Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
1992
|
| Series: | Developments in atmospheric science
20 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 541 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0444892869 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Reiter, Reinhold |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |c R. Reiter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 541 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| _version_ | 1812898428004335616 |
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| adam_text |
Titel: Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity
Autor: Reiter, Reinhold
Jahr: 1992
CONTENTS
Introduction xv
List of symbols xix
List of units xx
CHAPTER 1. HISTORY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 1
1.1. History 1
1.1.1. Outline of the history of atmospheric electricity 1
1.1.2. Historic suppositions concerning biological effects of atmospheric electricity 4
1.2. Fundamentals 6
1.2.1. Symbols and units 6
1.2.2. The fundamental atmospheric-electric elements 7
1.2.2.1. Definition of the sign of the atmospheric electric field and conduction
current 7
1.2.2.2. Links between atmospheric-electric elements 7
1.2.3. Electric currents other than conduction currents 10
1.2.3.1. Electric convection current ic 11
1.2.3.2. Displacement current id 12
1.2.3.3. Point discharge current Ip 12
1.2.3.4. Precipitation current Ipr 13
1.2.4. The atmospheric-electric time constant 14
1.2.5. Discussion of the earth's net electric charge 15
1.3. Stations for research in atmospheric electricity 16
1.3.1. Aspects of station establishment 16
1.3.1.1. Selection of the site 16
1.3.1.2. Weather conditions to be considered 18
1.3.1.3. Orographie and local conditions and their consequences 20
1.3.1.4. Applicability of the "Reduction Factor" 21
1.3.1.5. Unmanned stations contra manned stations 22
1.3.1.6. A network of stations 23
1.3.2. Parameters to be recorded at stations for atmospheric-electricity research 23
1.3.2.1. Atmospheric electricity 23
1.3.2.2. Meteorology 24
1.3.2.3. Constitution of the aerosol 24
1.3.2.4. Natural radioactivity in the air 25
1.3.3. Special methods and equipment for atmospheric-electric measurements 25
1.3.3.1. Electric field 26
1.3.3.2. Air-earth current 32
1.3.3.3. Precipitation and point discharge currents 33
1.3.3.4. Air conductivities 34
1.3.3.5. Space charge and natural radioactivity in the air 35
1.3.3.6. Recording atmospheric-electric and meteorological elements on board of
a cable car 37
1.3.4. Supplemental measurements 41
1.3.4.1. Aerosol particles 41
1.3.4.2. Natural radioactivity 42
CHAPTER 2. IONS - AEROSOLS - AIR CONDUCTIVITY 45
2.1. Sources, sinks, and properties of atmospheric ions 45
2.1.1. Generation and properties of atmospheric ions 45
2.1.1.1. Ionization by cosmic rays and radioactivity 45
2.1.1.2. Ionization by corona discharge 48
2.1.1.3. Size distribution of atmospheric ions and aerosol particles 50
2.1.1.4. Ion mobility and air conductivity 51
2.1.1.5. Small-ion chemistry 54
2.1.2. Attachment processes and ion equilibrium 54
2.1.2.1. Attachment and recombination processes 54
2.1.2.2. Ion equilibrium 56
2.2. Small-ion number densities and conductivities, values and applicability 58
2.2.1. Mean values and environmental influences 58
2.2.1.1. Small-ion number densities 58
2.2.1.2. Polar and total air conductivities 64
2.2.1.3. Analytical treatment of the small ion and conductivity data sets 71
2.2.2. Discussion on the applicability of atmospheric-electric measurements for air pollu-
tion monitoring 77
2.2.2.1. Some special considerations 77
2.2.2.2. The variability of the natural air radioactivity 80
2.2.2.3. Examples of simultaneous recordings of air conductivity, radioactivity,
and Aitken particle number density 85
2.2.2.4. Assessments of particulate air pollution based on air-conductivity mea-
surements 87
2.2.2.5. The calculation of particle densities and exchange intensities based on air
conductivity profiles 89
2.2.3. Structures of the exchange coefficient - results based on air-conductivity applica-
tion 94
CHAPTER 3. FAIR AND PSEUDO-FAIR-WEATHER - GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
ELECTRICITY 101
3.1. The problem of how to define fair-weather periods 102
3.1.1. Previous conventions for identification of fair-weather periods 102
3.1.2. The present state of practice 103
