Functional chordate anatomy:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Undetermined |
Veröffentlicht: |
Lexington, Mass. u.a.
Heath
1991
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XX, 752, 88 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0669218952 |
Internformat
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adam_text | Functional
Chordate
Anatomy
Ronald G Wolff
Oil! University of Florida
D C HEATH AND COMPANY
Lexington, Massachusetts Toronto
Contents
1THE BASIS OF ANATOMY AND ITS STUDY
A Short History of Anatomical Studies 2
Prehistoric Beginnings 2
Early Science 4
The Middle Ages 5
The Rebirth of Scientific Inquiry 6
Seventeenth Century 8
Eighteenth Century 8
Nineteenth Century 9
Twentieth Century 10
Approaches to Anatomy 10
Why Study Anatomy? 10
Evolution and Adaptation 10
Beauty and the Beast: The Ethics of Anatomy 11
Special Techniques 12
Anatomy, Evolution, and Fossils 14
Anatomy in Practice 16
Who Uses Anatomy? 16
Terminology and Jargon 18
Cited References 20
Selected Bibliography 21
Journals: Chordate Anatomy 21
Books on General Chordate Anatomy 22
tx
Contents
Medical and Veterinary Anatomy, and Athletics 23
Physical Anthropology and Forensic Anthropology 23
Biological and Medical Illustration 23
Preparing Research Reports 24
THE EVOLUTION OF FORM AND FUNCTION 25
i
Evolution and Phylogeny 26
Anatomy and Phylogeny 26
Rates of Evolutionary Change 26
Species and Speciation 27
The Comparative Method 29
The Reconstruction of Phylogenies 30
Evolutionary Design and Strategies 35
Structural Patterns and Evolution 35
Adaptation and Environment 38
The Analysis of Structure and Function 39
Size and Design 40
The Origin of Form: Triumph of Evolution and Development 42
Cited References 44
Selected Bibliography 45
Journals: Evolution and Systematics 45
Books: Evolution and Systematics 46
CHORDATES AND THEIR ADAPTATIONS 47
l - •r :--f^ :- :~T--iism£tit
Primordial Origins 48
The Roots of Structure 48
The Roots of Integration 50
The Characteristics of Chordates 52
What Are Chordates? 52
Basic Characteristics of Vertebrates and Chordates 59
Vertebrate Ancestors and Relatives 62
The Integration of Function and Anatomy 70
Vertebrates 70
Jawless Fishes 71 / Early Jawed Fishes 75 /
Acanthodians 75 / Placoderms 76 /
Cartilaginous Fishes 76 I Bony Fishes 77 /
Amphibians: The First Land Vertebrates 82 /
Contents XI
Reptiles and Adaptation to Arid Conditions 84 /
Birds 89 / Mammals 93
The Adaptation of Chordates to Life on Land 93
Trends in Chordate Evolution 95
Cited References 96
Selected Bibliography 99
Journals: Evolution and Adaptations 99
General References: Evolution and Adaptations 99
EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 101
The Control of Development 102
Genes and Development 102
Environment and Development 102
Time and Development 103
The Embryonic Origin of Multicellularity 103
Eggs, Sperm, and Fertilization 103
Amphioxus: Model for Early Development 105
Yolk and Cleavage 106
Cleavage in Moderately Yolked Embryos 108
Cleavage in Heavily Yolked Embryos 108
Cleavage in Little-Yolked Mammals 109
Tissue and Organ Formation 109
Tissues and Body Organization 110
Gastrulation in Little-Yolked Embryos 111
Gastrulation in Moderately Yolked Embryos 111
Gastrulation in Heavily Yolked Amniotes 114
Gastrulation in Little-Yolked Amniotes 114
Further Development of Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm 115
Chordamesoderm and Notochord 118
Ectoderm and Derivatives 118
Neurectoderm, Brain, and Spinal Cord 118
Neural Crest Cells and Derivatives 120
Endoderm, Gut, and Derivatives 120
Mesoderm, Somites, and Derivatives 121
Development and Phylogeny 123
Terrestrial Adaptations in Development 124
