Ecological principles of nature conservation: applications in temperate and boreal environments
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London u.a.
Elsevier Applied Science
1992
|
| Series: | Conservation ecology series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 436 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1851667180 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecological principles of nature conservation |b applications in temperate and boreal environments |c ed. by Lennart Hansson |
| 264 | 1 | |a London u.a. |b Elsevier Applied Science |c 1992 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: The Ecological principles of nature conservation
Autor: Hansson, Lennart
Jahr: 1992
Contents
Preface................ v
Acknowledgements.............vii
List of Contributors.............ix
Chapter 1 Introduction: Applied Ecological Principles
and their Implementation in Nature
Conservation.......... 1
Chapter 2 Conservation of Communities—The
Importance of Edges, Surroundings and
Landscape Mosaic Structure..... 9
2.1. Introduction.......... 9
2.2. Definitions..........
2.2.1. Community ecology......
2.2.2. Metapopulation dynamics.....
2.2.3. Landscape ecology......
2.2.4. Scale problems.......
2.3. Swedish landscape types.......
2.4. Local and regional manifestations of edge-effects
2.4.1. Types and definitions of edges .
2.4.2. Direct and indirect abiotic effects
2.4.3. Predation.........
2.4.4. Other interactions......
2.4.5. Conclusions about edge-effects
2.5. Landscapemanagement ......
2.5.1. Ripple effects due to loss of keystone species
2.5.2. Landscape grain and interdispersion of
habitat types........
12
12
12
13
14
16
19
23
24
28
35
36
37
38
42
CONTENTS
2.5.3. Key or indicator species, properties and
processes......... 46
2.5.4. Effects on communities in terms of pollution
on a regional scale...... 48
2.6. Management implications...... 51
2.6.1. Be careful when analysing data on
communities and assemblages ... 51
2.6.2. Conservation by creating reserves or by
management........ 52
2.6.3. Conservation of resources versus nature
conservation........ 54
2.6.4. To manage or to be passive—that is the
question......... 55
2.7. A plea for the future........ 56
2.7.1. Preserve the remaining natural forests . . 56
2.7.2. Create buffer zones around reserves . . 57
2.7.3. Develop strategic land-use planning . 57
2.7.4. Enhance the natural variation in forests 57
2.7.5. Increase numbers of (old) broad-leaved trees 57
2.7.6. Plant native trees....... 58
Acknowledgements.......... 58
References............ 58
Chapter 3 Conservation of Plant and Animal
Populations in Theory and Practice . . 71
3.1. Introduction.......... 71
3.2. Species extinctions........ 74
3.2.1. Definitions of scale...... 74
3.2.2. Body size and extinction..... 75
3.3. The importance of population size .... 76
3.3.1. Minimum viable population sizes . . 76
3.3.2. Stochastic population variability . . 78
3.4. The importance of habitat area..... 78
3.4.1. Species with fragmented habitats ... 78
3.4.2. Fragmentation models...... 80
3.4.3. Single large or several small reserves . . 82
3.4.4. Area requirements....... 84
3.4.5. Habitat diversity and reserve
delimitation........ 86
CONTENTS xiii
3.5. The importance of species interactions ... 87
3.5.1. Trophic level, keystone species, and
species vulnerability...... 87
3.5.2. Species introductions...... 91
3.6. Disturbance regimes and habitat quality ... 95
3.6.1. Pristine disturbances...... 95
3.6.2. Man-made disturbances..... 100
3.7. Conclusions.......... 101
References............ 102
Chapter 4 Conservation of Genetic Variation in
Plants—The Importance of Population
Size and Gene Flow........ 113
4.1. Introduction .......... 113
4.2. Some basic population genetics..... 114
4.2.1. Population size and genetic variation . . 114
4.2.2. Genetic drift—the random variation in
allele frequencies....... 116
4.2.3. Inbreeding........ 116
4.2.4. Gene flow ........ 117
4.2.5. Selection ........ 120
4.2.6. Local differentiation...... 121
4.2.7. Measures of genetic diversity . . . . 121
4.3. Effects of genetic substructuring of plant
populations.......... 122
4.3.1. Inbreeding depression...... 122
4.3.2. Outbreeding depression..... 125
4.3.3. Genetic substructuring of plant
populations—conclusions .... 127
4.4. The real world —measures of population structure
and gene flow.......... 128
4.4.1. Neighbourhood size...... 129
4.4.2. Estimates of gene flow...... 131
4.4.3. Genetic structure....... 133
4.5. Discussion.......... 145
4.6. Conclusions and further research needs . . . 150
Acknowledgements.......... 151
References............ 151
xiv CONTENTS
Chapter 5 The Ecology of Dispersal in Relation to
Conservation..........
