Holdings: US-Soviet military balance

US-Soviet military balance: concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Collins, John M. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New York McGraw-Hill 1980
Subjects:	Außenpolitische Beziehungen Militärisches Gleichgewicht Wehrpolitische Zeitfragen Sowjetunion USA Russland Russia > Defenses Russia > Military policy United States > Defenses United States > Military policy
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XVIII, 645 S.
ISBN:	0076067033

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adam_text	Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................ і Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ v Background, Purpose, andScope...................................................................................... 1 Essentials of Net Assessment...................................................................................... 3 U.S. Prospectus........................................................................................................... 3 Participants...............................................................................................................3 Purposes and Products......................................................... 5 Procedures...............................................................................................................7 Soviet Perspectives.......................................... 13 The Impact.................................................................................................................14 BOOK I. SECURITY INTERESTS COMPARED Intrinsic Security Interests.............................................................................................. 17 Survival/Security........................................................................................................... 17 Peace..............................................................................................................................18 Strategic Stability........................................................................................................... 18 Credibility...................................................................................................................... 19 Power..............................................................................................................................19 Freedom of Action....................................................................................................... 19 Sample Tributary Interests.............................................................................................. 20 Conflicting Interests in Latin America........................................................................20 Conflicting Interests in Africa.....................................................................................21 Assigning Priorities......................................................................................................... 22 BOOK II. BALANCE BEFORE THE CUBAN CRISIS Separate Appraisals, Circa 1960 .................................................................................... 25 U.S. Stance.................................................................................................................... 25 Strategic Nuclear Forces..................................................................... 25 Conventional Ground Forces...................................................................................26 Land-Based Tactical Air Power...............................................................................26 Theater Nuclear Tools..............................................................................................27 Naval Forces.............................................................................................................. 28 Strategic Mobility Forces..........................................................................................29 Soviet Stance................................................................................................................ 31 Nuclear Capabilities.................. 31 Conventional Capabilities........................................................................................33 Transport........................ 34 Composite Picture............................................................................................................35 ix BOOK III. FACTORS AFFECTING PROGRESS ........................................ U.S. Improvement Impeded ....................... .................................................... Dearth of Direct Threats.............................. ...................................................... Diversion in Vietnam......................... .................................................. The Dollar Debacle................................................. ‘.................................................. Soviet Improvement Impelled........................... ................................................ Sino-Soviet Split............................................ ................................................ Cuban Missile Crisis............................................ 41 41 .... 42 .... 43 ... .44 .... 45 .... 46 .... .... BOOK IV. U.S. AND SOVIET TRENDS COMPARED .... 51 .... 53 The Center of Gravity............................................................... Part I. Organization and Functions....................................... 53 53 .... 53 .... 55 .... 56 ........... 58 ........... 60 ........... 61 ............ 61 ............ 63 ............63 ............63 ............ 63 ............64 ............64 ............65 ............65 ............66 ............ 66 ............ 67 ............ 67 .............. 68 .............. 68 .............. 68 ...............69 ...............69 ............... 69 ...............71 ...............71 ............... 76 ............... 76 ............... 77 ............... 77 ............... 79 ............... 80 .................. 80 .... U.S. Establishment................................................................................... Command Structure............................................................................................ National Security Council.................................................................................. Office, Secretary of Defense............................................................................... Joint Chiefs of Staff.......................................................................... Unified/Specified Commands............................................................................. Military Departments/Services........................................................................... Force Functions....................................................................................................... Army Roles and Missions.................................................................................. Navy Roles and Missions.................................................................................. Air Force Roles and Missions......................................................................... Marine Corps Roles and Missions................................................................. Intelligence Community...................................................................................... Central Control.................................................................................................. Decentralized Execution.................................................................................. External Oversight............................................................................................ Current Capabilities.......................................................................................... Congressional Influence on National Defense.................................................. Budgetary Responsibilities............................................................................... Treaty Approval................................................................................................ Manpower Matters...................................................................... War Powers...................................................... Intelligence Oversight................................................... Miscellaneous Oversight..................................... Soviet Establishment........................................ Command Structure..................................... Party Preeminence................................. Council of Defense............................... ............................................ Ministry of Defense....................... ............................................ Internal Affairs/State Security ...................................................... Force Functions........................... .................................................... Intelligence Community .... ............................................ Conformation................. ........................................................ Capabilities......................... .................................................................... Political Control..................... ....................................................................... Overall Observations............... ............................................................ x .... Part II. Building Blocks................................................................................................... 81 Defense Budgets........................................................................................................... 81 Purpose of Comparisons.......................................................................................... 81 Problems of Comparing.......................................................................................... 82 Comparative Economic Burdens............................................................................. 83 Manpower Costs as Critical Factor..........................................................................85 Defense Manpower..................................................................................................... 87 Current Quantitative Comparisons........................................................................87 The Statistical Base................................................................................................87 Active Armed Forces............................................................................................ 88 Ready Reserves..................................................................................................... 89 Civilian Manpower................................................................................................ 89 Aggregates Assessed............................................................................................ 90 Force Sizing Factors..................................................................................................... 90 Mass vs. Economy of Force.....................................................................................90 All-Volunteer Force vs. Conscription...................................................................... 91 Standing National Services vs. Total Force..........................................................94 Projected Manpower Pools......................................................................................... 95 Qualitative Considerations.......................................................................................... 97 Cultural Controls..................................................................................................... 97 Discipline.................................................................................................................. 98 Education and Training............................................................................................ 98 Political Instruction................................................................................................. 100 Combat Experience................................................................................................. 100 Concluding Comments.............................................................................................. 101 Defense Technology....................................................................................................101 Technological Warfare................................................................................................ 101 Prerequisites for Superiority.......................................................................................102 Comparative U.S. and Soviet Policies...................................................................103 U.S. Guidelines....................................................................................................103 Soviet Guidelines................................................................................................ 104 Comparative R D Competence............................................................................105 Basic Research......................................................................................................105 Applied Technology............................................................................................106 Prospects for Technological Surprise.................................................................... 107 United States Ahead.......................................................................................... 107 Soviets Ahead......................................................................................................107 Strong Soviet Challenge.....................................................................................108 Technological Transfers.......................................................................................... 109 Capstone.................................................................................................................. HO Part III. Strategic Nuclear Trends..................................................... Comparative Nuclear Concepts................................................................................. 115 Soviet Challenge..................................................................................................... 115 Philosophical Framework...................................................................................115 Ideology Linked with Doctrine..........................................................................116 Victory as Goal................................................................................................... H2 U.S. Response......................................................................................... Accredited U.S. Goals........................................................................................ 120 Accompanying U.S. Concepts............................................................................122 xi 12 Strategic Offensive Comparisons......................... Force Shaping Criteria............................................ Policy Decisions....................................................... Target Dispersion.................................................. Contemporary Force Trends .............................. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles..................... Strategic Bombers................................................... Cruise Missile Manifestations........................... Structures Assessed in Tandem....................... SALT II Significance.............................................. SALT in Essence..................................................... Strategic Defensive Comparisons............................. Components of Strategic Defense....................... Early Warning....................................................... Defensive Actions................................................. Connections Between Deterrence and Defense Opponents of Defense........................................ Changing U.S. Concepts........................................ Constant Soviet Concepts...................................... Contemporary Force Trends................................ Ballistic Missile Defense.................................... Air Defense ........................................................... Space Defense....................................................... Command and Control...................................... Passive Defense Programs.................................... Defense for Delivery Systems.......................... Cumulative Implications.................................... Part IV. General Purpose Force Trends............................ The Internationa! Tinderbox............................................ Soviet Strategy.................................................................... Functions of Armed Force.......................................... Soviet Alliance System................................................ Soviet Surrogates...................................................... Military Assistance as an Incentive........................ Combined Impact.................................................. U.S, Strategy.................................... Shifts in U.S. Purpose.............................. Shifts in U.S. Policy............................ Flexible Response Replaces Massive Retaliation The Role of Theater Nuclear Weapons.............. Collective Security Comparative Platforms for Force Planning............ Land Power U.S. Army, Soviet Ground Forces . Components...................... ............................. Military Doctrines................ ...126 ...126 ...126 ...130 ... 133 ... 133 ... 145 ... 147 ... 149 ... 150 ,... 151 154 154 154 155 156 156 157 ,158 .158 .159 .163 .169 .170 .171 .171 .174 .... 177 177 178 .... 178 . ... 179 .... 179 .... 182 .... 182 .... 182 .... 182 ...........185 ........... 185 ........... 185 ........... 188 ........... 194 .... .... ........... 195 ........... 195 ........... 195 ........... 198 Tools of the Trade................................................................................. 2Q5 Major Maneuver Units........................................................................ 207 U.S. Marine Ground Combat Elements, Soviet Naval Infantry........................... 213 Soviet Security Forces.......................................................................................... 2ձ4 Combined Flexibility............................................................................................. .. Land-Oriented Tactical Air Power.............................................................................. 217 Organization.............................................................................................................. .. U.S. Structure....................................................................................................... 217 Soviet Structure...................................................................................................... 219 Tactical Air Force Functions...................................................................................... 219 Air Combat Missions................................................................................................. 221 Counterair Operations........................................................................................... 221 Air Interdiction...................................................................................................... 221 Close Air Support...................................................................................................շշշ Tactical Air Reconnaissance.................................................................................. 222 Mission Priorities...................................................................................................222 Tactical Air Doctrine...................................................................................................223 USAF Concepts...................................................................................................... 223 Soviet Concepts...................................................................................................... 225 High-Performance Aircraft Inventories................................................................... 226 U.S. Air Force........................................................................................................ 226 Marine Air Wings...................................................................................................231 U.S. Navy Contributions......................................................................................232 Soviet Status............................................................................................................ 232 Fire Support Helicopters........................................................................................... 233 Ground Force Air Defense........................................................................................235 Combined Flexibility.................................................................................................237 General Purpose Navies............................................................................................... 239 Geographic Circumstance..........................................................................................239 U.S. Strengths........................................................................................................ 240 Soviet Constraints...................................................................................................240 Comparative Structures............................................................................................. 242 U.S. Commands.....................................................................................................242 Soviet Fleets............................................................................................................ 242 Comparative Missions............................................ ..................................................244 Peacetime Naval Presence.................................................................................... 244 Sea Control..............................................................................................................245 Power Projection.....................................................................................................245 Comparative Naval Doctrines.................................................................................. 246 U.S. Concepts .........................................................................................................246 Soviet Concepts...................................................................................................... 248 Comparative Force Structures.................................................................................. 251 Air Power................................................................................................................2^1 Major Surface Combatants....................................................................................255 Coastal Combatants............................................................................................... 256 Attack Submarines................................................................................................. 252 Summary Assessment........................................................................................... 257 Soviet Shortcomings...................................................................................................258 умі ...........258 ........... 259 ...........263 ........... 265 ...........266 ........... 266 Soviet Strengths........................... Threats to U.S. Surface Fleets . Threats to Merchant Shipping. Mine Warfare.................................. The U.S. Coast Guard....................... Current U.S. Flexibility..................... .............269 Part V. Mobility Forces ............. 269 ............. 269 ............. 275 ............. 276 ............. 277 ............. 277 ............. 284 ............. 286 ............. 287 Military Airlift.................................. Strategic Airlift............................... Tactical Airlift................................. Battlefield Mobility....................... Military Sealift........ Administrative Sealift. Amphibious Sealift Road and Rail......................... Combined Flexibility............. BOOK V. BASIC REGIONAL BALANCES 291 Part 1. NATO and the Warsaw Pact.......... 291 292 292 292 ,296 .299 Alliance Arrangements........................... Comparative Security Commitments ... Comparative Command Structures .... NATO Structure................................... Warsaw Pact Structure......................... Structural Net Assessment..................... 301 301 301 302 302 .303 .303 .303 .303 .303 .306 .306 .306 .307 .308 . .308 . .312 ..314 . .316 . .316 NATO s Center Sector................................... Perceived Threats...................................... Warsaw Pact Capabilities..................... Soviet Intentions..................................... Soviet Strategy........................................ NATO s Counter Strategy......................... NATO’s Common Interests................. NATO s Deterrent/Defense Objectives NATO s Supporting Policies............... NATO s Strategic Concepts............... Comparative Force Posture Trends .... Quantitative Comparisons................. Qualitative Comparisons..................... The Crux................................................ [ Deterrent/Defense Dynamics................. The Issue of Surprise........................... Pact Avenues of Approach................. NATO s Present Dispositions............ Conventional Defense......................... Theater Nuclear Defense..................... XIV Special Problems............................................................................................... 320 NATO s Initiatives..................................................................................... 324 Short-Term Initiatives.......................................................................................... 