University economics: Elements of inquiry
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Belmont, Calif.
Wadsworth Publ.
1972
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 857 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0534000304 |
Staff View
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| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Belmont, Calif. |b Wadsworth Publ. |c 1972 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: University economics
Autor: Alchian, Armen Albert
Jahr: 1972
Contents
1 Scarcity, Competitive Behavior, and Economics 1
Ever Expanding and Unsatisfied Needs 1
Scarcity and the General Problems of Economics 2
Our Economic Activities 3
Three Attributes of Economic Analysis 5
Ouestions 6
2 Varieties of Competition 9
Violence as a Form of Competition 9
Offers of Exchange as a Form of Competition 10
Other Types of Competition 10
Competitive Criteria and Survival Traits 11
Summary 12
Ouestions 13
3 Some Postulates of Economics u
Observation 1: The Unit of Analysis Is the Individual 14
Observation 2: No Man Can See the Future Perfectly 1*
Postulate 1: Each Person Seeks a Multitude of Goods 15
Postulate 2: For Each Person, Some Goods Are Scarce 16
Postulate 3: Substitution: A Person Is Willing to Sacrifice
Some of Any Good to Obtain More of Other Goods 16
Postulate 4: A Person s Personal Valuation of Any Good
Depends upon the Amount He Has of That Good; the More
He Has, the Lower His Personal Value of the Good 18
Postulate 5: The Higher the Cost of Any Good to a Person,
the Less of It Will He Demand 18
Postulate 6: Not all People Have Identical Preference
Patterns 19
Flationality of Analysis versus Rationality of People 19
Meaning of Self-Interest 20
Utility-Maximizing Behavior 21
Functional Analysis in Economics 21
Summary 22
Ouestions 23
Appendix: Preference Maps and Utility Lines 26
ix
4 Basis of Exchange 29
Mutually Advantageous Trade and the Middleman 29
Open Markets, Costs of Exchange, and Profit Elimination 35
Constrained Markets 36
A Few Implications of Exchange Analysis 38
Some Analytical and Ethical Aspects of Exchange 39
Summary 43
Ouestions 44
3 Demand and the Laws of Demand 48
Markets 48
Money 49
The Demand Function 50
The First Fundamental Law of Demand 53
The Second Fundamental Law of Demand 56
Some lllustrations of the Laws of Demand 57
Needs versus Demand 60
Alleged Exceptions to the Laws of Demand 61
Summary 64
Ouestions 65
O Market Demand, Allocation, and Equilibrium Price 68
Demand in a Four-Person Society 68
Markets as Economizers on Costs of Information 70
Market Supply and Demand: Graphic Interpretation 71
Purpose of Demand and Supply Concepts 76
Interdependent Demands 76
Other Kinds of Demand and Supply Concepts 78
Summary 80
Ouestions 81
Applications of Demand Analysis to Market Pricing and Allocation 84
Rental and Allocation 84
The Cost-Price Illusion 86
Prices of Common Stock 89
Pricing and Discrimination 91
Price Controls as a Restriction on Market Exchange 92
Economic Rent 99
Summary 101
Ouestions 102
o Price-Takers and Price-Searchers Markets 104
Price-Takers Markets: Horizontal Demand Pacing Individual
Seiler 104
A Price-Searcher Faces Negatively Sloped Demand 108
Multipart Pricing 113
Kinds of Market Pricing 1T7
Why Price-Searchers 7 117
Summary 122
Ouestions 123
Allocation without Private-Property Rights 129
Costs of Negotiating Exchanges and Enforcing Property
Rights 130
Allocation under Rights Other Than Private Property :
Nonprofit Institutions 132
Philanthropy 135
Public and Private Goods 142
Conclusion 144
Summary 144
Ouestions 145
10 Allocation of Consumable Goods over Time: Speculation 149
The Risk-Taker in Commodity Markets 149
Allocation of Risks in Futures Markets 156
Speculative Markets under Different Economic Systems 158
Summary 158
Ouestions 159
^ 11 Produetion, Exchange, Specialization, and Efficiency 163
Produetion and Exchange 164
Specialization and Enlarged Output 165
Achievement of Efficient Produetion by Market Exchanges 172
Are Specialization and Efficient Produetion Good? 175
Summary 176
Ouestions 177
12 Control of Specialized Produetion in Various Market Conditions 179
Money Measure of Costs 179
Production-Possibility Boundary as Supply Schedule 180
Produetion Controls under Private-Property, Open-Market
System 183
Productive Efficiency and Wealth Maximizing 188
Produetion versus Consumption Efficiency 189
Restricted Market Access: A Source of Produetion
Inefficiency 190
Actual Attainment of Efficiency? 193
Summary 195
Ouestions 196
13 Capital Values, Interest Rates, and Wealth 199
Rate of Interest 200
Future Amounts Corresponding to Given Present Values 206
Present Capital Value for Series of Future Amounts 206
Illustrative Applications of Capitalization Principles 209
Wealth, Income, Consumption, Saving, Profits 214
Capital Values, Property, and Care of Wealth 215
Summary 218
Ouestions 219
14 Costs and Output Programs 221
Costs of Acquiring, Continuing Possession, and
Operating 221
XII
Cost Calculation of a Specific Output Program 222
Per-Unit-of-Service Measures of Costs 224
Cost Relevant to Various Decisions 226
Size of Output Programs and Costs 227
Proportionate Increases in Both Rate and Volume 233
Joint Products with Common Costs 239
Meaning and Measure of Obsolescence 241
Summary 242
Ouestions 243
15 The Business Firm and Profits 247
Why Do Business Firms Exist? 248
The Formal Legal Structure of Business Firms 249
Profits and Business Firms 252
Summary 265
Ouestions 266
16 Produetion by Firms in Price-Takers Open Markets 274
Influence of Demand Changes on Output 274
Costs and Output Programs 275
Market Supply: Aggregated Output of All Firms 279
Supply Response by Entry of New Firms: Long-Run Response 282
Resource Valuation as a Director of Resource Uses 284
Consequence of Basing Output on Wealth Maximizing 286
Adjustments without Füll Information 287
Timing of Supply Responses 288
Summary of Output Response 289
Illustrative Analysis: Effects of a Tax 289
Summary 292
Ouestions 293
17 Pricing and Produetion in Price-Searchers Open Markets
Two Types of Monopolies 296
Price and Output for Price-Searchers in Open Markets with
Füll Knowledge of Demand and Cost 297
296
The Search for Wealth-Maximizing Price and Output with
Incomplete Information 299
Entry of New Firms in Response to Demand Changes 302
Response of Producers to Anticipated Demand 304
Desirability of Directing Output by Wealth-Maximization for
Price-Searchers 307
Some Confusions about Price-Searchers Markets 308
Summary 315
Ouestions 315
IS Seilers Tacties for Changing Market Conditions 319
Methods for Changing Market Competition 319
Ethics or Desirability of Collusion 324
Charging What the Open (or Closed) Market Will Bear 327
Legal Restraints against Open-Market Competition 328
Price Discrimination? 332
Protection of Consumers 334
Protection of Producers 338
Public Utilities 344
Whose Utility in Public Utilities? 345
Monopoly Rents: Creation and Disposition 346
Summary 349
Ouestions 350
19 Theory of Demand for Productive Resources 356
What Does a Person Produce? 357
Labor and Capital as Standard Names of Inputs 358
Variety of Productive Techniques and the Law of Variable
Proportions 359
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns 362
The Demand for Productive Resources 365
Generality of Marginal-Productivity Theory 370
The Circle Closed 372
Summary 373
Ouestions 374
20 Wages and Labor in Open Markets 378
Labor Service Is a Commodity 378
Demand for Labor 379
Supply of Labor 379
Wage Rates, Wealth, and Labor Force 380
Wage Differences 383
Labor Unions 389
Effect of Technological Progress on Job Allocation and Wages 392
Summary 396
Ouestions 397
21 Labor Market Restrictions 401
Employee-Employer Bargaining Power 401
Restrictions on Open Markets for Labor 402
Unions and Wage Rates 408
Closed Monopsony: Buyers Close a Market to Other Buyers 414
Summary 420
Ouestions 421
22 Interest, Savings, Investments, and Wealth 426
Means of Converting Present Income into Wealth 427
Net Productivity of Investment 429
Demand for Investment 431
Savings Supply 432
Coordinating Investment and Saving 433
The Meanings of the Interest Rate 437
Money and Real Rate of Interest 437
Summary 438
Ouestions 439
23 Growth and Distribution of Wealth 444
Specialization of Borrowers and Lenders 444
Stipulated Interest Rate and Indicated Effective Interest Yield 445
Negotiability of Bonds 447
Legal Restraints on Access to Loan Market 448
The Rate of Growth of Wealth 451
Growth, Property Rights, and Conservation 452
Sources of Greater Wealth 454
Size Distribution of Wealth and Income 455
Wealth Distribution 459
The Poor 459
Evaluation 461
Summary 462
Ouestions 463
24 Economic Roles of Government Activity 467
f25
Characteristics of Private Property 467
Transactions Costs 469
Indefinite Property Rights 472
Externa! Consequences and Uses of Private Property 474
Public Goods 477
Governmental Expenditures and Receipts 479
Efficiency of Government Services 486
Social Security 486
Redistribution of Wealth and Income 487
Conclusion 488
Summary 488
Ouestions 489
Unemployment and Fluctuations in Demand 494
The Magnitude of the Allocation Task 494
Some Sources and Kinds of Unemployment 495
Information about Employment Opportunities 496
Costs of Information 497
Actions That Economize Information and Adjustment Costs 498
- Structural Unemployment and Aggregate Demand Decreases 502
- Structural and Aggregate Demand Unemployment 507
Dispassionate Analysis and Compassionate Policy 508
Determination of Aggregate Demand 508
Summary 509
Ouestions 510
26 National Income: Measurement and Meaning 512
Gross National Product (GNP) 513
GNP and Changes in Quantities and Prices 514
GNP, Output, Employment, and Prices 516
GNP, Absorption, and Net National Product 519
National Income 520
Income Creation and Income Disposal 522
National Income or Wealth 523
Summary 524
Ouestions 525
27 National-Income Theory: The Basic Model 528
Income Determination in a Pure-Consumption Model 528
Income Determination in an Investment and Consumption Model 536
Changes in National Income 540
Investment Volatility: The Accelerator 549
Summary 552
Ouestions 553
28 Fiscal Policy 556
Equilibrium Income with Government Spending and Taxing 556
Fiscal Policy and Variations on a Theme 559
Route 1: Increase Government Spending with Constant Tax Rate 561
Route 2: Unchanged Government Expenditure with Reduced Tax Rate 563
Route 3: Increase Government Spending and Reduce Tax Rate 564
Route 4: Increase Government Spending and Increase Tax Rate with Budget
Balanced 565
Route 5: Increase Government Spending and Tax Rate with Budget Deficit 569
Route 6: Increase Government Spending and Tax Rate with Budget Surplus 569
Route 7: Decrease Government Spending and Tax Rate with Budget Deficit 570
xvii
Which Route? 570
A Different Problem: Guns or Butter-Increase G with Y Constant 572
Automatic Stabilizers 573
Limits to Expansion of Income 576
Political Problems in Discretionary Fiscal Policy 577
Summary 578
Ouestions 578
Appendix: Algebra in the Analysis of Income Determination 581
29 Money and Income 584
Money 584
The Demand Function for Money 586
Preview of Effects of Changes in Quantity of Money 587
Money versus Investment 589
The Quantity Equation 589
Summary 592
Ouestions 592
30 Money and Commercial Banks 596
Commercial Bank Money: Supply Transactions 596
Expansion of Demand Deposits in the Single Bank 604
Supply and Demand for Commercial Bank Money 611
Conclusion 615
Summary 615
Ouestions 616
31 The Money Supply: Determinants, Techniques, and Tactics 618
Bank Reserves and the Monetary Base 618
Federal Reserve Bank Techniques for Control of Reserves 621
Obstacles to Effective Stabilization Policy 627
The Stabilization Record of the Federal Reserve 629