5.1. Introduction..........
5.2. Bryophytes and lichens.......
5.2.1. General background......
5.2.2. Diaspore production......
5.2.3. Diaspore transport......
5.2.4. Establishment........
5.2.5. Dispersal in time.......
5.2.6. Regional dynamics and dispersal .
5.2.7. Conservation aspects of dispersal .
5.3. Insects...........
5.3.1. Flight and migration in insects
5.3.2. Two examples of migrating insects
5.3.3. Migration in the life of the individual .
5.3.4. Variation in the tendency to migrate
5.3.5. Genetic and environmental determinants of
migration.........
5.3.6. Migration as part of a life history
syndrome.........
5.3.7. The role of migration in population
dynamics.........
5.3.8. Migration and insect fauna conservation
5.4. Small mammals.........
5.4.1. Factors releasing dispersal.....
5.4.2. Dispersal in time and space ....
5.4.3. Dispersal and population persistence
5.5 General conclusions........
References............
Chapter 6 Archipelagoes and Theories of Insularity
6.1. Introduction..........
6.1.1. Natural history of the Swedish
archipelagoes........
6.1.2. Cultural history.......
6.1.3. Why are archipelagoes important for
nature conservation?......
6.2. Theories of insularity........
6.2.1. A static versus a dynamic viewpoint
6.2.2. Species richness theories.....
CONTENTS xv
6.2.3. Theories of metapopulation dynamics . . 214
6.2.4. What are the features of successful island
species?......... 216
6.3. Scandinavian case studies....... 220
6.3.1. Island size and species richness. Area per se.
habitat diversity or sampling? .... 220
6.3.2. Colonizations, extinctions, and
metapopulation dynamics..... 228
6.4. Implications for conservation...... 243
6.4.1. General recommendations..... 243
6.4.2. Metapopulations....... 243
6.4.3. Changes in species composition with
fragmentation........ 244
6.4.4. Conservation in an archipelago . . . 245
Acknowledgements........ 246
References........... 246
Chapter 7 Boreal Forests—The Focal Habitats of
Fennoscandia.......... 252
7.1. Introduction.......... 252
7.2. Biotic zonation......... 254
7.2.1. Vegetation zones....... 254
7.2.2 Vegetation classification..... 255
7.2.3. Biotic zonation of animals .... 256
7.3. The natural forest......... 257
7.3.1. Community structure...... 257
7.3.2. Community dynamics...... 261
7.3.3. Features of special importance .... 265
7.4. Man s impact.......... 284
7.4.1. The past—multiple utilization of the forest 284
7.4.2. The present—the industrial forest ... 287
7.5. Effects of forestry on the fauna and flora . . . 292
7.5.1. Consequences of clear-cutting management 292
7.5.2. Reduced tree ages....... 294
7.5.3. Fire elimination....... 294
7.5.4. Changed tree species composition ... 296
7.5.5. Reduced input of coarse wood) debris . 297
7.5.6. Effects of forest management on avifauna . 299
xvi CONTENTS
7.6. Conservation strategies for the future .... 300
7.6.1. How to maintain diversity? 300
7.6.2. Preserving and maintaining natural forests . 302
7.6.3. A forestry that maintains biodiversity . . 306
Acknowledgements.......... 311
References............ 311
Chapter 8 Forested and Open Wetland Complexes . 326
8.1. Introduction.......... 326
8.2. Definitions.......... 327
8.2.1. Wet forests........ 327
8.2.2. Wetlands without a tree canopy ... 329
8.3. Environmental factors........ 330
8.4. Disturbance history........ 331
8.5. Species changes......... 332
8.5.1. Flora.......... 332
8.5.2. Mammals......... 333
8.5.3. Birds.......... 334
8.5.4. Amphibians........ 336
8.5.5. Invertebrates........336
8.6. The future........... 336
8.7. Case studies.......... 337
8.7.1. Cypripedium calceolus...... 337
8.7.2. Evernia divaricata....... 337
8.7.3. Pytho kolwensis....... 338
8.8. Significance of wet forests and wetlands in a
landscape context......... 340