324 Long-Term Initiatives............................................................................................. .. The Bottom Line....................................................................................................... NATO s Flanks................................................................................................................ The Far Northern Flank............................................................................................ 33I Kola and North Cape.............................................................................................. 334 Soviet Purpose and Posture................................................................................... 334 NATO s Response.................................................................................................... 335 The Southern Fringe.................................................................................................. 336 The Balance Ashore...............................................................................................336 The Balance Afloat................................................................................................ 338 Connections with Center Sector............................................................................338 Part II. Far East Balance................................................................................................ 341 Geographic Setting...................................................................................................... 341 Strategic Context................................................... 341 Important U.S. Interests......................................................................................... 343 U.S. Security Goals.................................................................................................. 343 Supporting U.S. Policies....................................................................................... 344 Connected U.S. Commitments............................................................................ 345 Present U.S. Posture.................................................................................................. 346 Pullouts in Perspective................................. 346 Western Pacific Contingents................................................................................. 346 Reinforcements........................................................................................................349 CINCPAC s Power in the Eastern Pacific..........................................................349 Strategic Reserves in CONUS............................................................................349 Mobility Problems.................................................................................................... 349 Airlift.....................................................................................................................350 Sealift.....................................................................................................................350 Allied Contributions................................................................................................ 351 Armed Services.................................................................................................... 351 Base Rights.......................................................................................................... 352 Present Soviet Posture............................................................................................... 355 Ground Forces........................................................................................................ 355 Air Power................................................................................................................355 Naval Power............................................................................................................ 357 Logistics....................................................................................................................359 Assessment..................................................................................................................359 Contingency 1: U.S. Loses Key Bases.................................................................. 360 Contingency 2: Soviets Acquire Forward Bases.................................................. 360 Contingency 3: Sino-Soviet Reconciliation........................................................... 361 Contingency 4: Sino-Soviet Conflict...................................................................... 361 Contingency 5: PACOM Supports NATO........................................................... 362 Contingency 6: Conflict in Korea......................................................................... 363 Comparative Nuclear Options.................................................................................. 363 Wrap-up.................................................................................... . ..............................364 XV ......... 367 Part Ш. Middle East Balance........................ U.S. Aspirations and Aims............................. Principal Impediments..................................... Palestinian Complications...................... ........... 367 ........... 369 ........... 369 ........... 369 Petroleum Problems........................... Conspicuous Free World Consumption............... Soviet Competition for Scarce Resources............. Petroleum as a Weapon................................... Soviet Concepts and Posture.................... U.S. Policies and Procedures............................................. Collective Security System......................................... Policy Declarations.................................................. The Truman Doctirne............................................ The Eisenhower Doctrine....................................... The Nixon Doctrine.............................................. The Carter Doctrine................................................ U.S. On-the-Spot Presence....................................... Steps to Strengthen U.S. Capabilities..................... Focus on Facilities.................................................. Rapid Deployment Forces..................................... Potential U.S. Military Applications............................ Safeguard Israel......................................................... Secure Oil Supplies.................................................. Spatial Perspective................................................ Petroleum Producer Requests Armed Assistance Tailpiece....................................................................... ........... 369 ........... 370 ........... 371 ........... 371 ........... 373 ........... 373 ........... 373 ........... 373 ........... 373 ........... 374 ........... 374 ........... 375 ........... 375 .............. 375 .............. 376 .............. 378 .............. 378 .............. 378 .............. 379 .............. 382 .............. 394 BOOK VI. U.S. ISSUES AND OPTIONS The Main U.S. Mission................................... Meaningless Mirror Images........................ Meaningful Manifestations.......................... Nuclear Capabilities................................. Chemical/Biological Warfare Capabilities Conventional Capabilities........................ Collective Implications........................... Matching Ends with Means.......................... U.S. Issues.................................. Organizational Issues............................. Strategic Nuclear Issues.................... Chemical/Biological Warfare Issues Tactical/Mobility Issues U.S. Options......................... Ascertaining Real Requirements....... Adjusting Policy Guidelines....... .......... Adjusting Available Means......... Culminating Comments................ xvi 399 399 ... 400 .... 400 ,... 400 .... 400 .... 401 .... 402 .... 402 .... 402 .... 402 .... 402 .... 403 .... 403 ....403 .... 407 .... 407 ....410 ... ... BELATED BULLETINS ...................................................................... 411 A. Statistical Summaries and Force Characteristics.............................. B. Glossary...................................................................... 421 C. Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................. 611 ANNEXES: ^ D. Nicknames for Selected Weapon Systems.........................................................619 INDEX..............................................................................................................................625 Figures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Net Assessment Types................................................................................................ 6 Military Net Assessment Matrix...................................... ....................................... 8 U.S./Soviet Statistical Balance, 1960 ....................................................................... 