Environmental policies in Turkey:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Paris
1992
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Franz. Parallelausg. u.d.T.: Politiques de l'environnement en Turquie |
| Physical Description: | 173 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9264137491 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Detailed Table of Contents 5
List of Figures and Tables 9
List of Insets 10
1. THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES 11
Physical Context 11
Human Context 13
The highest population growth rate in OECD 13
Rural migration: a constant and increasing trend 13
Urban centres of various sizes 14
Growth of cities 14
Environmental awareness of the urban population 15
Economic Context 15
The liberalisation of the economy 15
A very high economic growth rate 15
Rising industrial production and exports 16
Deterioration of the balance of payments and external debt 17
A high inflation rate and increasing government budget deficits 17
Unemployment 18
State enterprise sector (SES) 18
Energy Context 19
Production and growing requirements 19
Energy consumption: domestic lignites and imported oil 19
Oil imports being replaced by electricity 21
Energy use: trends show growing rates of intensity and waste 21
High demand for fuelwood 22
Renewable sources of energy 22
Institutional Context 23
The state: strong political and administrative centralisation 23
Environmental institutions 24
International relations 27
5
Natural Resources Context 29
Land use and soils 29
Forests 31
Pastures and grasslands 36
Wetlands 37
Flora and fauna 37
2. MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 43
Water Resources 43
Water availability and uses 43
Water quality 50
Institutional and Legal Framework 51
Institutional arrangements 51
Legal aspects, regulations and standards 52
Evaluation of Water Resource Management Policies 54
An overall strategy to develop water resources 54
Elements of integration 56
Institutional framework 57
Supply and demand management 58
Water quality management 60
Recommendations for Improved Water Resource Management 62
4.
Adoption of an integrated water resource management strategy 63
Administrative framework 64
Legal arrangements 68
Policy implementation 69
3. URBAN POLLUTION 73
Context of Urban Environmental Problems 73
Demographic trends 73
Urbanisation and development trends 73
Decentralisation 78
Impact of urbanisation 79
6
Impact of economic growth 80
Impact of income growth 80
Current Environmental Status and Future Requirements 81
Air pollution 81
Water pollution 86
Noise pollution 89
Soil pollution 90
Waste management 92
Assessment of Policies 97
Urban pollution control and prevention in the context of sustainable
development 97
Implementation 101
Financing 103
Environmental impact assessment 104
Recommendations 106
Sustainable cities 106
Institutional framework 107
Environmental impact assessment 107
Pollution control programme 108
Urban environment 109
Financing 112
Training and education 113
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 115
The State of Coastal Zones 116
Main coastal features 116
Urban and economic developments 118
Quality of the coastal environment 122
Environmental management 127
Evaluation of Coastal Zone Management 135
Integration of policy objectives and achievements 135
Administrative arrangements for coastal management 136
Availability of legal instruments for coastal management 137
7
Financial arrangements for the various policy objectives 138
Implementation of environmental policy in coastal areas 139
Conclusions and Recommendations 140
Policy formulation 140
Coastal zone legislation 141
Institutional framework for integrated management 144
Implementation and financing 145
Compliance with international obligations 151
5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 155
Integration of Economic and Environmental Policies 156
State commitment 157
Mechanisms for reconciliation of policy objectives and for
integration of decision making 158
Implementation i . 161
Institutional changes 161
Mechanisms of implementation 165
Financing 168
8
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES 11
Figure 1. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF TURKEY 12
Table 1. GDP, 1980 1990 16
Figure 2. ENERGY SUPPLY, 1970 1989 20
Figure 3. INTENSITY OF USE OF FOREST 32
Figure 4. FIREWOOD AND INDUSTRIAL WOOD PRODUCTION IN
TURKEY, 1938 1987 33
Table 2. AFFORESTATION, EROSION CONTROL, IMPROVEMENT
OF PASTURES AND ENERGY FOREST ACTIVITIES 35
