The royal government in Virginia: 1624-1775
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, N.Y.
ARMS Pr.
1966
|
| Series: | Studies in history, economics and public law.
194. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 393 S. |
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| _version_ | 1804119423247712256 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
English Background
Change of colony of Virginia from administration by London
Company to royal control
.................. 31
Period of royal control
..................... 31
Influence of Cromwell in the colony
............... 32
Loyalty of colonists to king
.................. 32
Opposition of colonists to grant of Virginia to Arlington and
Culpeper
......................... 33
Loyalty at time of Stamp Act Congress
........... 34
Loyalty to king, although boycotting British imports
.... 35
Privy Council; Committee for colonial affairs
.......... 36
Board of Trade appointed
. . ................ 37
British officials concerned with the colony
............ 38
Commissioners of the customs, lords of the treasury, lords of
the admiralty, receiver-general of the customs, comptroller-
general of the customs, attorney-and-solicitor-general, aud¬
itor-general of the revenues
................ 38
Imperial control
......................... 41
King, various officials, committees, parliament, courts main¬
tained control over colonies, no separate governmental
machinery for colonies; long established governmental de¬
partments to supervise colonial administration
....... 41
Board of Trade
......................... 42
Clearing house for colonial correspondence
.......... 42
Recommended to king in council persons for appointment to
colonial offices
.................. . . 42
Examined colonial laws and made recommendation to king in
council as to approval or veto
............... 42
Supervision of administration of British West Indies
..... 43
Requests and complaints of English merchants and trading
companies made to Board
................. 43
Trade of England with foreign countries under supervision of
Board
.......................... 43
11] 11
12 CONTENTS [12
PAGE
Commissioners of the customs, lords of the treasury, lords of
the admiralty, bishop of London consulted by Board
.... 43
Delay in referring colonial business to various departments of
the British government
.................. 43
Periods of efficiency of the Board
.............. 43
Influence in making appointments
................ 44
Purchase of office of secretary of Virginia
.......... 45
Purchase of office of auditor of Virginia
....... . . 45
Merchants
........................... 46
Frequently before Board of Trade to give information and also
to make requests
.................... 47
Influenced Board in regard to certain acts of assembly for levy¬
ing tax on ships to pay for erection of lighthouse, and for
imposing import duties on slaves and liquors
........ 47
Micajah Perry, a London merchant, various ways in which he
influenced the colony of Virginia
............. 47
Military supplies furnished Governor Dinwiddie by J. and C.
Hanbury, London merchants; method of reimbursing them
48
Governors instructed to render assistance to merchants.
... 49
Royal African Company encouraged by British government to
furnish slaves to colonies
................. 49
Assembly imposed duty on importation of slaves
....... 49
House of Burgesses requested king to have slave trade dis¬
continued
........................ 50
To encourage shipbuilding in Virginia, ships owned by colon¬
ists were exempted from certain duties
........... 51
British merchants complained and this exemption was removed
51
Merchants endeavored to monopolize trade, the shipment of
manufactures to the colony, and to check the production of
tobacco
.......................... 52
Petition known as
The Case of the Planters of Tobacco in
Virginia
........................ 53
Colonists forbidden to trade with any but British sugar colo¬
nies. Ships of war to enforce this provision seized some
ships from Virginia
.................... 54
Merchants seriously objected to accepting paper money of
colony. Resolutions of Assembly and statements of gover¬
nor concerning this
.................... 55
Merchants were influential in having acts of Parliament passed
laying duties on certain articles imported into the colony.
. 58
ІЗ]
CONTENTS j;
З
CHAPTER II
The Governor
Appointment
..........................
бо
President of the Council elected by Council
.........
бо
Governor (l6og to
1624)
elected by London Company
.... 60
Governor
(1624
to 177s) appointed by the king, except
(1652
to
1660)
the period of the Protectorate
........... 60
Governor-in-chief
(1704
to
1768)
remained in England
...... 60
Lieutenant-governor was a royal appointee and not simply a
deputy
.......................... 61
Governor-in-chief could recommend but not appoint deputy.