37 U.S. High Command Structure........................... ..................................................54 U.S. Intelligence Community (Selected Aspects)................................................. 62 Soviet Peacetime High Command Structure........................................................... 70 Soviet Intelligence Community............................................................................... 78 U.S. Enlisted Pay/Promotion Trends...................................................................... 86 U.S. and Soviet Male Manpower Pools...................................................................96 The Technological Balance 1980 (Selected Comparisons).................................... Ill SALT Provisions Applied to U.S. Problems..........................................................152 Active and Passive Defenses..................................................................................155 Soviet Collective Security System.......................................................................... 180 U.S. Collective Security System..............................................................................190 U.S. and Soviet Ground Arms and Services..........................................................196 U.S. Division Organizations................................................................................... 209 Soviet Division Organizations............................................................................... 211 Active U.S. Ground Forces Free for Contingencies............................................. 215 USAF Tactical Air Organization..............................................................................218 Typical Soviet Tactical Air Army............................................................................220 Tactical Aircraft Performance Criteria.................................................................... 228 Electronic Warfare.................................................................................................... 234 Air Defense for One Soviet Army..........................................................................236 Tasks Related to U.S. Naval Capabilities............................................................... 252 Tasks Related to Soviet Naval Capabilities........................................................... 253 Carrier Task Group Defense-in-Depth...................................................................262 NATO Command Structure................................................................................... 293 Warsaw Pact Command Structure..........................................................................297 The Framework for NATO s Strategy.................................................................... 304 Past and Present NATO Strategies Compared...................................................... 305 Schematic Diagram, Oil Fields and Facilities........................................................381 Persian Gulf Petroleum Producing Facilities......................................................... 382 Civilian Petroleum Specialists................................................................................. 384 Daily Products from One Saudi Oil Well.............................................................393 U.S. Strategic Nuclear Purpose and Poliries......................................................... 404 U.S. Purpose and Policies for Conventional Forces.............................................405 Maps 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. U.S. Unified and Specified Commands............................................. Soviet Military Districts.............................................................. . Soviet Core Areas.................................................... Soviet Ballistic Missile Sites........................................................................ Missile/Bomber Bases in the United States ............................................ U.S. ICBM Warning Sites (Except Satellites)............................................ U.S. SLBM Warning Sites (Except Satellites).......................................... NORAD Air Warning Sites and Interceptor Bases................................ AWACS Surveillance Coverage, Eastern United States ....................... U.S. Air Defense Regions and Dedicated Interceptor Squadrons Soviet Security Treaties.............................................................................. U.S. Security Treaties.................................................................................. Selected Soviet Naval Bases................................................................... Choke Points Constraining the Soviet Navy near the North Atlantic and the North Pacific.................................................................................. 15. U.S. Naval Deployment.............................................................................. 16. Soviet Naval Deployment........................................................................... 17. Selected U.S. Sea Lines of Communication............................................ 18. NATO Areas of Responsibility................................................................... 19. Soviet Forces in Central Europe................................................................. 20. Warsaw Pact Avenues of Approach......................................................... 21. Military Sectors in NATO s Central Region............................................ 22. Major U.S. Military Installations in West Germany............................ 23. Berlin and Vicinity...................................................................................... 24. NATO s Northern Flank........................................................................... 25. Norway s North Cape and the Kola Coast............................................ 26. The Mediterranean Basin........................................................................... 27. Far East Area Orientation......................................................................... 28. U.S. Deployments in the Pacific........................................................... 29. Major U.S. Military Installations in Japan and Korea.......................... 30. Major U.S. Military Installations in the Philippines............................ 31. Soviet Dispositions in East Asia....................................... ........................ 32. Middle East Orientation........................... 33. Persian Gulf Oil Fields................... .............................................. .59 .75 131 134 135 160 161 165 166 168 181 189 241 243 247 250 278 295 311 313 .315 .319 .325 .332 .333 .337 .342 .347 .353 .354 .356 .368 .380 Graphs 1. 23. 5 b. Statistical Balance, January 1, 1980 U.S. Strategic Nuclear Objectives ........................ U.S. Nuclear Strategy........... υς Nuclear Retaliatory՛ Force Posture Policies j General Purpose Force Goals .... U.S. General Purpose Force Policies. .....՛ xviii ..12 .121 .123 .127 .183 .186
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spelling	Collins, John M. Verfasser aut US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980 New York McGraw-Hill 1980 XVIII, 645 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Militärisches Gleichgewicht fes Wehrpolitische Zeitfragen fes Sowjetunion fes USA fes Russland USA Russia Defenses Russia Military policy United States Defenses United States Military policy Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003289776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Collins, John M. US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980 Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Militärisches Gleichgewicht fes Wehrpolitische Zeitfragen fes
title	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_auth	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_exact_search	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_full	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_fullStr	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_full_unstemmed	US-Soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
title_short	US-Soviet military balance
title_sort	us soviet military balance concepts and capabilities 1960 1980
title_sub	concepts and capabilities 1960 - 1980
topic	Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Militärisches Gleichgewicht fes Wehrpolitische Zeitfragen fes
topic_facet	Außenpolitische Beziehungen Militärisches Gleichgewicht Wehrpolitische Zeitfragen Sowjetunion USA Russland Russia Defenses Russia Military policy United States Defenses United States Military policy
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003289776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT collinsjohnm ussovietmilitarybalanceconceptsandcapabilities19601980

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