3.2. Examples for real and pseudo-fair-weather 105
3.2.1. Real fair weather 105
3.2.2. Pseudo-fair weather 107
3.2.2.1. Low altitude 107
3.2.2.2. Mountain peak station 109
3.2.3. Special local disturbances of importance 1 ]2
3.2.3.1. Drifting snow 112
3.2.3.2. Foehn conditions 116
3.2.3.3. Influx of haze within the boundary layer 119
3.2.3.4. Oscillations near to the ground 119
3.2.3.5. Simultaneous variations of E and i at nine neighboring stations at
different altitudes during fair weather 123
3.3. Conclusion concerning an applicable definition of real fair weather for use in atmospheric-
electricity 1 -¿fi
3.4. Examples of fair-weather recordings of global validity 130
3.4.1. The classic "Carnegie" data 130
3.4.2. Comparison of diurnal E variations of Carnegie/Maud and of Zugspitze 131
3.4.3. Intercomparison of high mountain diurnal E records 132
3.4.4. Global comparisons of air-earth current data 133
3.4.5. The diurnal variation of E and of the global thunderstorm activity 131
3.5. Some reflections on the global atmospheric-electric circuit 1 :i8
3.5.1. History and principle l:j8
3.5.2. Discussion and critique of the present supposition concerning the global electric
circuit 140
3.5.3. An attempt to provide a realistic feature of the generators in the global circuit 143
3.5.4. The variable vertical columnar resistance 116
3.5.5. First remarks on solar forcing 150
3.5.6. Observations of Maxwell current oscillations 151
3.5.7. What about a "Geo-Electric Index"? 152
3.5.8. The International GAEM Workshop 1989 153
3.5.9. About the concern for effects due to Krypton8' 154
CHAPTER 4. PHENOMENA CAUSED BY OROGRAPHY, ALTITUDE, AND ENVIRON-
MENTAL CONDITIONS WITHOUT PRECIPITATION 157
4.1. Effects of orographical structures on atmospheric-electric parameters 157
4.1.1. Distortion of the electric field and current density in the mesoscale range 157
4.1.1.1. The applied mathematical basis for the calculation of fields and conduc-
tion currents near to a mountain ridge 158
4.1.1.2. Theoretical and experimental results 159
4.1.2. Global scale distortion of the electric field and current Hi2
4.1.3. The electrode effect 1(17
4.2. Altitudinal effects on the atmospheric-electric parameters 171
4.2.1. The air conductivity profile in the absence of clouds and charge generators 172
4.2.1.1. Pattern without aerosol strata 172
4.2.1.2. Pattern with tropospheric aerosol strata 175
4.2.1.3. Pattern with stratospheric aerosol strata 189
4.2.2. Electrical processes and conditions connected with pre-condensation and strati-
form clouds 191
4.2.2.1. The pre-condensation process 193
4.2.2.2. Electric properties of sheet clouds 196
4.2.2.3. Electric fields and currents below sheet clouds, the polarization process 200
4.3. Haze, mist, and fog 211
4.3.1. Literature and general remarks 211
4.3.2. Haze and mist 213
4.3.3. Fog on the ground 215
4.3.4. Fog on the mountain peak 216
4.4. Vigorous air flow across major mountains; the Foehn and similar winds 217
4.4.1. Original cause of Foehn 218
4.4.2. Atmospheric electric-features of Foehn 220
4.5. Charge separation processes 221
4.5.1. Natural processes 221
4.5.2. Anthropogenic processes 230
4.6. Atmospheric-electric effects during solar eclipse 233
CHAPTER 5. ATMOSPHERIC-ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA PRECEDING AND DURING
PRECIPITATION - CHARGE SEPARATION PROCESSES 237
5.1. Dynamic processes preceding precipitation 238
5.1.1. Electrification of convective clouds 238
5.1.1.1. Processes at the cloud base and below 238
5.1.1.2. Synchronous variations of electric field and sky brightness 245
5.1.1.3. Processes inside of convective clouds 248
5.1.1.4. Summarizing considerations 252
5.1.1.5. Reflections on the different cloud charging processes under consideration 256
5.1.2. Altostratus turning into nimbostratus 261
5.1.2.1. Electrification observed by ground stations 263
5.1.2.2. Electric conditions within a subsiding sheet cloud prior to the warm front 265
5.1.2.3. Virgae, the forerunners of weak frontal precipitation 267
5.2. Steady precipitation from non-turbulent cloud layers 270
5.2.1. Results of soundings 270
5.2.2. Schematic summary of phenomena associated with steady precipitation 273
5.3. The melting-zone effect 275
5.3.1. The melting zone demonstrated by a Synoptic Chart 275
5.3.2. The melting zone demonstrated by soundings between 1 and 3 km altitude 275
