Verfügbarkeit: The architect of the Roman Empire

The architect of the Roman Empire: 1

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Holmes, T. Rice 1855-1933 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York AMS Press 1977
Ausgabe:	[Nachdr. der Ausg.] Oxford 1928
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVI, 285 S. Kt.

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS PART I CHAPTER I THE DEATH STRUGGLE OP THE REPUBLIC The Roman Republic in decline . . . . 1 Caesar’s assassins disillusioned . . . . .2 Plight of Brutus and Cassius . . . . .4 Cleopatra returns to Egypt . . . . .4 Cicero despondent . . . . . .5 Antony conciliates the Senate . . . , .5 Which assigns to him the province of Macedonia for 44 . .5 But he tampers with Caesar’s papers . . . .6 His correspondence with Cicero . . . . .6 His law for the benefit of discharged soldiers . . .0 Dolabella executes Caesarian rioters . . . .7 Cicero approves his action . . . .7 Prospects of Antony . . . . . .8 He enlists discharged soldiers * . . . .8 Anxieties of Cicero 9 C. Octavius . . . . . . .10 Hearing at Apollonia of the murder of Caesar, he returns to Italy 11 Cicero anxious about his intentions . . . .12 Octavius accepts his adoption by Caesar . . .13 Antony returns from Campania to Rome . . .13 He refuses Octavian’s demand for payment of Caesar’s legacy . 14 Octavian forbidden to exhibit Caesar’s chair in the Circus . 14 Cicero warned to keep away from the Senate . . .15 Antony obtains a plebiscite empowering him to exchange Mace- donia for the Gallic provinces . . . .15 Agrarian law . . . . . . .16 Assignment of temporary provinces to Brutus and Cassius . 17 Cicero’s advice to Brutus . . . . .17 Provinces assigned to Brutus and Cassius . . .17 Octavian in opposition to Antony gains popularity . .18 They are outwardly reconciled . . . . .19 Cicero intends to absent himself from Italy till the end of Antony’s consulship . . . . . . .20 But on the point of departure he is induced to return . . 22 viii CONTENTS He delivers the First Philippic ..... Antony’s reply ....... Cicero composes the Second Philippic .... Renewed enmity between Antony and Octavian Alleged attempt of Octavian to assassinate Antony Antony goes to Brundisium to meet the Macedonian legions Octavian enlists veterans in Campania .... Hostile reception of Antony by the Macedonian legions . Failing to coerce, he is forced to conciliate them Octavian corresponds with Cicero .... Cicero doubts whether he should support Octavian Octavian in Rome ...... He starts for Cisalpine Gaul ..... Cicero’s last extant letter to Atticus .... Antony in Rome ...... Hearing that two of his legions have joined Octavian He assigns provinces to his supporters and marches for Cisalpine Gaul ....... Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul .... Antony orders him to surrender the province: he refuses and occupies Mutina ...... Cicero prepares to support Decimus and Octavian The Third Philippic ...... The Fourth Philippic ...... Meeting of the Senate ...... Calenus moves that envoys be sent to Antony . Cicero replies in the Fifth Philippic .... Proposing action against Antony and honours for Octavian The debate continued ..... Honours for Octavian and rewards for his troops decreed But envoys are sent to Antony ..... The Sixth Philippic ...... Troops levied ....... The Seventh Philippic ...... The envoys return with a defiant reply from Antony A state of war declared ...... Cicero comments on Antony’s reply .... The Eighth and Ninth Philippics .... M. Brutus in the East ...... The Tenth Philippic ...... 24 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 31 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 CONTENTS ix Antony’s laws annulled . . . . . .46 Trebonius murdered by DolaBella . . . .46 Who is proclaimed a public enemy . . . .46 A proposal to send a second embassy to Antony dropped . 47 The Thirteenth Philippic . . . . .47 Cicero admonishes Lepidus and Plancus . . .48 Plancus protests fidelity to the Senate . . . .49 Cicero corresponds with Cassius and Brutus . . .49 Rumours and dispatches from Mutina . . . .50 Operations of Hirtius and Octavian against Antony . . 