Figure 5. WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 38
Figure 6. PROTECTED AREAS IN TURKEY 41
MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 43
Figure 7. WATER RESOURCES 45
Table 3. TOTAL WATER WITHDRAWAL BY MAJOR USES, late 1980s . 46
Table 4. ADEQUACY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY, in 1990 46
Figure 8. CATCHMENT AREAS 47
Figure 9. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WATER
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 53
Table 5. OUTLOOK FOR WATER REQUIREMENTS AND
WITHDRAWAL 55
URBAN POLLUTION 73
Table 6. POPULATION TRENDS, 1970 1990 74
Figure 10. URBANISATION TRENDS, 1927 1990 75
Table 7. POPULATION OF TURKISH CITIES, trends 77
Table 8. VEHICLES AND OWNERSHIP RATE, 1980 1990 81
Figure 11. URBAN AIR POLLUTION 82
Table 9. AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SO2 AND
PARTICULATE MATTER 83
Table 10. AMOUNTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTES 93
9
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 115
Figure 12. COASTAL PROVINCES 117
Figure 13. URBAN POPULATION IN COASTAL PROVINCES, 1985 119
Table 11. MAJOR INDUSTRIES AND THEIR TYPES OF WASTE
in the Mediterranean and Aegean Coastal Zones 120
Figure 14. ARRIVAL OF FOREIGN TOURISTS, 1965 1990 121
Figure 15. BALANCE OF FOREIGN TOURISM, 1965 1990 121
Figure 16. FISH CATCHES IN TURKISH MARINE WATERS, 1967 1989 . . 123
Figure 17. SEA FISH CATCHES by coastal region, 1989 123
Figure 18. SEA TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS IN THE MAIN HARBOURS
OF TURKEY, 1965 1990 124
Figure 19. BOD LOAD FROM COASTAL COMMUNITIES, in the Black Sea 126
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 155
Table 12. OPTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE 162
LIST OF INSETS
The Atatiirk Dam: Afforestation and Erosion Control 48 49
Separate Collection and Reuse of Waste Glass: Bursa, Istanbul
and Izmir 94 95
Air Pollution Prevention in Ankara 98 99
Urban Rehabilitation: the Golden Hom of Istanbul 110 111
Tourism and Nature Conservation: Dalyan 132 133
Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Izmir 142 143
Pollution Control: the Iskenderun Gulf Area 148 149
• Protection of the Environment in the Black Sea 152 153
10 |
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| language | English |
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| physical | 173 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
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| spelling | Environmental policies in Turkey Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Politiques de l'environnement en Turquie Paris 1992 173 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Franz. Parallelausg. u.d.T.: Politiques de l'environnement en Turquie Milieubeleid gtt Umweltpolitik Coastal zone management Turkey Environmental policy Turkey Water resources development Turkey Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Türkei Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd rswk-swf Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 g Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s DE-604 OECD Sonstige (DE-588)5157-3 oth Parallele Sprachausgabe französisch Politiques de l'environnement en Turquie HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004665748&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Environmental policies in Turkey Milieubeleid gtt Umweltpolitik Coastal zone management Turkey Environmental policy Turkey Water resources development Turkey Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078523-3 (DE-588)4061163-2 |
| title | Environmental policies in Turkey |
| title_alt | Politiques de l'environnement en Turquie |
| title_auth | Environmental policies in Turkey |
| title_exact_search | Environmental policies in Turkey |
| title_full | Environmental policies in Turkey Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_fullStr | Environmental policies in Turkey Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental policies in Turkey Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_short | Environmental policies in Turkey |
| title_sort | environmental policies in turkey |
| topic | Milieubeleid gtt Umweltpolitik Coastal zone management Turkey Environmental policy Turkey Water resources development Turkey Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Milieubeleid Umweltpolitik Coastal zone management Turkey Environmental policy Turkey Water resources development Turkey Türkei |
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