Understanding statistics in the social sciences:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Freeman
1990
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 524 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 071672006X |
Staff View
MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiii
To the Student xv
1
The Logic of Statistical Analysis l
THINKING STATISTICALLY 3
REVIEW: HOW THE STUDIES WORK 4
A Word of Caution 5
The ASARCO Smelter Debate: Another Example 6
The Outcome 7
Statistics as Language 8
Learning Statistics as a New Language 8
A Statistical Culture 10
Opinion Polk 10
2
Variables and Hypotheses 12
CASES AND VARIABLES 12
KINDS OF VARIABLES: LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 14
DATA SETS 16
Social Indicators: Countries Data Set 16
A Social Psychology Experiment: A Two Part Data Set 17
Hospital Costs Data Set 19
vi Contents
STATISTICS AS DATA REDUCTION 21
HYPOTHESES 11
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 24
EXERCISES 25
3
Frequency Distributions 29
A BEGINNING EXAMPLE 30
Dice 34
EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS 40
PER CAPITA INCOME: AN EXAMPLE 40
NECESSARY INFORMATION 44
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 46
EXERCISES 47
4
Describing Distributions: Measures of Central Tendency and
Dispersion 53
THE AVERAGE, OR MEAN 54
Examples 56
THREE OTHER MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 58
The Median 58
The Trimean 59
The Mode 60
Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency 61
SUMMARY 61
MEASURES OF DISPERSION 62
The Range 63
The Semi interquartile Range 64
Box and Whisker Plots 66
The Variance 67
A Calculation Formula for the Variance 70
Standard Deviation 72
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 73
SUMMARY: COMPARING DISTRIBUTIONS 74
READING COMPUTER OUTPUT 76 »
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 78
EXERCISES 80
Contents vii
Interlude A
Suicide: Individual Will or Social Regularity 86
5
Probability 92
PROBABILITY DEFINED 94
Essential Prior Definitions 95
Definition of Probability 96
Theoretical Probability 98
Diagrammatic Approaches to Probability 99
Probability When Outcomes Are Equiprobable 101
PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITIES 101
Simple Addition Rule 102
Simple Multiplication Rule 105
General Multiplication Rule 107
General Addition Rule 109
USING THE PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITY 110
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 114
EXERCISES 115
6
Probability Distributions 125
RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 124
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES 126
Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variables 128
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 132
Mean and Variance of a Binomial Random Variable 138
Using a Binomial Table 139
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES 140
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 143
Applications 148
NORMAL APPROXIMATION OF THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 151
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 154
EXERCISES 155
7
Sampling and an Introduction to Decision Making 163
RANDOM SAMPLES 164
Using a Random Number Table 167
^y Contents
Sampling in Practice 170
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 171
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 175
Applications: Introduction to Decision Making 180
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 182
EXERCISES 183
Interlude B
Probability and Culture 190
8
Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making 193
HYPOTHESIS TESTING 194
LARGE SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTING ABOUT A POPULATION MEAN 196
Region of Rejection and Test Statistics 199
Statistical Significance 202
One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests 203
Setting a Level to Reject: Type I and Type II Errors 207
Summary: Rephrasing the Steps in Hypothesis Testing 209
SMALL SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTS ABOUT A POPULATION MEAN 210
Unknown Population Standard Deviation a 214
HYPOTHESIS TESTING ABOUT A POPULATION PROPORTION 215
HYPOTHESIS TESTS ABOUT TWO POPULATION MEANS 218
Small Samples 220
Paired Samples 224
CAUTION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SIGNIFICANCE 226
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 228
EXERCISES 228
9
Point and Interval Estimation 234
POINT ESTIMATES 235
Bias and Efficiency 236
INTERVAL ESTIMATES 238
Interval Estimates of the Population Mean 239
Constructing Intervals 243
ESTIMATING THE POPULATION MEAN 244
Unknown Population Standard Deviation a 245
Small Samples 245
Contents ix