Cited References 127
Xtt Contents
Selected Bibliography 127
Journals 127
General References: Development 127
THE SKIN AND OTHER BOUNDARIES 129
Embryonic Development of the Skin 131
Epidermis and Dermis 131
Development of Feathers and Hairs 132
Skin Color and Pattern 135
The Skin of Primitive Chordates 137
The Skin of Vertebrates 138
The Skin of Jawless Fishes 138
The Skin of Placoderms 141
The Skin of Cartilaginous Fishes 143
The Skin of Acanthodians 144
The Skin of Bony Fishes 146
The Skin of Lungfishes and Crossopterygians 147
The Skin of Amphibians 147
The Skin of Reptiles 150
The Skin of Birds 154
The Skin of Mammals 163
Hair 164 / Epidermal Structure 167 /
Epidermal Glands 168 / Sensory Structures 171 /
Epidermal Derivatives 173 / Dermis 173 /
Other Skin Specializations 177
Other Boundaries 179
Skin and the Phylogeny of Chordates 179
Cited References 181
Selected Bibliography 182
6FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 183i
The Development of Supportive Structures 184
Development of Fibers and Matrix 184
Development of Cartilage 184
Development of Bone 185
Development of Muscle 186
7
Contents Xtii
Development of the Head Skeleton 186
Development of the Axial Skeleton 190
Limb Development 193
Structural Materials and Systems 193
Body Support and Body Size 195
Fibrous Materials 195
Composite Materials: Cartilage and Bone 196
Muscle and Support 201
Body Support and Locomotion 204
Notochord 204
The Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and Ribs 206
Joints 214
What Brings About Movement? 215
Levers and Lever Systems 215
Cited References 222
Selected Bibliography 224
SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION IN CHORDATES 225
Supportive Structures in the Head 226
Visceral Skeleton 227
Cartilaginous Brain Case 227
Dermal Bone 229
Jaws 233
Support and Locomotion in Primitive Chordates 237
Support and Locomotion in Aquatic Vertebrates 238
Jawless Vertebrates 238
Support in Aquatic Jawed Vertebrates 240
Swimming in Aquatic Jawed Vertebrates 240
Support and Locomotion in Tetrapods 247
The Transition to Terrestrial Life 247
Tetrapod Limbs 249
Origin and Function of Feet 255
Further Evolution of Shoulders and Hips 256
Terrestrial Adaptations in Axial Support 267
Support, Locomotion, and Chordate Phylogeny 273
Cited References 275
Selected Bibliography 276
XW Contents
8ADAPTATIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION 277— • • ,
The Origins of Terrestrial Locomotion 279
The Basic Vertebrate Gait 279
The Gait of Turtles 280
Advanced Terrestrial Locomotion 282
Vertebrate Running Adaptations 282
Bipedal Walking, Running, Jumping, and Hopping 287
Legless Locomotion 290
Climbing 296
Locomotion Among Trees, in Soil, and in Air 297
Arm-Swinging Locomotion, or Brachiation 297
Locomotion in Soil: Digging 301
Locomotion in Air: Parachuting, Gliding, and Flying 303
Cited References 315
Selected Bibliography 318
9FOOD PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 319i i
The Gut and Its Development 320
Development of the Gut 320
The Mouth and Pharynx 326
Teeth 327
Development and Structure of Teeth 327 /
Tooth Patterns and Replacement 329 /
Teeth and Adaptation 331 /
Mouth Development and Teeth 332
Esophagus and Stomach 332
The Intestine, Pancreas, and Liver 332
Getting and Processing Food 334
Detection and Acquisition of Food 334
Temporary Storage 335
Mechanical Breakdown of Food 335
Origin of Teeth 336 / Functions of Teeth 336
Chemical Breakdown of Food 336
Nutrient Absorption 338
Waste Disposal 341
Contents XV
Transport in the Gut 341
Sphincters and Pylori 341
Food Processing: A Survey of Chordates 342
Amphioxus 342
Jawless Vertebrates 343
Jawed Vertebrates 346
Tetrapods 353
Amphibians 354 / Reptiles 355 /
Birds 362 / Mammals 365
Food Processing and Chordate Phylogeny 386
Cited References 389
Selected Bibliography 394
10GASEOUS EXCHANGE 395i I
Water Versus Air 396
Embryonic Development of Respiratory Membranes 397
Gaseous Exchange and Ventilation in Chordates 401
Organs of Gaseous Exchange 401
Gills 403
Lungs 404
Other Air-Respiratory Organs 406
Respiratory Passages 406
Mechanics of Ventilation 411
Respiratory Adaptations Among Chordates 413
Amphioxus 413
Jawless Vertebrates 413
Jawed Fishes 416
Gill Breathing 418 / Air Breathing 419 / Swimbladder 425
Amphibians 426
Reptiles 427
Birds 433
Mammals 436
Respiration and Chordate Phylogeny 443
Cited References 445
Selected Bibliography 448
xvi Contents
11WATER BALANCE AND BODY FLUIDS 449
r • • • ^;: • • ^ - • • • • • : • • • • • : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - • • • • • • - * 1
Embryonic Development 452
Organs of Excretion and Osmoregulation 455
Skin 457
Gills and Lungs 457
The Gut 458
Liver and Gallbladder 458
Kidneys 459
Special Glands 460
Body Fluid Regulation Among Chordates 461
Amphioxus 461
Jawless Vertebrates 462
Jawed Fishes 464
Cartilaginous Fishes 465 / Bony Fishes 466
Tetrapods 467
Amphibians 467 / Reptiles 469 / Birds 472 / Mammals 474
Fluid Regulation and Chordate Phylogeny 478
Cited References 480
Selected Bibliography ^ 484
12 INTERNAL FLUID TRANSPORT 485I • • • • • - • • • • - • • • • • • • • !
Embryonic Development of Blood Vessels, Heart, and Blood 487
Blood and Lymph 488
Blood 488
Bone Marrow, Lymphoid Tissues, and the Origin of Blood 489
Bloodvessels 491
Structure of Blood Vessels 492
The Heart 497
Blood Transport and Blood Pressure 498
Capillary Function 501
Blood and Body Temperature 501
Capillaries, Interstitial Fluids, and Lymph 502
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport 503
Cerebrospinal Fluid: Origin, Transport, and Function 505
Internal Fluid Transport Adaptations Among Chordates 507
Contents xvit
Amphioxus 507
Vertebrates 509
Jawless Fishes 516 / Primitive Jawed Fishes 517 /
Air-Breathing Fishes 523 / Tetrapods 52S
Fluid Transport and Chordate Phylogeny 530
Cited References 530
Selected Bibliography 532
SENSORY MECHANISMS 533
Embryonic Development of the Senses 535
Sensors of External Conditions 540
Skin Sensors of the External Environment 540
Skin Sensors of Heat and Cold 540 /
Skin Sensors of Potentially Damaging Stimuli 540 /
Skin Sensors of Mechanical Stimuli 542 /
Sensory Complexes of the Skin 544 /
Lateral-Line System and Electrical Sensing 544 /
Lateral-Line System and Mechanical Receptors 546
Balance, Orientation, and Movement 549
Hearing 552
Hearing in Water 552 / Hearing in Air 554
Vision 562
Median Eyes 563 / Lateral Eyes 565
Taste 571
Smell 573
Sensors of Internal Function 575
Sensors in the Skeleton and Muscles 575
Muscle and Tendon Receptors 575 / Joint Receptors 577
Sensors and Food Processing 577
Sensors in Breathing and Gaseous Exchange 578
Sensors and Water Balance 579
Sensors and Blood Transport 581
Sensors in the Brain and Spinal Cord 582
Sensors and Sex 583
A Survey of Chordates and Their Senses 583
Amphioxus 583
Jawless Vertebrates 583
Jawed Vertebrates 583
xviii Contents
The Senses and Chordate Phylogeny 584
Cited References 586
Selected Bibliography 594
14COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 595I • • • • • • • • , 1 3
Neural and Endocrine Development 596
Neural Development 596
Endocrine Development 600
Endocrine and Pheromone Glands 601
Neural Endocrine Glands 601
The Pineal Complex 601 /
Hormonal Control and the Hypothalamus 603 / Urophysis 604 /
Adrenal Medulla and Chromaffin Tissue 604
Nonneural Endocrine Glands 605
Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary) 605 /
Thyroid 607 / Ultimobranchial Glands 607 /
Parathyroids 607 / Adrenal Cortex (Interrenal Tissue) 609 /
Endocrine Tissues of the Gut 609 / Thymus Gland 609 /
Endocrine Tissues of the Kidneys 610
Pheromone Glands 610
Nervous Integration and Coordination 611
Neurons and Other Cellular Components 611
How Does the Nervous System Work? 614
The Dorsal Nerve Cord 615
The Spinal Cord 616 / The Brain 618
The Peripheral Nerve Net 625
Spinal Nerves 626 / Cranial Nerves 627 /
The Visceral and Somatic Nervous Networks 630
Visceral Integration and Coordination 632
Somatic Integration and Coordination 637
Special Sensory Innervation 641
Hearing and Balance 641 / Vision 642 / Smell 644
Integration and Coordination: A Survey of,Chordates 644
Amphioxus 644
Jawless Vertebrates 645
Jawed Vertebrates 646
Integration, Coordination, and Chordate Phylogeny 648
Contents XIX
Hormones and Phylogeny 648
The Evolution of Nervous Controls 648
Cited References 650
Selected Bibliography 656
REPRODUCTION 657
Embryonic Development of Reproductive Structures 659
Reproductive Structure and Function 663
The Gonads 663
Ovary 663 / Testis 665
Transport of Mature Gametes 666
Female Genital Ducts 667 / Male Genital Ducts 667 /
Cloaca and Urogenital Sinus 669
Accessory Glands 669
Copulatory Organs 672
The Mechanics of Copulation 680
Patterns of Chordate Reproduction 682
Sex and Sexual Reproduction 682
Sex Determination 683
Fertilization 684
Care of the Embryo and the Young 685
Why Sex? 686
Sperm Storage 687
External Development 688
Internal Development 689
Chordate Reproduction: A Survey 692
Amphioxus 692
Jawless Vertebrates 692
Jawed Vertebrates 692
Cartilaginous Fishes 692 / Bony Fishes 692 /
Amphibians 693 / Reptiles 693 /
Birds 6-93 / Mammals 694
Reproduction and Chordate Phylogeny 696
Cited References 700
Selected Bibliography 704
XX Contents
16ANATOMY, FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR 705
Kinds of Behavior 707
Development of Behavior 710
Control of Behavior 713
The Study of the Brain 713
Nervous Function 715
Motor Neurons and Behavior 715 /
Sensory Neurons and Behavior 716 / Neural Networks 716 /
The Nature of the Message 719
Endocrine Control of Behavior 722
The Anatomy of Behavior 724
Skin 724
Recognition Among Individuals 724 / Warning 726 /
Camouflage and Mimicry 726 / Dominance and Defense 726
Locomotion 728
Power and Precision 728 / Speed and Endurance 729 /
Direction 729 / The Skeleton and Behavior 729 /
Locomotor Behavior and Limbs 731
Eating 732
Breathing 740
Water Balance 741
Internal Fluid Transport 741
The Senses and Behavior 742
Reproduction 745
Sleep 747
Anatomy, Behavior, and the Phylogeny of Chordates 748
Cited References 749
Selected Bibliography 752
GLOSSARY Al
INDEX A66
|
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spellingShingle | Wolff, Ronald G. Functional chordate anatomy Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd Funktionelle Anatomie (DE-588)4155682-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4066376-0 (DE-588)4155682-3 |
title | Functional chordate anatomy |
title_auth | Functional chordate anatomy |
title_exact_search | Functional chordate anatomy |
title_full | Functional chordate anatomy Ronald G. Wolff |
title_fullStr | Functional chordate anatomy Ronald G. Wolff |
title_full_unstemmed | Functional chordate anatomy Ronald G. Wolff |
title_short | Functional chordate anatomy |
title_sort | functional chordate anatomy |
topic | Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd Funktionelle Anatomie (DE-588)4155682-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Wirbeltiere Funktionelle Anatomie |
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