8.8.1. Historical perspective...... 340
8.8.2. The present situation...... 344
8.9. Recommendations......... 346
Acknowledgements.......... 347
References............ 347
CONTENTS xvii
Chapter 9 Conservation Management of Riparian
Communities.......... 352
9.1. Introduction.......... 352
9.2. The system.......... 353
9.3. Pattern and process in riparian habitats . . . 356
9.3.1. Species composition...... 356
9.3.2. Species richness....... 359
9.3.3. Interactions with adjacent habitats . . . 362
9.4. Conservation.......... 364
9.4.1. Introduction........ 364
9.4.2. General recommendations..... 365
Acknowledgements.......... 368
References............ 368
Chapter 10 Forests in the Temperate-Boreal
Transition—Natural and Man-Made
Features............ 373
10.1. Introduction.......... 373
10.2. Landscape changes and vegetation history . . . 374
10.3. Vegetation dynamics........ 376
10.4. Forestry and forest processes...... 378
10.5. Acidification and pollution—new threats to
hemiboreal forests ........ 380
10.6. Animal communities........ 380
10.6.1. Mammals......... 380
10.6.2. Birds.......... 382
10.6.3. Insects.......... 386
10.7. Conclusions with conservation recommendations . 388
References............ 389
XV1 CONTENTS
Chapter 11 Conservation Biology in Agricultural
Habitat Islands.......... 394
11.1. Introduction.......... 394
11.2. Case studies.......... 397
11.2.1. The critical habitats for carabid beetles on
farmland......... 397
11.2.2. Bird diversity in the agricultural landscape 403
11.2.3. Bird nest predation and habitat island size 405
11.2.4. Pollination ecology on habitat islands . . 409
11.2.5. Reproductive success of the field fleawort
Senecio integrifolius in relation to habitat
fragmentation and habitat quality . . . 415
11.3. General conclusions........ 419
Acknowledgements.......... 421
References............ 421
Epilogue................ 425
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| series2 | Conservation ecology series |
| spelling | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments ed. by Lennart Hansson London u.a. Elsevier Applied Science 1992 XVIII, 436 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Conservation ecology series Nature - Conservation Nature - Conservation ram Écologie Écologie ram Ökologie Ecology Nature conservation Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd rswk-swf Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Hansson, Lennart Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003681578&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments Nature - Conservation Nature - Conservation ram Écologie Écologie ram Ökologie Ecology Nature conservation Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4115348-0 |
| title | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments |
| title_auth | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments |
| title_exact_search | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments |
| title_full | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments ed. by Lennart Hansson |
| title_fullStr | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments ed. by Lennart Hansson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments ed. by Lennart Hansson |
| title_short | Ecological principles of nature conservation |
| title_sort | ecological principles of nature conservation applications in temperate and boreal environments |
| title_sub | applications in temperate and boreal environments |
| topic | Nature - Conservation Nature - Conservation ram Écologie Écologie ram Ökologie Ecology Nature conservation Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nature - Conservation Écologie Ökologie Ecology Nature conservation Naturschutz |
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