50 Battle of Forum Gallorum . . . . .52 Cicero supports a motion for rewarding the victors . . 54 Antony defeated and Mutina relieved . . . .54 Octavian ignored, despite Cicero’s advocacy, in the award of honours . . . . . . .55 Brutus offended by Cicero’s support of Octavian . . 55 Antony marches to join Lepidus in Transalpine Gaul . . 66 Decimus unable to pursue him effectively . . .57 Octavian resents his neglect by the Senate . . .58 Cicero disappointed by the failure of Decimus . . .58 Decimus outwitted by Antony . . . . .59 Operations of Plancus in Transalpine Gaul . . .60 Antony joins Lepidus . . . . . .62 Decimus joins Plancus . . . . . .62 Disappointments and anxieties of Cicero . . .63 Lepidus declared a public enemy . . . .63 A colony founded at Lugudunum . . . .64 Plancus and Decimus inactive . . . . .64 Cicero begins to lose faith in Octavian . . . .64 Octavian demands the consulship . . . .66 Marches on Rome . . . . . .66 And procures election . . . . . .67 Cicero’s last letter to Octavian . . . . .67 Laws passed under Octavian’s influence . . .68 Octavian marches to join Antony . . . .68 Pollio and PlancuB join Antony . . . . .69 The end of Decimus . . . . . .69 Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian decide to form a triumvirate . 69 Their reasons for holding a proscription . . . .70 Remarks on the proscription . . . . .71 X CONTENTS CHAPTER II THE TRIUMVIRATE The Triumvirate legalized . . . . .72 The proscription . . . . . .72 Taxation . . . . . . .74 The fate of Cicero . . . . . .74 Caesar’s memory honoured . . . . .75 Brutus and Cassius in the East . . . . .75 Cassius subdues and pillages Rhodes, Brutus the Lycian com- munities . . . . . . .78 Brutus and Cassius meet at Sardes and move thence to the Hellespont . . . . . . .80 They solicit aid from Parthia . . . . .80 Antony and Octavian prepare for war against Brutus and Cassius 80 Sextus Pompeius, having subdued Sicily, defeats a lieutenant of Octavian . . . . . . .81 Triumviral reinforcements cross the Adriatic . . .82 Despite opposition Brutus and Cassius advance westward from the Hellespont . . . . . . .82 And encamp near Philippi . . . . .84 Antony marches from Dyrrachium and encamps opposite them . 84 Octavian, though unwell, joins him . . . .84 Preliminary operations of Antony . . . .85 First battle of Philippi . . . . . .85 Suicide of Cassius . . . . . .86 Further operations . . . . . .86 Transports conveying reinforcements for the Triumvirs captured 87 Second battle of Philippi . . . . .87 Death of Brutus . . . . . .88 Immediate consequences of his defeat . . . .89 Antony and Octavian make a fresh compact and arrange to reward their troops . . . . . .89 Antony exacts money from Asia . . . .90 Rewards adherents . . . . . .91 Is visited by Cleopatra in Cilicia . . . .91 And joins her in Egypt . . . . .92 Octavian in Rome . . . . . .92 He encounters obstacles in providing allotments for the veterans 93 Fulvia and Lucius Antonius oppose him . . .93 CONTENTS xi The Perusian War ...... Siege of Perusia ...... Lucius surrenders ...... Octavian’s treatment of the garrison .... Why Lucius made war and Antony remained inactive . Affairs in Africa ...... Lepidus allowed to take possession of the province Octavian threatened by a coalition of Antony with Sextus Pompeius ....... Antony and Octavian reconciled .... Marriage arranged between Antony and Octavia The compact of Brundisium ..... Pate of Salvidienus ...... Depredations of Sextus ...... Antony and Octavian make a treaty with him near Misenum Renewed hostility between Sextus and Octavian The earlier operations ...... Naval preparations of Agrippa ..... Antony and Octavia at Tarentum .... Compact between Octavian and Antony for mutual support Prolongation of the Triumvirate .... Renewed operations of Octavian against Sextus Octavian’s decisive victory ..... Lepidus expelled from the Triumvirate .... How Octavian dealt with mutiny .... Honours awarded to him: his conciliatory measures: restoration of tranquillity . . . . · Q. Labienus overruns Asia Minor .... But is chastized by Ventidius ..... Antony at Samosata ...... His preparations for war with Parthia .... His territorial gifts to Cleopatra .... He takes advantage of a crisis in Parthia His plan of operations ...... His campaign . . . . · The retreat from Phraaspa ..... Antony returns to Alexandria . . ... He sets up kings and acknowledges his paternity of Cleopatra’s twin sons ....... The fate of Sextus Pompeius ..... 