erdkruste (DE-588)4451364-1 gnd Kontinent (DE-588)4165153-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erdkruste Unterkruste Kontinentale Erdkruste Kontinent Earth Crust Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004744653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001887471 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fountaindavidm continentallowercrust |