61
Instructions show that the office of governor-in-chief did not
carry with it additional powers
........... . 61
Earl of Orkney, the first governor-in-chief, did not consider
his office a sinecure but was of service to the colony in mak¬
ing explanations and recommendations to the Board of Trade
62
Earl of Albemarle, successor of Earl of Orkney, although serv¬
ing as ambassador to France, continued to co-operate with
his lieutenant-governor
.................. 64
Earl of Loudoun, successor of Earl of Albemarle, commanded
British troops in America; gave little attention to Virginia
66
Sir Jeffrey
Amtierst,
successor of Earl of Loudoun, commanded
British troops in America; gave little attention to Virginia
. 67
Governor
............................ 67
Commissioned under the great seal
......... · 67
Tenure during the king s pleasure
.............. 68
Instructions
...................... · 69
By whom drafted
..................... 69
Increase in clauses
.................... 69
Policy of British government was uniform as indicated by
instructions
........................ 69
Matters affecting every phase of the government and life of
colony included in instructions
.............. 71
Governor reported regularly to Board of Trade, lords of treasury
and commissioners of the customs on conditions in the
colony
.......................... 72
Governor not to leave colony without king s permission
. . 73
Governor s salary and fees gradually increased, thus permitting
him to live rather luxuriously
............... 74
Salary of President of the Council when serving as governor
. 80
Governor not permitted to accept gifts, especially from As¬
sembly, without royal approval
.............. 81
1Ą
CONTENTS
PAGE
The governors permitted to accept gifts
........... 81
Motives of Assembly in bestowing these gifts
........ 83
Interest of governor in trade; some opportunities for irregu¬
larities
...................... . 84
Governor administered oath to councillors
.......... 85
More important officials appointed by governor
....... 85
Governor s power of removal subject to review by home gov¬
ernment
......................... 86
Salaries and fees regulated by governor
........... 87
Land grants issued by governor and Council
......... 87
Church affairs under general supervision of governor
..... 88
Governor s power to pardon crimes and to remit fines and
forfeitures
......................... 89
Relations with Council
..................... 91
Encroachment of governor upon Council in seventeenth
century
..................·....... 91
Power of governor to suspend a councillor
.......... 92
Council regarded as an advisory board
............ 93
Relations with Assembly
.................... 93
Gradually increasing power of Assembly
........... 94
Governor instructed to supervise the Assembly
........ 94
Governor s veto on legislation
................ 95
Judicial system under jurisdiction of governor
.......... 95
Militia subject to authority of governor
............. 96
British troops in colony temporarily subject to governor s order
. 96
Admiralty jurisdiction of governor extended beyond Virginia.
. . 97
British ships of war temporarily subject to governor s order.
... 97
Guard ships cruising coast under authority of governor
...... 98
Merchant ships subject to governor s authority
.......... 98
Financial condition of colony to be constantly supervised by gov¬
ernor and reported on to home government
......· . . 99
Diplomatic powers of governor usually exercised in regard to
trade, military affairs and Indian affairs
........... 100
Dignity of the governorship
................... 100
Governor, the representative of the crown; difficulty of enforcing
rigidly his instructions
................... 101
Sir Francis Wyatt s first administration
............. 102
Assembly apparently not called annually
........... 102
Administration evidently quiet and satisfactory
........ 103
Sir George Yeardley s administration
.............. 103
Administration very brief
.................. 103
Prosperity of colony
—
administration successful
........ 103
Sir John Harvey s administration
................ 103
1
5]
CONTENTS
15
PAGE
Dictatorial policy and unpopularity
....... ..... 103
Dispute with Maryland over the surrender of William Clay-
borne who had fled from Kent Island, Maryland
......104
Council removed Harvey
..................104
Harvey reappointed by king
.................104
Colonists refused to support him; removal
.........105
Sir Francis Wyatt s second administration
............105
Brief but successful term of office
..............105
Sir William Berkeley s first administration.
. . ........105
Assembly protested against petition of Sir George Sandys to
Parliament for restoration of London Company
......105
Loyalty of colony to crown
.................105
Charles II, the fugitive king, invited to Virginia
......105
Resistance and surrender to commissioners sent by Cromwell;
Favorable terms of surrender
...............105
Richard Bennett assumed governorship
........105
Governorship during Protectorate (1652-1660) filled by vote of
House of Burgesses
....................105
Sir William Berkeley s second administration
..........106
Elected governor by Assembly
................106
Royalist reaction; power of Assembly reduced
........106
English merchants favored; Episcopal church to be made su¬
preme; suffrage restricted
·................ 106
Colony granted to Arlington and Culpeper for thirty-one years;
strenuous opposition by colonists
.............107
Bacon s Rebellion: its causes and results
.... ......107
Berkeley recalled
........ ............107
Colonel Herbert Jeffreys s administration
............108
Journal of House of Burgesses seized, and clerk fined and im¬
prisoned
....... ................108
Policy somewhat negative, although royalist reaction checked
and treaties made with Indians
..............108
Sir Henry Chicheley s administration
.............108
Administration comparatively satisfactory
..........108
Thomas, Lord Culpeper s administration
.............108
Appointed for life. Delayed to assume duties
........108
Conciliatory spirit towards colonists on arrival
........109
Salary and fees increased; Assembly made him a gift
.....109
Return to England, leaving Chicheley as deputy
. . . 109
Discontent due to low price of tobacco
...........109
Culpeper ordered to colony to check this growing discontent
.
no
Culpeper s arbitrary methods in raising price of tobacco, deal¬
ing with plant cutters and dissolving Assembly
.......
no
!б
CONTENTS
[іб
PAGB
Robert Beverley, clerk of House, imprisoned and disfranchised
for refusing to surrender journal
..............
no
Culpeper, for again leaving colony without permission and also
accepting gift from Assembly, was removed
........
no
Francis, Lord Howard of Effingham s administration
......
no
Antagonized colonists by continuing the arbitrary methods of
Culpeper in regard to plant cutters
.............
no
Vetoed acts of Assembly to prevent his increasing his own fees
111
Philip Ludwell sent by House of Burgesses to England to
petition for relief from dictatorial policy of the governor
. .
in
Fee for affixing seal discontinued by order of Privy Council.
.
in
Acts of Assembly repealed by proclamation of governor; King
supported him and instructed him to dissolve the Assembly;
Robert Beverley, clerk of House, was imprisoned, and dis¬
qualified from holding any public office; journal and papers
of House seized
......................
in
Complaints of colonists continued
..............
in
Howard recalled
......................
in
Colonel Francis Nicholson s first administration
.........112
Colonists antagonistic at first
................112
Postponed calling an Assembly
...............112
Favored erection of a college
...............112
Assembly voted him a gift
..................112
Sir Edmund Andros s administration
..............112
Kindly received by colonists
.................113
Encouraged cultivation of cotton and the attempts at manufac¬
turing
..........................113
Dictatorial power over church affairs and the Assembly
... 113
Undue emphasis of the royal prerogative
..........113
Andros removed
......................113
Sir Francis Nicholson s second administration
. . . ·.....113
Full powers of governor
.................113
Proposes intercolonial co-operation
.............113
Disappointed in love affair.
. .............. 113
Commissary Blair and the clergy, the objects of his wrath
. . 113
Arbitrary policy checked by Council and Assembly
......113
Pledged appropriation to New York
.............113
Colonel Robert Quary s favorable account of colony
;
defense
of Nicholson in controversy with Council
........ 114
General opposition to Nicholson; removal
..........115
Edward
Notť s
administration
.................116
Kindly received by colonists.
............116
First lieutenant-governor under governor-in-chief
......116
ï7]
CONTENTS
ij
J AGH
Revision of laws of colony
.................116
Appropriation by Assembly for governor s house
.......116
Vetoed certain laws
........... ........116
Brief but successful administration
........... . . 117
Colonel Alexander Spotswood s administration
........118
Right of habeas corpus assured
........ ... 118
Appropriation for completing governor s house
........118
Assembly refused to make large appropriations for expected
French invasion.
.....................118
Dissolution of Assembly for refusal to make appropriations
requested
.........................
ng
Conflict with Council; charges preferred against him before
home government
....................119
Removal; opinions as to his administration
.........120
Hugh Drysdale s administration
.................121
Quiet administration; no events of importance
........121
Opinions of Chalmers and Campbell as to executive ability of
Drysdale
........... .............121
Cordial relations with Council and House as indicated in ad¬
dresses of Assembly and his speeches
.......... 122
Dr. James Blair s favorable opinion of Drysdale
......123
Address of Council and House to the king requesting that
Drysdale be returned to colony upon recovery of his health
123
William Gooch s administration
...............124
Council and House made him gifts; home government opposed
but finally consented to his accepting them
.......124
Reason for disapproval of governor s acceptance of gifts
. · . 135
Campbell s criticism of Gooch
..... .......125
Gooch accompanied Virginia troops to Carthagena; appropria¬
tions for expedition
... ...............125
Virginia troops sent to aid Georgia against Spaniards
... 126
Appropriations for intended invasion of Canada.
......126
Treaty with Six Nations
..................126
Interested in education and Episcopal church
........126
Resigned of own accord; returned to England
.......127
Prosperity and satisfaction in his administration
......127
Robert Dinwiddie s administration
.............. 127
Formerly surveyor-general of the customs: contest with
Council then as to his privilege of membership in that body
128
Campbell s opinion as to opposition due to Dinwiddie s being a
Scotchman: other views
.......... ... 128
Pistole fee charged for affixing seal to land grants; much op¬
position; Rev. William Stith s account of controversy
. · · 129
î8 CONTENTS
[IS
PAGH
House made Dinwiddie a gift
................131
Upon death of governor-in-chief, Dinwiddie endeavored to
delay appointment of successor, in order to secure the salary
132
Opposition of Assembly seriously interfered with securing sup¬
plies for campaign against French
............ 132
Resigned and returned to England
..............132
Endeavored to justify his conduct
..............133
Francis Fauquier s administration
................133
Co-operated with Washington to bring French and Indian War
to successful end
....... ..........133
Loyal support of Assembly
................134
Instructed to prevent speaker of House serving any longer as
treasurer of colony; Fauquier s conciliatory policy won favor
of colonists
.....................134
Resistance to Stamp Act; Assembly dissolved for passing reso¬
lution.
... ........... .....134
Assembly trusted him to defend frontier
........... 135
Successful administration
..................135
Lord Botetourt s administration
.................136
First governor-in-chief to come to colony
..........136
Cordial reception; his speech; address of House
........136
House opposed sending persons to England for trial; resolu¬
tions against acts of Parliament laying duties on imports;
Assembly dissolved
..................137
Plan to boycott British manufactures; resolutions signed by
men of influence; certain duties repealed
.........
13&
Friendly relations between governor and Assembly shown in
appropriation for running boundary between colony and
Cherokee Indians
...................139
Association for boycotting British goods until duties should be
removed; governor held merchants responsible; Assembly
sent circular letter to other colonies for co-operation
.... 140
Governor to suppress popular movement; to use force if neces¬
sary
..........................141
Death of Botetourt; expression in Assembly ot high esteem in
which he was held; a statue erected by Assembly
......141
Earl of Dunmore s administration
....... ... 142
Unwilling to reside in Virginia; endeavored to exchange with
governor of New York
. . ..............142
Assembly showed friendly attitude; objected to fees for secre¬
tary to governor
.............. ... 143
Seeks large land grant for himself and also his secretary
. . . 144
I9]
CONTENTS 19
PAGE
Worked harmoniously with Assembly; many acts signed; hesi¬
tated to enforce instructions rigidly especially in regard to
paper money
......................144
Prorogued Assembly; thus antagonized colonists.
...... 145
Committee of correspondence appointed
;
similar committees
in other colonies
...................145
Recapitulation of governorship
.................146
In theory, governor had much power, in practice his actions
were subject to constant review
....... .....146
Representative of the crown; royal will to be obeyed
.....146
Regular correspondence with British officials
.........146
Difficulty ot filling governorship with satisfaction both to the
home government and colony
...............146
Self-governing spirit in 18th century
............146
Instructions in 18th century show policy of home government
practically uniform
...................147
Royal governors not all disliked; dictatorial governors en¬
countered opposition
.............. . 147
Wyatt, Yeardley and Berkeley (first administration) supported
147
Harvey, Berkeley, Culpeper, and Howard were dictatorial and
were removed. Andros while not as arbitrary was also
removed
.........................147
Jeffreys, Chicheley and Nicholson (first administration) had
comparatively quiet and satisfactory administrations
.... 148
Governors 1700-1775
......................148
Three experienced great difficulty, Nicholson,
Spotswood,
and
Dinwiddie: first two were removed; third resigned
.....148
Five, whose administrations were successful, Nott, Drysdale,
Gooch, Fauquier, and Botetourt
........... . 148
Dunmore arrived when attitude of colonists was strongly anti-
British
............., ...........148
CHAPTER III
The Council
The Council under the London Company
............ 130
Executive, legislative and judicial functions previous to
1624. 151
The Council appointed by king after
1624.......... 152
Influence in making appointments.
............ 152
Membership limited to men of wealth and influence
....... 153
Oaths of councillors administered by governor
.......... 154
Appointment practically for life; governor had power of suspend¬
ing; home government had power of removal
........ 155
2O
CONTENTS [20
PAG
R
Number of councillors; quorum
................. 156
Salary; gradually increased by authority of home government; paid
out of revenue of two shillings per hogshead on exported
tobacco
........................ 157
Privileges; exempted from taxation and muster, freedom from ar¬
rest; exempted from summon by writ
............
15Q
Opportunities for fraud
.................... 159
Most important offices monopolized by councillors
...... 159
As judges they might decide their own cases
......... 160
Irregularities in selling quit rent tobacco.
. ........ 160
Indian trade monopolized
................ 161
Land speculation; holding large grants; getting possession of
escheated land
......................
i6r
Evasion of quit rents
.................. 161
Relations with governor
..................... 161
Recommended by governor: his advisory board
....... 162
Governor not to disclose instructions to Council
....... 162
Council gradually encroached upon executive functions.
. . . 164
Council composed of most influential men; their support neces¬
sary to governor s success; their opposition caused removal
of certain governors
;
Council sometimes combined with
House against a governor
................. 165
Legislative powers of Council
.................. 167
Constituted upper house of legislature
............ 167
Council influenced very decidedly course of legislation
.... 167
Governor called, prorogued and dissolved Assembly on advice
of Council
....................... 168
Council to serve as check on House
............. 169
All legislation especially money bills originated in House.
. . 169
Council usually allied with House in 18th century
...... 169
Judicial powers of Council.
........ ...... 170
Governor and Council constituted the General Court
. . . 170
Council and church affairs
................
i;o
Episcopal church to be made supreme
..... ...... 170
Concessions made to dissenters
............ . . 170
Position of Catholics
................. 171
Governor and Council had petitions concerning church affairs
referred to them
.................. 172
Recapitulation of the Council
........... ..... 173
Advisory board to the governor
;
gradually encroached upon
executive functions
................... 173
Council and House co-operated; gradually House encroached
upon both governor and Council
............. 174
21 ] CONTENTS 21
l A
GE
Council monopolized important offices
........... 174
British government knew of dominating influence of Council;
complaints by Council and against Council did not cause
home government to check its power
.... ...... 174
Council composed of aristocracy of colony
..... . . . 174
Supported by colonists
.................. 174
Royal appointees, but interests with colonists
....... . 174
President of the Council
............... ■ . 175
Governor presided over Council; senior councillor presided
and also filled governorship if governor could not serve.
. . 175
Presidents of Council; number, influence,
salar} ,
efficiency
■ . 176
Commissary of the Bishop of London
............. 178
Appointment of Rev. James Blair
............ 178
General supervision of clergy and presidency of William and
Mary College.
...................... 17g
Membership in Council greatly increased power
...... 180
Relations with governor; governor could suspend but not re¬
move; controversies between Commissary Blair and Andros,
Nicholson and
Spotswood................ 180
Salary as commissary, councillor and college president
... 180
Solicitor of Virginia Affairs
.................. 181
Agent of the colony in London
;
early temporary appoint¬
ments; regular agent of governor and Council after
1680 . . 181
Appointed by governor with advice of Council
........ 182
House of Burgesses occasionally sent special agent; after
1759
House had regular agent
........ ...... 182
Relations of the two agents; their respective duties.
.... 183
Expenses paid by colony
.................. 185
Salaries of the two agents
.... ........... 186
Men in London usually selected as agents
.......... 187
Large funds handled by them
............... 137
Agent of House expressed dissatisfaction of colonists
..... 188
CHAPTER IV
The House of Burgesses
First legislature met in 1619; Home government not favorable to
popular assembly; influence of assembly increased only grad¬
ually
.......... ...... .....180
Suffrage based on property qualification
...........190
Disfranchisement of Catholics, negroes and Indians
.....191
Membership and organization
.............191
Speaker; appointment, power and influence
.........192
22 CONTENTS [22
глав
Clerk; arbitrarily dealt with by certain governors; appointed by
governor; salary paid by House
............. 192
Frequency of sessions; annual meeting interfered with by dic¬
tatorial governors; biennial sessions adopted; prorogation.
· 193
Salary; members paid by counties and House; speaker s income
rather large; speaker also filled office of treasurer; clerk s
salary; clerk of General Assembly s salary; salaries of sergeant
■
at-arms, door-keeper, chaplain, clerks of committees, and pub¬
lic printer
.........................
19S
Royal supervision of legislation
........ ......198
All laws to be approved by home government
. . .....198
Legislative journals examined by home government
.....198
British officials concerned with colonial laws
.........199
Governor to enforce strictly instructions as to legislation
. . . 199
Suspending clause
to certain laws; increasingly used
· · ■ 200
Examination of laws delayed; laws disallowed
........201
Judicial functions of House
..................202
Appeal from General Court to Assembly
...........203
Appeal from General Court to king in council
........203
Court of claims
.................... 203
Relation of House to church affairs
...............204
Petitions to have vestry dissolved, and to dispose of the glebe.
204
Relations of House to governor
.................204
Power of governor over House especially in seventeenth century
204
Council co-operated with governor in opposing House in
seventeenth century
....................205
Governor sat with Council as upper house
........206
Proroguing and dissolving assembly rested with governor
· . 206
Veto power of governor
.................207
Governor influenced legislation through appointive power
. 208
Governor s dependence upon House for appropriations
.... 209
Treasurer of colony appointed by House; speaker appointed
treasurer; home government failed to separate these offices
. 212
Efficiency of House as a provincial body
.............213
CHAPTER V
The Land System and Its Officials
Land System
.......................... 215
System of acquiring land by
head right
abused
...... 215
System of acquiring land by payment of fee to secretary
... 215
Large tracts held by men of influence
........... 216
Council criticised for monopolizing land
........... 216
CONTENTS
23
Effort of home government to prevent monopoly by requiring
land-owners to live upon their land, failed
.........217
Effort to restrict number of acres to one hundred for each
colonist failed
.....................217
Effort to compel cultivation of land failed
..........217
Surveyor-generai
...... ................218
Appointment; first, by governor, then by home government,
and then by William and Mary College; governor and Coun¬
cil had certain supervisory power
.............218
County surveyors, appointed by surveyor-general; instructions
received from governor and Council; annual report to auditor
218
Salary and fees of surveyor-general and surveyors
......219
Commissioners to run dividing line between two colonies, or
to survey large tracts of land
...............220
Escheators
.......................... . 221
System by which land lapsed to king
........... 221
Method of acquiring lapsed land through the escheators upon
governor s warrant
....................221
Escheators; number, appointment, fees
...........222
Persistence of English custom
...............223
Secretary
............................223
Appointment; power of governor
.............223
Seal of colony kept by secretary; records kept in his office of
land grants, official correspondence, copies of various public
papers, fees
........................224
Irregularities in secretary s office
..............226
Clerks of county courts and General Court appointed by secre¬
tary
..........................226
Power and influence of secretary; influence upon House through
county court clerks
...................227
Member of Council; appointed naval officer and collector
... 228
Served as acting governor
..................228
Lord-chancellor and secretary compared
...........229
CHAPTER VI
The Financial System and Administration
Methods of raising money; duties on trade, land and poll taxes
. . 230
Duties on exported tobacco paid in colony and England; two
shillings per hogshead paid in colony; amount; how appro¬
priated
.......................230
Castle duty; amount and how appropriated
..........232
Fines and forfeitures
....................232
24 CONTENTS [24
PACK
Total
of revenues for support of government
.........233
Quit rent paid in tobacco, later also in money
........233
Amount of collections; usually sent to England; occasionally
used in colony for governmental expenses
........233
Plantation duty; amount; granted to the college
.......237
Duty on skins and furs exported; amount; granted to college
. 237
Duty on liquors imported; amount; granted to college
.... 238
Duty on slaves imported; amount; appropriated to government
238
Duty on servants; amount; used for governmental expenses.
. 238
Neglect and fraud connected with revenues
..........239
Instructions to governors to prevent; acts of assembly to
prevent
........................
24г
Public levy; laid by assembly; amount; how appropriated
. ■ . 242
County levy; laid by justices of peace; how appropriated
. . . 243
Parish levy; laid by vestry; how appropriated.
........243
Tithables; total amount of the three poll taxes
........243
Collectors
............................245
Importance of tobacco trade; register kept of all exports,
especially tobacco; keeper of register; appointment; fees
. . 245
Collectors appointed by commissioners of the customs; sur¬
veyor-general of customs had supervision; power of governor
247
Offices of collector and naval officer combined; later separated;
districts of each; number of each
.............248
Collector ships for a time monopolized by councillors; oppor¬
tunity for fraud
.............. ......248
Deputies of collectors; unsatisfactory; governors to prevent
collectors having deputies
.................249
Collectors received certain import and export duties; expected
to prevent illegal trade
..................250
Fees; total income
....................250
Examination of collectors accounts
............251
Irregularities and fraud
............. .....252
Naval Officers
....................... 253
Appointment; royal authority; power of governor
......253
Council for a time monopolized these positions.
.......253
Number and districts
......... ...........254
Salaries; irregularities
....................254
Duties; entering and clearing ships; took oath of master of ship
to obey trade laws, also bonds of masters of ships; took charge
of prize ships; furnished governor and home government with
list of all ships, and account of imports and
exporte;
swore
to their accounts before governor, after approval by receiver-
genera! and auditor; security given; fraud
........254
25] CONTENTS 25
PAOE
Surveyor-General of the Customs
............... 257
Appointment by commissioners of the customs
........ 257
Jurisdiction over several colonies
............. 257
Member of Council
.................. 258
Reports sent to Board of Trade, custom house and treasury.
. 258
Supervision over collectors and naval officers.
........ 259
Valuable service in examining books of revenue officers, ex¬
plaining colonial conditions to Board of Trade and prevent¬
ing illegal trade and piracy
................ 259
Salary
....................... 260
Searchers
............................ 260
Appointed by surveyor-general of the customs
........ 260
To search ships for goods unlawfully concealed
........ 260
Co-operation in preventing illegal trade
.......... 261
Salary
......................... 261
Comptrollers of the Customs
................. 261
Appointed by commissioners of the customs
......... 261
To supervise collectors, naval officers
............ 261
Salary and fees
..................... 262
Searched ships on authority of writs of assistance
....... 262
Writs of assistance refused by General Court
......... 262
Auditor
............. .............. 263
Appointment under royal authority
............ 263
Governor might suspend but not remove him
....... 263
Auditorship held by councillors
............... 264
Auditor performed duties of receiver-general; irregularities;
offices separated
...................... 264
Examined revenue accounts; swore to his reports and forwarded
them to lords of treasury
................. 265
Disposition of quit rent tobacco
......... .... 266
Salary and fees
...... ...... ....... 266
Receiver-General
........................ 267
Separated from auditorship
.................. 267
Appointed by royal authority
................ 267
Bond furnished
..... . ............ 268
Councillors monopolized this office
.............. 268
Received quit rents and all revenues not paid to treasurer.
. 268
Disbursements by order of governor in council for govern¬
mental expenses; quit rents by royal order
......... 269
Difference between colonial and sterling money; scarcity of
money; coin and paper currency
.............. 269
Salary
.......................... 271
Collectors of the Duty on Skins and Furs
............ 271
2б
CONTENTS [26
PACK
Appointed by governor
................... 271
Accounted with the college for this revenue
......... 271
Evasion of this duty on frontiers
............... 272
Fees
.......................... 272
Collectors of the Duty on Liquors
................ 272
Appointed by governor
........ ......... 272
Accounted with treasurer of colony
............ 272
Evasion of this duty at ports and on frontier
......... 273
Fees
............................ 273
Collectors of the Duty on Slaves
................. 273
Appointed by governor
. . . ,............... 273
Accounted with treasurer of colony
............ 273
Evasion of this duty at ports and frontier
........... 274
Method of selling slaves
................... 274
Fees
.........-...... ....... 274
Collectors of the Duty on Servants
............... 274
Appointed by governor
................... 274
Accounted with treasurer of colony
............. 274
Fees
......................... 274
Treasurer
............................ 275
Appointed by royal authority; after
1691,
by Assembly
.... 275
Usually a councillor until 1691, thereafter appointee of House
. 275
Speaker filled office of treasurer for sixty-seven years
..... 276
Treasurer received duties on liquors, servants and slaves and
the public levy; disbursements on authority of assembly.
. . 277
Treasury notes issued by him
............... 277
Salary; bond furnished
................... 278
Inspectors of Tobacco
..................... 278
Quantities of tobacco shipped to England
.....· .... 279
Appointed by governor
................... 279
Salary
........................... 280
Inspector s notes used as legal tender
............ 281
Ineligible to membership in House
............. 281
Pilots.
................... 283
Appointed by governor
................... 283
Fees for piloting ships
.................. 283
Postmaster
....................... . 284
Objection to postal system; later support
........... 284
Rates and regulations
....... . . . . ..... 285
Irregularities
..............■........ 286
Supervision of ferries
................... 287
Governmental expenses
. .................... 288
Value of colonies to British government
......... 288
27]
. CONTENTS 27
PAGE
Wealth and importance of Virginia
............. 288
Governor s salary paid by colonists
............. 289
Colony defended itself against Indians
............ 290
Assistance rendered New York, also British ships of war.
. . 291
Military supplies paid for out of quit rents
.......... 292
Assistance rendered North Carolina and South Carolina
. . . 292
Appropriations for Carthagena campaign and intended inva¬
sion of Canada
...................... 293
British exchequer to be reimbursed
............. 296
Funds advanced to Dinwiddie
..... ......... 296
Parliamentary grants to colonies for French and Indian War
. 298
Expense borne by Virginia in French and Indian War
. . 299
Usual expenses of Virginia
................ 300
Quit rents used to make up deficit
. . . ·......... 301
Value of Virginia to England in regard to imports, exports
and revenue; colony more than self-supporting
....... 302
Efficiency of the Financial System
............... 303
Revenues with quit rents sufficient to meet needs of colony.
. 304
System of provincial revenues
......... ...... 304
Summary of royal and provincial officials
.......... 305
Financial system adequate for expenses of colony
....... 306
CHAPTER
VII
The Judicial System and Administration
Appeals from General Court to Assembly; later from General Court
to king in council
....................., 307
General Court composed of councillors; jurisdiction
........ 307
Court of oyer and
terminer;
members and jurisdiction
..... 309
Magistrate s court
....................... 309
Vice-admiralty court
..................... 309
Governor and Council had general supervision of judicial affairs.
. 310
Appeals to king in council; committee of Privy Council for hearing
appeals, efficiency of plan questioned
............. 310
Sheriffs
............................. 312
Appointed by governor
............ .... 313
Ministerial officer of county court
.... . ..... 313
Collected quit rents, public, county and parish levies
..... 313
Agent of governor in publishing orders
.......... 314
Fees; fraud; deputies
. ................ 315
Justices of the Peace
................ 317
Appointed by governor
............ . . 317
Ministerial and judicial officials of the county
........ 317
28 CONTENTS [28
I AGH
Fees............................