95 96 98 98 99 100 101 101 103 104 105 106 106 107 108 110 111 112 112 113 113 116 117 118 119 121 121 122 122 123 123 124 125 127 128 128 129 xii CONTENTS Antony’s designs against Armenia .... 129 Octavia rebuffed by Antony ..... 130 Octavian’s Illyrian campaigns ..... 130 Octavian commemorates bis success and rewards his lieutenants 135 Public services of Agrippa ..... 135 Antony’s inglorious conquest of Armenia . . . 136 He bestows titles and territorial gifts upon Cleopatra and her children ....... 137 His alliance with the King of Media .... 137 His marriage with Cleopatra ..... 138 Acrimonious correspondence between Octavian and Antony . 138 CHAPTER III THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN OCTAVIAN AND ANTONY, THE RESTORATION OE PEACE, AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE PRINCIPATE Octavian is forced to temporize with the Antonian consuls, Domitius and Sosius ..... 140 But constrains them to leave Rome .... 141 Antony divorces Octavia ..... 142 Plancus and Titius enable Octavian to publish Antony’s will . 143 The contents of which arouse indignation in Italy . . 143 Roman citizens and Western provincials swear allegiance to Octavian ....... 144 Octavian obliged to impose taxes, which provoke riots . . 145 War declared—against Cleopatra ..... 146 Preparations of Octavian and Antony . . . .146 Third consulship of Octavian ..... 147 Preliminary operations of Agrippa and Octavian . . 147 Antony’s fleet entrapped in the Gulf of Arta . . . 149 He is deserted by Domitius and others .... 149 Agrippa excludes him from the Peloponnes© . . .150 He resolves to fight his way out of the gulf and escape to Egypt . 151 The fleets of Antony and Octavian .... 153 Octavian accepts the advice of Agrippa .... 154 Battle of Actium ...... 154 Flight of Cleopatra and Antony .... 156 Antony’s land forces surrender to Octavian . . . 158 CONTENTS xiii Whose disbanded troops raise disturbances in Italy Octavian settles affairs in the lands which Antony had ruled Recalled to Italy, he provides for the disbanded soldiers He embarks for Asia ...... Antony suffers reverses ...... Cleopatra acts vigorously ..... Cleopatra and Antony send embassies to Octavian, who makes promises to her, but ignores him .... Disappointments of Cleopatra ..... Antony loses Paraetonium ..... Octavian seizes Pelusium ..... Antony, deserted by his fleet and cavalry, is defeated, and Alexandria surrenders ..... Antony, deceived by Cleopatra, stabs himself And dies in her presence ..... She is prevented from committing suicide Did Octavian intend to exhibit her in his triumph ? Octavian’s interview with Cleopatra .... Death of Cleopatra ...... How Octavian treated the children of Antony and Cleopatra The writer’s tribute to Octavia ..... Octavian’s treatment of Antony’s partisans and of the Alex- andrians ....... Annexation of Egypt ...... Octavian’s troops and supporters rewarded Octavian in Syria and Asia ..... His treatment of Tiridates ..... Octavian honoured by the Senate .... And deified in Asia ...... He returns to Rome, celebrates his triumphs, distributes largesses, and dedicates temples ..... Festivities: triumphs: repair of temples . Octavian plans the resettlement of the constitution Purging of the Senate ...... Octavian and Agrippa consuls ..... The census ....... Triumviral acts of injustice annulled .... The Principate ....... 158 158 159 160 160 161 161 162 162 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 167 168 169 169 170 171 171 171 171 173 173 174 175 177 178 178 179 179 XXV CONTENTS PART II The ratification of Caesar’s acts. . . . 