Summary 634
Ouestions 635
Appendix: Sources and Forms of Reserves and the Monetary Base 638
XVIII
32 Stabilization Policy, Füll Employment, Inflation, and Free Markets 646
Inflation, Low Employment, and Wage and Price Controls 647
V What Is Inflation? 649
l The Meaning of the Effects of Inflation 650
t Wealth-Transfer Effects of Unanticipated Inflation 651
v The Wage-Lag Doctrine: An Exercise in Debunking 660
v The Causes of Inflation 661
^ Personal Protection from Inflation 664
u Quantity of Money and Inflation: Some Historical Episodes 665
v Anticipated Inflation 666
v Repressed Exchange Prices versus Open Inflation 668
Anti-Inflation Monetary Reforms 669
Stabilization Policy Issues 671
Attempts to Obtain Less Discretionary Fiscal and Monetary Policy 673
Fiscal and Monetary Policy: Via Government Spending Increase or Money
Increase? 675
Summary 675
Ouestions 677
33 Imports and the Gain from Trade 682
The Gold Bug, Foreign Aid, and National Income 684
International Payments and Exchange Arbitrage 686
Ouestions 690
34 International Trade Theory 693
The Output-Price Theory 693
The Single-Input Theory 701
The Multiple-Input, Factor-Endowment Theory 706
Summary 712
Ouestions 713
35 Resource Allocation, Terms of Trade, and Tariffs 716
Trade and Resource Allocation 716
Reciprocal Demand and the Terms of Trade 719
Tariffs and Trade 724
What Do the Terms of Trade Measure? 728
Customs Unions and Trade 730
Summary 733
Ouestions 733
36 The Balance of Payments and Its Interpretation 735
Balance-of-Payments Accounting 735
Interpretations of Imbalance 737
The Dollar, the Deficit, and International Liquidity 741
Summary 743
Ouestions 743
37 Balance-of-Payments Adjustment 746
Adjustment and Absorption 747
The Adjustment Alternatives 748
Adjustment and the I.M.F. 759
Summary 761
Ouestions 761
38 Saving, Foreign Aid, and Growth 764
Sources of Capital 766
Robinson Crusoe and Friday 766
Saving, Population, and Per Capita Income 769
The Dismal Mathematics of Growth 770
Concluding Meditations 773
Ouestions 775
Answers 777
Index 811
|
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| spelling | Alchian, Armen Albert 1914-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)119273411 aut University economics Elements of inquiry Armen A. Alchian ; William R. Allen 3. ed. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth Publ. 1972 XXVI, 857 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Economische analyse gtt Economische politiek gtt Économie politique Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 s DE-604 Allen, William R. 1924-2021 Verfasser (DE-588)11927342X aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003092688&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Alchian, Armen Albert 1914-2013 Allen, William R. 1924-2021 University economics Elements of inquiry Economische analyse gtt Economische politiek gtt Économie politique Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078943-3 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | University economics Elements of inquiry |
| title_auth | University economics Elements of inquiry |
| title_exact_search | University economics Elements of inquiry |
| title_full | University economics Elements of inquiry Armen A. Alchian ; William R. Allen |
| title_fullStr | University economics Elements of inquiry Armen A. Alchian ; William R. Allen |
| title_full_unstemmed | University economics Elements of inquiry Armen A. Alchian ; William R. Allen |
| title_short | University economics |
| title_sort | university economics elements of inquiry |
| title_sub | Elements of inquiry |
| topic | Economische analyse gtt Economische politiek gtt Économie politique Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Economische analyse Economische politiek Économie politique Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre Lehrbuch |
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