5.3.3. Summary and conclusion 279
5.4. Shower precipitation from unstable air masses and convective clouds 282
5.4.1. Weak showers 284
5.4.1.1. Example demonstrated by a Synoptic Chart 286
5.4.1.2. The electric field within soft showers at 3 km a.s.l. 286
5.4.1.3. The phenomenon of "wave pattern" 287
5.4.2. Heavy showers 288
5.4.2.1. Example demonstrated by a Synoptic Chart 288
5.4.2.2. Field soundings during heavy showers 291
5.4.2.3. Some single observations 292
5.4.3. Summarizing considerations 292
5.5. Quantitative interrelations between field, precipitation current density, and point-dis-
charge current during different kinds of precipitation 300
5.5.1. The point discharge current 300
5.5.2. Quantitative interrelations 303
5.6. The '¦ Mirror- Image Effect" 303
5.6.1. Introduction 305
5.6.2. History and recent observations 307
5.6.3. Remarks on observation methods 309
5.6.4. Demonstration and analysis of the MIE by single cases 310
5.6.4.1. Rain 310
5.6.4.2. Rain changing into snowfall 312
5.6.4.3. Snowfall 314
5.6.4.4. Special considerations 316
5.6.5. Statistical results 319
5.6.5.1. Summarizing diagrams 319
5.6.5.2. Mean correlation coefficients 320
5.6.6. Production and carriage of the space charge during precipitation 321
5.6.7. Summarizing deductions 325
5.7. Chemical trace constituents in precipitations and their importance in atmospheric elec-
tricity 325
5.7.1. The chemically controlled freezing potential of water 326
5.7.2. Inorganic traces in precipitation from the viewepoint of charge separation in
thunderstorms 326
5.7.2.1. Requirements for effectiveness 326
5.7.2.2. Postulation of a feedback process 327
5.7.3. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions in precipitation 328
5.7.3.1. The atmospheric production of N-O compounds, general considerations
and observations 328
5.7.3.2. Discharges between precipitation particles as source of nitrous gases 330
5.7.3.3. Chemical processes forming N-O-compounds and their interactions with
hydrometeors 331
5.7.3.4. Results of long term measurements between 0.7 and 3 km a.s.i. 333
5.7.3.5. Relations to atmospheric-electric processes 337
5.7.4. Laboratory experiments 339
5.7.4.1. The experimental set up 339
5.7.4.2. Results ;jll
5.7.5. Theoretical considerations :3j(;
5.7.6. Possible contribution to the cloud charge of NO:7 contaminated ice splinters 319
5.8. Thunderstorms, lightning, and atmospherics 350
5.8.1. Thunderstorm 351
5.8.1.1. Electrification processes under consideration :Ì51
5.8.1.2. The portrait of a thunderstorm :J55
5.8.1.3. Mean pattern of the charge distribution in a Central European thunder-
cloud 357
5.8.1.4. Characteristic features of a cumulonimbus: the anvil and the cumulus
mammatus 3(52
5.8.1.5. Does an atmospheric-electric rain-gush effect exist? 366
5.8.1.6. Relevant literature 366
5.8.2. Lightning 367
5.8.2.1. Fundamental knowledge 367
5.8.2.2. Observations inside of thunderclouds at 3 km a.s.l. 370
5.8.2.3. Lightning-caused field jumps near the base and below the anvil in absence
of precipitation 372
5.8.2.4. Thunder 373
5.8.3. Atmospherics 371
5.8.3.1. The origin 371
5.8.3.2. Remarks on the historical background 376
5.8.3.3. Some details on the relations between atmospherics and weather 377
5.8.3.4. Direction finding of atmospherics 378
CHAPTER 6. SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONSHIPS 381
6.1. Introduction 381
6.2. Phenomena of solar activity and of geophysical reactions applicable in research into
solar-terrestrial relations 382
6.2.1. Solar attributes 382
6.2.1.1. Phenomena and structures which are mostly present, but varying irregu-
larly or periodically. 382
6.2.1.2. Short-term solar events 388
6.2.1.3. Permanent but variable solar emissions. 393
6.2.2. Geophysical reaction to solar emission 397
6.2.2.1. Ionosphere and Geomagnetism 397
6.2.2.2. Galactic cosmic (primary) rays (GCR) 401
6.3. Solar-terrestrial relationships in atmospheric electricity and weather, a survey of historic
and recent results and suggestion 409
6.3.1. Atmospheric electricity 409
6.3.1.1. A look back on past investigations up to the end of the seventies 409
6.3.1.2. Criticism of earlier solar-terrestrial investigations 419
6.3.1.3. More recent results and discussions on sun-atmospheric electricity rela-
tions 421
6.3.1.4. Results of mathematical modelings 425
6.4. Related sun-weather reactions 427
6.4.1. Experimental results 427
6.4.2. Some recent publications on sun-weather relationships 435
CHAPTER 7. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC MAGNI-
TUDES IN MAN'S ENVIRONMENT 437
7.1. Introduction 437
7.2. Categories of the electric and magnetic environment 439
7.2.1. The natural environment 439
7.2.1.1. Open air 439
7.2.1.2. Inside of rooms 439
7.2.1.3. Effects caused by clothing and other fabrics 439
7.2.2. The technical environment 440
7.2.2.1. Open air 440
7.2.2.2. Inside homes 440
7.2.2.3. Non-voluntary exposure in a technical environment 441
7.3. List of the parameters to be considered 441
7.3.1. Fields, electromagnetic emissions 441
7.3.1.1. Natural environment 441
7.3.1.2. Technical environment 443
7.3.2. Charged particles, atmospheric ions 447
7.3.2.1. Foolish statements 447
7.3.2.2. Concern regarding the case of small-ion applications in experiments 448
7.3.2.3. Weather and small ions 449
7.3.2.4. Consequences of the electrode effect 449
7.3.2.5. Small ions in closed rooms 450
7.4. Biological effects of environmental electric and magnetic magnitudes 451
7.4.1. The present situation 451
7.4.2. Requirements to be observed in studies based on laboratory experiments and
epidemiological investigations 451
7.4.2.1. Laboratory experiments 451
7.4.2.2. Epidemiological investigations in cases of voluntary and involuntary ex-
posures 452
7.4.3. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields and of ELF electro-magnetic
radiation 452
7.4.3.1. Time-constant and ELF fields 453
7.4.3.2. Alternating electric and magnetic fields, some basic remarks 454
7.4.3.3. Established physiological thresholds for the "classical" stimulation of
cells 455
7.4.3.4. Results of laboratory experiments with alternating E and  fields 458
7.4.3.5. Results of epidemiological studies 461
7.4.3.6. Innovative considerations for biological ELF effects 463
7.4.3.7. Electromagnetic radiations, atmospherics 469
7.4.4. Biological effects of small ions 470
7.4.4.1. Small ions and "Foehn disease" 470
7.4.4.2. The respirability of small ions 471
7.4.4.3. The importance of a very low small-ion concentration in the alveoli 472
7.4.4.4. Can charges of small ions induce any biological effect in the lungs? 472
7.4.4.5. Discussion on probable locations of receptors for small ions and on
interactions with tissues 473
7.4.4.6. The significance of the serotonin hypothesis on small-ion effects 474
7.4.4.7. A review of laboratory and clinical data 475
7.4.4.8. Results of very recent experimental studies 476
References 479
Subject index 535 |
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| physical | XX, 541 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| series | Developments in atmospheric science |
| series2 | Developments in atmospheric science |
| spelling | Reiter, Reinhold Verfasser aut Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity R. Reiter Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1992 XX, 541 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Developments in atmospheric science 20 Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd rswk-swf Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 s DE-604 Developments in atmospheric science 20 (DE-604)BV001891242 20 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003886169&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reiter, Reinhold Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity Developments in atmospheric science Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4168236-1 |
| title | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |
| title_auth | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |
| title_exact_search | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |
| title_full | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity R. Reiter |
| title_fullStr | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity R. Reiter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity R. Reiter |
| title_short | Phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |
| title_sort | phenomena in atmospheric and environmental electricity |
| topic | Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Luftelektrizität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003886169&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT reiterreinhold phenomenainatmosphericandenvironmentalelectricity |