318
Constables
..........................318
Appointed by county court
.................318
Ministerial officer of county court
.............. 319
Fees
............................319
Coroners
............................319
Appointed by Governor
......■............320
Ministerial and judicial officers
................320
Fees
............................320
Attorney-General
.......................321
Royal appointment; later by governor
............321
Various duties largely of legal nature
............322
Salary and fees
.......................323
Agent for prizes
........................324
Development of vice-admiralty courts
............325
Officers of vice-admiralty court
..............325
Jurisdiction and fees of vice-admiralty court
..... ... 326
Appointment of agents for prizes
..............326
Fees
...........................327
Receiver-General of the Royal Rights and Perquisites of the Ad¬
miralty
........................327
Appointed by lords of the treasury
..............328
Admiralty dues and pirates goods received
.........328
Collectors of the Six Pence per Month from Seamen s Wages for
the Royal Hospital at Greenwich
...........328
Appointed by commissioners subject to the instructions of the
lords of the admiralty
...................328
Commissioners for Trying Pirates
...............329
Trading with pirates
.....................329
Difficulty of exterminating them
...............330
Trial by special court of oyer and
terminer;
later examined in
vice-admiralty court and sent to England for trial
.....331
Commissioners for trying pirates; instructions, jurisdiction;
successful in suppressing piracy
..............332
Efficiency of the Judicial System
.................334
Criticism of General Court and governor s relation thereto
. . 334
Governor s appointive power in regard to judicial system.
. . 334
Royal appointees and those appointed by governor
......335
Appeals to king; delay in reviewing cases
..........335
Administration of justice generally satisfactory
........335
291
CONTENTS
29
CHAPTER
VIII
The System of Defense
Militia; composition, exemptions, cost of supplies refunded British
government, officers appointed by governor
........ 336
County lieutenant appointed by governor
........... 338
Adjutant-general of musters, a royal appointee
........ 338
Relation of governor and Council to militia
......... 339
Indians
.....................,....... 339
Number in colony; relation of governor and Council thereto;
tribes paying tribute; education
............. 340
Indian policy of British government
............... 342
Friendship of Indians; fur trade; treaties; presents
...... 342
Superintendent of Indian affairs appointed by king and paid
out of royal treasury
................... 343
Governor co-operated with superintendent
.......... 344
Superintendent s relations with Assembly regarding treaties
and boundaries
...................... 344
Reports fully to home government
............ 346
Expense of negotiating treaties
............... 347
Indian trade
.......................... 348
Interpreter for the Indians
................. 349
Appointed by Assembly, later by governor
.......... 350
Need of official interpreter and compensation
......... 351
Intercolonial military relations
............... 351
Several instances of aiding other colonies and the British gov¬
ernment in troops and appropriations
........... 352
Military system of colony sufficient except in great emergency
. . 353
CONCLUSION
Effort to improve the personnel of officials
............ 355
Officials did not live at seat of government
............ 355
Complaints against officials
................... 350
Royal officials; number, appointment, efficiency
. . ·..... 358
Provincial officials: number, appointment, efficiency
....... 360
Governor
.......................... 361
Power in theory and in practice
............... 362
Comparison of successful governors with others
....... 362
Instructions, and difficulty of rigid enforcement
....... 363
Council
............................. 364
Power in theory and in practice
............... 365
Intermediate position of Council
............... 366
Gradually became provincial
................. 366
30
CONTENTS
[30
Judicial system greatly influenced by governor and Council.
. . . 366
Military system rendered valuable service
............ 367
Financial system
....................... 367
Revenues, royal and provincial
............... 368
Colony was self-supporting
................. 368
Evasion of the revenues
. ..............
368
English merchants had much influence in colonial affairs
.....
36g
House of Burgesses
...................... 369
Gradually increased in power
................ 370
Control of appropriations
.................. 371
Resistance to oppressive royal authority
........... 371
Bibliography
......................... 373
Index
............................. 389
|
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| geographic | USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Virginia (DE-588)4063592-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA Virginia |
| id | DE-604.BV005243603 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:25:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003259118 |
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| physical | 393 S. |
| publishDate | 1966 |
| publishDateSearch | 1966 |
| publishDateSort | 1966 |
| publisher | ARMS Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in history, economics and public law. |
| series2 | Studies in history, economics and public law. |
| spelling | Flippin, Percy S. Verfasser aut The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 New York, N.Y. ARMS Pr. 1966 393 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in history, economics and public law. 194. Geschichte 1624 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1624-1775 gnd rswk-swf Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Virginia (DE-588)4063592-2 gnd rswk-swf Virginia (DE-588)4063592-2 g Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 s Geschichte 1624-1775 z DE-604 Geschichte 1624 z 1\p DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g 2\p DE-604 Studies in history, economics and public law. 194. (DE-604)BV002783426 194 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003259118&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Flippin, Percy S. The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 Studies in history, economics and public law. Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063317-2 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4063592-2 |
| title | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_auth | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_exact_search | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_full | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_fullStr | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The royal government in Virginia 1624-1775 |
| title_short | The royal government in Virginia |
| title_sort | the royal government in virginia 1624 1775 |
| title_sub | 1624-1775 |
| topic | Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verwaltung USA Virginia |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003259118&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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