Egypt: alleviating poverty during structural adjustment
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, DC
1991
|
| Edition: | 1. print. |
| Series: | A World Bank country study
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 242 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 082131873X |
Staff View
MARC
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| 650 | 4 | |a Public welfare -- Egypt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic assistance -- Egypt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Egypt | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | (vii)
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page Number
Executive Summary xiii
I. Introduction 1
Background 1
Objectives and Scope of the Study 2
Conceptual and Methodological Framework 3
Data Availability 4
Organization of the Report 4
II. The Dimensions of Poverty 5
Introduction: Economic Growth and Persistence of Poverty 5
Incidence of Poverty 6
Characteristics of the Poor 9
Demographic Characteristics 9
Spatial Distribution 11
Employment Characteristics 13
Poverty and Basic Needs Satisfaction 19
Malnutrition 19
Health 24
Access to Safe Water and Sanitation 28
Shelter 30
Education 33
Conclusion: Poverty Matrix for Egypt 37
III. The Roots of Poverty 38
Introduction: Evolution of Income Distribution 38
Assets and Poverty 40
Employment and Poverty 43
The Employment Challenge 43
Trends in Wages 46
Government Labor Market Policies 48
Income Transfers 54
Food Subsidies 54
Other Subsidies 58
Direct Transfers 61
Social Security 66
(viii)
Table of Contents (cont d) gage flumber
III. The Roots of Poverty (cont d)
Social Services for Human Capital Formation 71
Health 71
Education 75
Population Pressure 79
Taxation 80
The Distribution of Income Before Taxes 81
Tax Sources in Egypt 84
The Incidence of Indirect Taxes 85
The Incidence of Direct Taxes 87
Summary of Findings 89
Conclusion: The Limits of the Egyptian Welfare State 89
IV. From Economic Crisis to Reform:
Assessing the Social Costs of Adjustment 91
Introduction: From Recession to Adjustment 91
Impacts on Producers 94
Employment Effects 94
Agricultural Prices and Farmers 102
Impacts on Consumers 103
Food Products 103
Other Goods and Services 108
Incidence of New Tax Measures 109
Social Security Benefits 11°
Provision of Social Services HI
Conclusion: Adequacy of the Existing Safety Net? .... H8
V. Toward a Poverty Alleviation Strategy 121
Introduction: Presentation of the Overall Strategy . . • 121
Income Generation Policies 125
Employment Promotion Policies 125
Access to Productive Assets 132
Human Capital Maintenance 134
Health 135
Education 138
Retraining Assistance 139
Income Transfers and Price Subsidies 140
Food Subsidies 140
Utilities, Transport, Energy and Housing 143
Social Welfare 145
Unemployment Benefits 147
Early Retirement Options 149
Social Security 149
Protecting the Poor during Adjustment:
The Emergency Social Fund 150
Budgetary Implications of the Poverty Strategy 151
Role of the Bank 151
(ix)
Table of Contents (cont d)
Page Number
Annexes 153
Annex A: General Data on Egypt 153
Table Al Economic and Social Development Indicators for Egypt. 155
Table A2 Incidence of Poverty in Selected Countries 156
Table A3 Degree of Income Inequality in Selected Countries . . 157
Table A4 The Need for Adjustment in Egypt 158
Table A5 Consumer Price Index in Cairo During 1989 158
Annex B: Statistical Tables on Poverty and Income Distribution .... 159
Table Bl Expenditure Levels of the Poor and the Non Poor . . . 161
Table B2 Age Structure of the Rural Poor in 1977 161
Table B3 Income Differentials Between Rural and Urban Areas. . 162
Table B4 Incidence of Poverty by Governorates 163
Table B5 Distribution of the Poor by Occupational Activity
of Households Head 164
Table B6 Distribution of the Poor by Economic Activity .... 164
Table B7 Relative Incidence of Poverty by Economic
Activity of Household Head 165
Table B8 Average Household Income by Occupation Rural
Household Head 165
Table B9 Distribution of Household Expenditures 166
Table BIO Distribution of Assets in Rural Areas in 1977 .... 166
Table Bll Distribution of Expenditures by Socioeconomic Origin. 167
Annex C: Demographic Data 169
Table Cl Social Composition of Households, Cairo, 1980 .... 170
Table C2 Population and Labor Force Activity: 1976 1986 . . . 171
Table C3 Population and Labor Force Activity by Sex for
Rural and Urban Areas: Egypt 1976 1986 172
Annex D: Data on Employment and Wages 173
Table Dl Distribution of the Labor Force by Occupation
of Household Head 175
Table D2 Size of the Total Labor Force Age 6 and Older .... 175
Table D3 Employment by Sector of Economic Activity:
1976 and 1986 176
Table D4 Employment by Type of Employer: 1976 and 1986 .... 176
Table D5 Real Wage Trends by Sector (1973 100) 177
(x)
Table of Contents (cont d)
Page Number
Table D6 Real Wage Trends by Economic Sector 178
Table D7 Unemployment by Education Level (1986) 178
Table D8 Open Unemployment Rates for Men and Women in
Urban and Rural Areas: 1976 1986 179
Annex E: Nutrition Data 181
Table El Average Per Capita Food Supply of Egypt 182
Table E2 Daily Calorie Supply Per Capita For Selected
Countries of the Region 182
Table E3 Mean HB Values and Prevalence of Anaemia Among
Mothers of Different Physiological Status 183
Table E4 The Quantity and Value for the Rationed Supplies
for Individual in Ration Card (1984 1989) 184
Table E5 Income Transfers from Food Subsidies and Distorted
Prices by Employment Groups 185
Table E6 Ratio of Area Planned by Crop to Total Area
(By Farm Size, 1976) 186
Table E7 Source of Cereals for Households of Varying Farm Sizes 187
Annex F: Data on Health 189