INTERVAL ESTIMATES OF A POPULATION PROPORTION 246
INTERVAL ESTIMATES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS 247
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 249
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE 249
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 251
EXERCISES 252
10
Introduction to Association and Statistical Independence 256
ASSOCIATION AND STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE 258
MEASURING STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION 262
ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION 265
AN INFERENTIAL TEST ABOUT ASSOCIATION: CHI SQUARED 268
Degrees of Freedom 274
A Quicker Example 277
A TEST ABOUT TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS 279
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 280
EXERCISES 281
11
Measures of Association for Discrete Variables 287
NOMINAL VARIABLES: LAMBDA 288
TWO BY TWO TABLES: YULE S Q 292
ORDINAL VARIABLES IN TABLES THAT ARE LARGER THAN TWO BY TWO:
GOODMAN AND KRUSKAL S GAMMA 297
INFERENTIAL TESTS ABOUT G, THE POPULATION PARAMETER
CORRESPONDING TO THE SAMPLE STATISTIC GAMMA 303
SUMMARY 305
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 305
EXERCISES 306
Interlude C
Statistical Doubletalk? 317
PERCENTAGE CHANGE AND PERCENTAGE POINTS 317
DIFFERENT BASES 318
COMPOUNDING AND ANNUALIZING 320
CHARTING CHANGES 321
CAUTION 324
x Contents
12
Measures of Association for Continuous Variables 325
BACKGROUND 329
DESCRIBING DATA WITH A LINE 331
STRAIGHT LINE MODEL 336
ESTIMATING A AND B: THE REGRESSION LINE 33
A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE 344
ASSUMPTIONS OF LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS 347
A TEST ABOUT COEFFICIENTS A AND B 350
Reprise: Urbanization and Per Capita Income 354
CORRELATION 356
Interval Estimates of the Correlation Coefficient, p 362
A CONCLUDING EXAMPLE 362
KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 370
SUPPLEMENT 12.1: USING THE CALCULUS TO OBTAIN THE
REGRESSION LINE 371
SUPPLEMENT 12.2: THE COMPUTATIONAL AND THE BASIC FORMULAS FOR
b ARE EQUAL 372
SUPPLEMENT 12.3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REGRESSION COEFFICIENT
AND THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 373
EXERCISES 375
Interlude D
Political History of Correlation 383
13
Analysis of Variance: The Case of Multiple Means 386
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: BASICS 388
ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 392
Narrative Summary 397
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS IN ONE WAY ANOVA 399
Using Interval Estimates of fij 400
Tukey s Honestly Significant Difference 401
TWO WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: AN INTRODUCTION 402
Main Effects and Interaction Effects 406
Restatement of the Three Null Hypotheses 411
Sums of Squares and Degrees of Freedom 412
Contents xi
F Test for Significance 415
Another Example 418
: KEY CONCEPTS IN THIS CHAPTER 421
EXERCISES 422
Appendix A: Data Sets 428
Appendix B: Statistical Tables 443
Answers to Selected Exercises 466
Index 520
|
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| spelling | Arney, William Ray 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)121427528 aut Understanding statistics in the social sciences William Ray Arney New York Freeman 1990 XVII, 524 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sociale wetenschappen gtt Statistische methoden gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003345479&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Arney, William Ray 1950- Understanding statistics in the social sciences Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sociale wetenschappen gtt Statistische methoden gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Understanding statistics in the social sciences |
| title_auth | Understanding statistics in the social sciences |
| title_exact_search | Understanding statistics in the social sciences |
| title_full | Understanding statistics in the social sciences William Ray Arney |
| title_fullStr | Understanding statistics in the social sciences William Ray Arney |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding statistics in the social sciences William Ray Arney |
| title_short | Understanding statistics in the social sciences |
| title_sort | understanding statistics in the social sciences |
| topic | Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sociale wetenschappen gtt Statistische methoden gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sciences sociales - Méthodes statistiques Sociale wetenschappen Statistische methoden Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Statistik |
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