187 The abolition of the office of dictator .... 187 The assignment of Macedonia and Syria to Antony and Dolabella respectively ...... The date of Antony’s departure from Rome for Campania The games alluded to by Cicero on May 22, 44 B.c. (Att., xv, 3, 3) The lex tribunicia de provinciis, otherwise called lex de permuta- tione provinciarum ...... The lex Iulia municipalis ..... The provinces assigned to Brutus and Cassius . An unwarranted inference ..... Att., xvi, 7, 1. 5; Phil., i, 3, 8. 10 Did Cicero publish the Second Philippic ? Octavian’s speech of November 9 (?), 44 B.c. Antony’s visits to Tibur and Alba in November, 44 The assignment of provinces on November 28, 44 How many legions did Antony lead into Cisalpine Gaul ? Could Decimus Brutus have crushed Antony in April, 44 ? On Appian, B. G., iii, 48 ..... The date of Fam., xi, 5 . The order of the speeches in the Senate on January 1, 43 The date of the Tenth Philippic .... The date of the announcement in Rome of the murder of Trebonius 188 190 191 192 196 196 197 197 198 199 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 205 206 The dates of the Twelfth Philippic and of the departure of Pansa from Rome ...... 206 The river Scultenna ...... 207 The date of the battle of Forum Gallorum . . . 208 The battle of Forum Gallorum ..... 209 The battle of Mutina ...... 210 The date of Antony’s arrival at Forum Iulii . . . 210 The dates of Fam., x, 15, 17, 21 (1-6), 21 (7) . .211 On Appian, B. C., iii, 82, 334-6 . . . . .211 The date of Brut., i, 10 . . . . . . 212 On Appian, B. C., iii, 82, 337-9 ..... 213 Did Octavian send two embassies to the Senate? . . 213 The motives of Octavian for joining Antony . . . 214 Why did Pollio join Antony ? . . . . 215 Where was the Triumvirate formed ? .... 216 CONTENTS The last days of Marcus Cicero . The number of legions under Antony and Octavian in the cam- paign of Philippi ...... The pass of the Sapaei ...... The redistribution of provinces after the battles of Philippi Affairs in Africa (42-40 b.c.) ..... The marriage of Octavian with Scribonia The attack on Tauromenium ..... The date of the battle of Naulochus .... When was the tribunician power first conferred upon Octavian ? The Antonian infantry in the Parthian campaign The route which Antony followed in his Parthian campaign The alleged procrastination of Antony .... The site of Metulum ...... When did Antony marry Cleopatra ? The duration of the Triumvirate and the alleged coup d état of 32 b.c. ....... Antony’s will ....... The oath of allegiance to Octavian .... The position of Antony’s ships when Octavian attempted to surprise them ...... When did Dellius desert Antony ? The object of Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium The colloquy between Octavian and Agrippa before the battle of Actium ....... Octavian’s fleet in the battle of Actium .... Statements attributed by Ferrero to Plutarch and Dio . The cleansing of the Egyptian canals .... Octavian and Tiridates ...... The lectio senatus of 29 b.c. and the census of 28 On Mon. Ancyr5, 3-4; 6, 13-6 .... The Principate ....... Had Augustus mains imperium over the senatorial provinces ? . Addsksa ....... Index ........ Index oe Modern Commentators .... XV 216 217 218 218 219 220 220 221 221 223 223 225 226 227 231 246 247 251 252 253 258 259 259 260 260 261 262 263 265 267 269 284 XVI CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS Italy and adjacent lands .... facing page 1 The campaign of Philippi . . . . „81 Antony’s Parthian campaign . . . . „ 125 Octavian’s Illyrian campaign . . . . „131 Campaign of Actium ...... 147 [Except in the case of Italy, I am largely indebted to the Schlachten- Atlas of Professor Kromayer and the late Colonel Georg Veith : but places and names unnecessary for my purpose have been omitted; the geographical position of Doriscus has been rectified; hachures have been substituted for contours; and in the Campaign of Actium two corrections have been made, the reasons for which are stated on pp. 154 n. 10, 251.]
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