Table Fl Evolution of Infant and Child Mortality (No. of Deaths
per Thousand) 190
Table F2 Infant and Child Mortality Rates by Governorates . . 191
Table F3 Bilharzia Control Program 192
Table F4 The Rural Primary Health Care Network (1989) .... 193
Table F5 The Urban Primary Health Care Network (1989) .... 194
Table F6 Expanded Program of Immunization 195
Table F7 The Hospital Network 196
Table F8 Other Providers of Secondary Level Medical Care ... 197
Table F9 Degree of Utilization of Health Services 198
Table F10 Functional Distribution of MOH Personnel 199
Table Fll Infant and Child Mortality by Cause of Death (1982) . 200
Annex G: Data on Housing and Water Supply 201
Table Gl Dwellings by Source of Water in 1986 203
Table G2 Distribution of Housing Units by Type 203
Table G3 Distribution of Housing Units by Type 204
Table G4 Housing Deficit 204
Annex H: Statistics on Education 205
Table HI Growth of Education Enrollments 207
Table H2 Illiteracy in Egypt (% of Population Age 10 and Above) 207
Table H3 Sex Disparities in Primary Schooling 208
Table H4 Evolution of the Non Schooled Population (Age 6 11) . 209
(xi)
Table of Contents (cont d)
Page Number
Annex I: Data on Social Security and Taxation 211
Table II Organization of the Egyptian Social Security System . 212
Table 12 Numbers of Health Insurance Beneficiaries 1977 1987 . 214
Table 13 Total Number of Insured in Social Insurance Schemes . 214
Table 14 Total Social Insurance Earnings and Expenditures
(1984 1989) 215
Table 15 Earnings by Social Insurance System 216
Table 16 Expenditures by Social Insurance System 216
Table 17 Composition of Egyptian Tax Revenue (1980/81 to
1986/87) 217
Annex J: Social Sectors Budget Data 219
Table Jl Functional Distribution 220
Table J2 Distribution of Expenditures by Level of Education . 220
Table J3 Proportional Distribution of Resources Between
Level and Types of Education (1987/88) 221
Table J4 Expenditures on Subsidies and Supplies 222
Table J5 Share of Expenditures in GDP 222
Table J6 Social Expenditures in Government Budget 223
Table J7 Total Expenditures per Capita/per Student in 1980 . . 223
Table J8 Social Expenditures: Health 224
Table J9 Social Expenditures: Social Affairs 224
Table J10 Social Expenditures: Education 225
Table Jll Social Expenditures: Higher Education 225
Table J12 Recurrent Budget Expenditures (Education) 226
Table J13 Recurrent Budget Expenditures (Health) 227
Table J14 Recurrent Budget Expenditures (Higher Education and
Science) 228
Table J15 Recurrent Budget Expenditures (Social Affairs and
Insurance) 229
Table J16 Functional Distribution of MOH Investment Budget . . 230
Annex K Calculation of an Ultra Poverty Line 231
Annex L Methodological Note on the Calculation of Educational
Expenditures Among Various Groups 235
Bibliographical References 238
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| edition | 1. print. |
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| geographic | Egypt -- Economic conditions -- 1952- Ägypten (DE-588)4000556-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Egypt -- Economic conditions -- 1952- Ägypten |
| id | DE-604.BV005622304 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:32:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 082131873X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003519483 |
| oclc_num | 231396418 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 |
| physical | XXVI, 242 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1991 |
| publishDateSearch | 1991 |
| publishDateSort | 1991 |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | A World Bank country study |
| spelling | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment 1. print. Washington, DC 1991 XXVI, 242 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A World Bank country study World Bank Wirtschaft Poor -- Egypt Public welfare -- Egypt Economic assistance -- Egypt Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Egypt Strukturpolitik (DE-588)4066520-3 gnd rswk-swf Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Egypt -- Economic conditions -- 1952- Ägypten (DE-588)4000556-2 gnd rswk-swf Ägypten (DE-588)4000556-2 g Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s Strukturpolitik (DE-588)4066520-3 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003519483&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment World Bank Wirtschaft Poor -- Egypt Public welfare -- Egypt Economic assistance -- Egypt Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Egypt Strukturpolitik (DE-588)4066520-3 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066520-3 (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4000556-2 |
| title | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_auth | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_exact_search | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_full | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_fullStr | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_short | Egypt |
| title_sort | egypt alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| title_sub | alleviating poverty during structural adjustment |
| topic | World Bank Wirtschaft Poor -- Egypt Public welfare -- Egypt Economic assistance -- Egypt Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Egypt Strukturpolitik (DE-588)4066520-3 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | World Bank Wirtschaft Poor -- Egypt Public welfare -- Egypt Economic assistance -- Egypt Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Egypt Strukturpolitik Armut Egypt -- Economic conditions -- 1952- Ägypten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003519483&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |