Brest-Litovsk: the forgotten peace ; March 1918
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
MacMillan [u.a.]
1966
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed., reprint. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Papermac
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Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Brest-Litovsk |b the forgotten peace ; March 1918 |c by John W. Wheeler-Bennett |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804119146859855873 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PAQB
Preface to
1966
Reprint
..... .ix
Introduction
........ xi
I. Exits and Entrances
..... 1
II. Kerensky, Lenin, and Peace
. . . .21
III. The Decree of Peace
. . . . .63
IV.
Peace without Indemnities or Annexations
. 97
V. The Stalemate
. . . . . . .149
VI.
No War—No Peace
. . . .205
VII.
The Tilsit Peace
......241
VIII.
The Aftermath
...... 309
APPENDICES
I. The Declaration of Peace, November
8, 1917 . . 375
II. The Armistice Agreement of Brest-Litovsk, December
15,
1
Jl
( * « *
φ
* · ·
t
О/У
III. Lenin s Twenty-one Theses for Peace, January
20, 1918 . 385
IV. The Ukrainian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, February
9, 1918 . 392
V. The Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March
3, 1918 . 403
VI. Lenin s Speech for Ratification, March
14, 1918 . . 409
VII.
Supplementary Treaty of Berlin, August
27, 1918 . . 427
VIII.
Notes exchanged at Berlin, August
27, 1918 . . . 435
IX. Financial Agreement of Berlin, August_27,
1918 . . 439
X. Decree of Annulment of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty,
November
13, 1918 .... . 447
XL Extract from Armistice Agreement, November
11, 1918 . 450
XII.
Extracts from Treaty of Versailles
. .
N
. .451
Bibliography
........ 455
Index
......... 461
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece
General Erich Ludendorfi
Following page
172
Lenin
Major-General Hoffmann
Arrival of the Russian Delegation at Brest-Litovsk
Armistice Negotiations at Brest-Litovsk
Baron
von Kühlmann
Kamenev
Arrival of Trotsky
Count Czernin and Baron
von Kühlmann
Signing of the Ukrainian Treaty
Trotsky
Sokolnikov
Karakhan
A Walk-Over?
General Skoropadsky at Spa
Radek
MAP
Territorial Changes at Brest-Litovsk Facing page
274
viii
INDEX
Aaland
Islands, 224, 271, 407
Afghanistan,
the Peace Treaty and,
407
Alexander Mikhailovitch, Grand Duke,
13
Alexandrof, Ukrainian delegate,
338
Alexeiev, General,
28, 57, 287, 327, 342,
436 ;
his Volunteer Army,
346
All-Russian Congress of Soviets, see
Soviet Congresses
Alliance,
a Russo-
German, the menace
of,
75
Allied Powers, and unofficial peace
negotiations,
140-44 ;
Kamenev s
mission to,
283-6 ;
asked to help the
Soviet Government (March
1918),
286-303 ;
attempt intervention in
Russia from Archangel and Mur¬
mansk (Summer of
1918), 327, 332,
334, 342
n.
;
Russia undertakes to
expel the Allied forces from Northern
Russia,
345, 346, 429, 436
Alsace, Upper, Saxony and,
326
n.
Alsace-Lorraine, partition of,
326
n.
Altvater, Admiral Vasili,
87, 94, 112-14,
223, 264
Ambassadors, German and Russian,
328,
334, 340-42, 348-51
Anastassoff, Dr. Theodor, 393, 404
Anatolia, East, its evacuation and re¬
turn to Turkey,
256, 272, 405
Annexations, the Allies and,
137 ;
Austria and,
124-6, 171,174, 203,212;
Bulgaria and,
120 ;
Germany and,
99,
100,104-11,122-36,140,142,156,161,
164, 171, 173-5, 185, 190, 196, 198,
200, 212, 216-20, 223, 244, 275, 386 ;
Russia and,
117,124-30,189,190,193,
227, 375, 376, 378
Archangel, Allied penetration from,
292,
327, 342
n.
;
Russia to expel Allied
forces from,
345
Arctic Ocean, armistice and peace
terms re,
256, 381, 406
Ardahan,
265, 272, 345, 405
Armistice (between the Allied Powers
and Central Powers)
—
German negoti¬
ations with Wilson (October
1918),
357 ;
the Armistice Commission,
370 ;
extracts from the conditions of an
armistice with Germany (November
11, 1918), 450
Armistice (Russo-German), Trotsky s
application for,
75-7, 79-83 ;
negotia¬
tions (November-December
1917),
83-95, 377, 378 ;
the agreement signed
(December
15, 1917), 93 ;
text of the
agreement,
379 ;
Hindenburg and
Ludendorff demand its denunciation,
230 ;
Hoffmann ordered to end the
armistice (February
1918), 232, 238,
239, 243
Austria, Nazi Germany and,
xiv
Austria-Hungary, and the continuation
of the war,
80, 81 ;
the Treaty of
London and the partition of the Dual
Monarchy,
118, 119 ;
and the principle
of self-determination,
118 ;
and a
separate peace with Russia,
119, 126,
201, 203 ;
its economic position
(January
1918), 169-72, 202, 220;
demands an early conclusion of peace,
169-72 ;
her relations with Germany,
212 ;
strikes and outbreaks in, and
Soviets formed (January
1918), 196,
207 ;
opposes the resumption of
hostilities (February
1918), 231, 233,
234 ;
reluctantly joins in the Ukrain¬
ian campaign,
313
Avenesov, V.,
449
Axelrod,
39
Azerbaizhan oilfields,
272
Bakhmetieff, George,
145
Baku oilfields,
272, 326, 345, 432, 433
Balfour, Arthur James, Earl of,
145 ;
and the dangers of a Russo-German
rapprochement,
76 ;
and Lockhart s
appeal for Allied help to Russia
(March
1918), 293-6 ;
on Japanese
intervention in Siberia,
301
та.
Baltic Provinces, German annexation of,
108, 110, 222 ;
evacuation of,
452
Baltic Sea, the armistice and peace
terms re,
256, 379-83, 406
Baltic States, Nazi Germany and,
xv
Bank deposits and balances,
439, 442-4
Barth,
Emile,
356, 358
Batum,
265, 272, 345, 405
461
462
INDEX
Bauer,
Colonel,
161, 160, 366
Bavaria and Alsace-Lorraine,
326
п.
Belgium, evacuation of,
136 ;
neutrality
of,
158 ;
Germany and its restoration,
368
Bendzin,
131
Beresina,
428
Berlin, strikes (January
1918), 196 ;
bad conditions in (August
1918),
347 ;
Soviet Embassy in,
349
Bernhard,
George,
122
Bernstein,
Eduard, 184
Berthelot,
General Henri,
73
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald
von, 37,
38, 101, 102, 200, 343
Bieliakov, Nicholas,
85
Bismarck,
103, 350
Bitsenko,
Mme.
Anastasia,
85, 114
Black Hundreds,
6
Black Sea, the armistice and peace
terms re,
379, 381-3, 406
Black Sea Fleet,
256, 331, 335, 437
Black Sea and the Baltic, removal of
troops on the front between,
93, 379
Black Sea territory, German evacuation
of,
345, 432
Blockade of Germany,
270
Bolshevik Party,
27, 29, 34, 39, 42 »., 43,
48 ;
its abortive coup
ď
état
(July
17,
1917), 54 ;
unrepresented in Keren-
sky s new cabinet (July
22, 1917), 55 ;
Moscow and
Petrograd
Soviets come
under its control,
57 ;
refuses to par¬
ticipate in the Council of the Russian
Republic (October
1917), 57;
and a
separate peace,
58, 65 ;
its head¬
quarters,
58 ;
Lenin advises it to
seize the power (October
1917), 59-
61» 415 ;
its views on self-determina¬
tion,
115 ;
and the Constituent
Assembly,
176 - 83 ;
its electoral
strength (November-December
1917),
177 ;
secessions from the party when
the Treaty was signed,
276 ;
the
Seventh Congress (March
6, 1918),
and the ratification of the Treaty,
278-81, 298;
and the fulfilment of
the Treaty,
334 ;
Germany s plan to
overthrow the Bolshevik
régime,
335 ;
its foreign policy attacked,
338 ;
plot
to murder or arrest all outstanding
leaden,
340
n.
;
its success at the
November
1918
elections,
361
Bolshevik propaganda, see Propaganda
Bolshevism, Germany s fear of,
xiii,
334 ;
a new form of nationalism,
152 ;
the Supreme Command and its
destruction,
244 ;
the Allies fear of,
298 ;
the bolshevizing of the German
army,
351-4 ;
see also Germany
Breshko-Breshovsky, Madame,
334
Brest-Litovsk, German G.H.Q. at,
77 ;
see also Peace negotiations
Brinckmann, Major,
84, 124, 324
Brockdorfl-Rantzau, Count,
36
Brussilo
v, General Alexei,
8, 55, 341
Buchanan, Sir George, and the revolu¬
tion of March
1917, 30 ;
and the
release of Russia from her obligations,
52, 294 ;
and Trotsky s demand for
an armistice,
75-7
Bucharest, Treaty of,
xv, 368, 370, 450,
451
Bukharin,
xi, 17 ;
favours the resump¬
tion of hostilities in
a revolutionary
war
, 186-8, 191-3 ;
and the accept¬
ance of the revised peace terms,
248,
249, 251, 257, 258 ;
and an under¬
standing with Sverdlov,
253 ;
dis¬
favours negotiations with the Entente,
253, 254 ;
resigns from the Bolshevik
Party,
258 ;
his view of the Peace
Treaty,
278, 281 ;
advocates its
rejection,
302 ;
and the attempt on
Lenin s life,
341
n.
;
refused per¬
mission to attend the Congress of
German Workers,
361
Bukovina,
the future of,
154, 168, 171,
220, 321
Bulgaria, and the continuation of the
war,
81 ;
and the peace negotiations,
120, 170 ;
economic relations with the
Ukraine,
399
Bulow, Lieutenant
Bernhard
von, 84
Burian,
Count,
321
те.
Bussche,
Freiherr von dem, 262, 268
п.,
305
Cadet
Party, 11, 24, 177, 181, 298, 327,
336, 416
Cadet Rising,
70
Caucasus, the evacuation of,
119 ;
its
relations with the
Petrograd
Govern¬
ment,
174 ;
Russia and,
210 ;
Russian
concentration of troops in,
272 ;
third
power military operations in,
345,433,
437
Central Executive Committee, see
Soviets, Congress of
Chantilly,
Inter-Allied Conference at,
7
Chartist movement,
377
Cheka,
337, 361
Chernov, Victor,
49, 180, 182
Chicherin, Gregory Vassilievitch,
342
п.,
INDEX
463
346, 404 ;
a member of the peace
negotiations delegation,
264 ;
on the
German terms,
295, 296
n.
; Lockhart
and,
300 ;
on Germany s violation of
the peace terms,
330
Cholm district, cession of,
154, 155, 168,
171, 202, 213, 220, 234, 235
Civil damages,
442
Clemenceau,
Georges,
76, 199, 307
Coal deliveries,
432
Cohn, Dr. Oscar,
360, 361
n.
Colonial questions, peace terms and,
118
Commerce, freedom of,
118
Commercial agreements annexed to the
Treaty,
273, 274, 395-401
Commercial travellers, taxing of,
274
Commercial treaties
1894-1906, 256,
274, 396, 397
Commissars, see Council of
Commissars
Commissions, technical, and the peace
negotiations,
266-8
Communist Party,
276, 282, 298, 328
Compensation, see Indemnities
Compensation to war sufferers,
118
Constantinople, Britain and,
7, 10 ;
Russia and,
30, 45
Constituent Assembly,
57, 130 ;
Bol¬
shevik attack on,
175-80, 183;
Chernov elected President,
180 ;
its
dissolution (January
19, 1918), 181 ;
British and German views of the
dissolution,
183, 184 ;
its re-establish¬
ment suggested,
333
Consuls, admission of,
394, 408
Copyright protection,
397
Council of Commissars,
71, 73, 178, 180,
182, 261, 267, 283, 336, 338, 362
Council of the Russian Republic,
57
Courland, the future of,
104, 107, 108,
110, 124, 125, 128, 130, 134, 162, 170,
185, 189, 190, 222, 255, 305;
the
evacuation of,
119, 127, 136;
the
Treaty clauses re,
271, 429, 431 ;
grand-ducal government in,
326 ;
Lenin and the liberation of,
390, 391
Courland, Duke of,
Wilhelm
II as,
325
те.
Creel, George,
145
Crimea, German colonies in, and
annexation,
326 ;
German occupa¬
tion of the Crimean ports,
326 ;
German invasion of,
330
Croats, national ambitions of,
118
Cromie,
Captain,
340
n.
Csiscerics, General,
112, 126, 404
Customs conventions, bilateral,
118
Customs tariffs,
396, 398, 400
Czechs, national ambitions of,
118 ;
legions,
273, 312, 327, 346, 436
Czechoslovakia, Nazi Germany and,
xiv
Czernin, Count,
392, 403 ;
and the peace
negotiations,
80, 81, 118, 119 ;
agrees
to Russia s six main tenets for peace,
118-22 ;
favours a separate peace
with Russia,
119 ;
and the no-annexa¬
tion provision,
124-7 ;
refuses to
transfer negotiations to Stockholm,
140 ;
wants a speedy settlement of
the negotiations,
151 ;
annoyed by
the arrival of representatives from
the Ukraine,
154 ;
says Russia must
now confine itself to the question of a
separate peace,
156 ;
annoyed by the
endless discussions between
Kühl¬
mann
and Lenin,
158-60 ;
his un¬
friendly relations with
Kühlmann,
159 ;
distressed at Hoffmann s attack
on self-determination,
162 ;
and peace
with Ukrainia,
167, 168, 171, 201-4,
208, 213, 219-21, 321 ;
asked to seek
assistance for Austria in its economic
plight,
169, 172;
the Emperor Karl
tells him he must conclude peace,
170-72 ;
reports to the Crown Council
on the peace negotiations (January
22,
1918), 201 ;
replies to Wilson s Four¬
teen Points,
203, 223;
intends to
break the negotiations deadlock,
207;
stages a combat between Trotsky and
the Ukrainian delegations,
209-11 ;
and the Dombrowa
айаіг,
and Ger¬
many s annexationist policy,
213,
214 ;
attempts to compromise between
the German and Russian views,
214-21 ;
negotiations for a secret
meeting between him and Lloyd
George,
214, 215
n.
;
formally an¬
nounces the Ukrainian treaty,
223 ;
his opposition to the cession of Cholm,
234 ;
his reported acceptance of the
defacto
conditions of peace,
236 ;
and
Trotsky s break off of negotiations
(February
10, 1918), 229;
on what
the alliance with Germany entailed,
231 ;
at Bucharest,
264
Dagö,
occupation of,
54
Danilo
v, General,
13
Danzig and Thorn, the
narrow neck
between,
106
Dardanelles, the, Britain and,
7 ;
Miliukov and their annexation,
29
464
INDEX
David, Herr, 306
Debt repudiation by Russia,
92, 251
Defeatism, policy of,
xi, xii, 333
Demarcation and Frontier Commissions,
428
Democratic Conference, Moscow,
57
Denikin, General,
327
Dewey,
Admiral,
343
Diamandi, M.,
251
Dictatorship, revolutionary,
183
Diplomatic relations between Russia and
Germany,
328, 334, 340-42, 348-51,
394, 407
Dobryi, banker,
322
Dombrowa coal-field,
212, 213
Don, the,
210
Don Basin, German evacuation oft
345,
437
Don Cossacks,
Hetman
of,
326
Donetz, coal basin of,
203, 315, 330,
432
Drews, Dr.,
359
Dukbonin, General,
71-4, 246
Duma, the third,
417
Dvina
shipping,
430
Dvinsk,
83, 87 ;
capture of,
244, 248
Dybenko, Commissar for War,
72, 179,
276
Dzerzhinsby, Felix Edmundovich,
59,
249
Ebert, Friedrich,
43, 184, 356
Economic boycotts and treaties,
118
Economic relations,
394, 395, 397, 408
Eichhorn,
Field
-
Marshal
von,
his
dictatorship in the Ukraine,
315,
318-22, 324, 325, 338;
assassinated,
325, 340
n.
Ekaterinburg Soviet,
191
Ekaterinoslav,
203
Elections in Russia,
176, 177,-
of
November
1918, 361 ;
arrest of the
All-Russian Commission on Elections,
177
Embassy (Soviet), at Berlin,
349-51,
357-60
Erzberger, Matthias, opposes the Polish
proclamation,
11 ;
and Lenin s return
to Russia,
37 ;
takes part in peace con¬
versations in Stockholm,
52
n.
;
and
the Peace Resolution of July
1917,
102 ;
envisages the incorporation of
Russian and Austrian Poland within
the German Empire,
106, 131 ;
approves
Kühlmann s
annexation
policy,
130 ;
welcomes the peace with
Russia (February
1918), 263 ;
at the
Armistice Commission (November
8,
1918), 370
Estonia, the future of,
108, 128, 161,
174, 193, 222, 223, 230, 249, 305;
evacuation of, 255t
271, 306
п.,
406,
428;
landowners appeal to the Kaiser
for protection,
221 ;
grand-ducal
government in,
326 ;
Russia renounces
sovereignty over,
345, 429 ;
the Treaty
and,
406, 407, 428, 430, 431 ;
measures
for national defence,
453
Eugen,
Archduke,
314, 326
n.
European revolution,
413
Exceptions, Law of,
377
Fackel,
Die,
90, 91, 93
Falkenhayn, General
Erich von, 78,
104, 130
Fehrenbach, 248
Fifth Army, Congress of,
88
Fifth Army (British) retreats,
307
Financial Agreement supplementing the
Russo-German Supplementary Treaty
(August
27, 1918), 439
Finland, Bolshevik success in,
207 ;
Germany and,
249, 252 ;
Russian
troops to be withdrawn,
256, 271, 407;
its independence,
271
n.
;
Bolsheviks
treaty with (March
1, 1918), 271
n.
;
Prince
Friedrich Karl
of Hesse aspires
to the throne,
325
n.
;
Bolshevik rising
in,
326 ;
seizure of Russian war
material in,
330 ;
Lenin and self-
determination for,
390 ;
Lenin denies
that Russia betrayed her,
421, 422
Finnish Red Guards,
335, 346, 437
Fischer, Louis,
342
n.
Foch,
Marshal,
370
Fokke, Lieutenant-Colonel,
87, 124
Fontánka
Embankment,
265
Food shortage (January to March
1918),
169-72, 202, 225, 231, 312, 313, 315-
317
Force, its use and misuse,
163, 366
Foreign Affairs, Ministry of (Russian),
70
Foscari, Armistice of,
83
Fourteen Points, President Wilson s,
146, 197, 203, 222, 223, 355, 364, 365,
369, 370
France, refuses to recognize the Council
of People s Commissars,
73 ;
and
Russia s demand for a separate
peace,
76
France, Northern, evacuation of,
136
Francis, David,
42, 143, 144, 289, 293,
297, 298, 300
INDEX
465
Fraternization amongst the troops,
71,
92, 93, 352
Freytag-Loringhoven, General
von, 107
Friedrich,
Archduke,
314
Friedrich Karl
of Hesse, Prince,
325
n.
Frontier Commissions and boundaries,
428, 435
Fuhrmann, Herr, 198, 199
Gains made by Germany under the
Treaty,
275
Galicia,
the future of,
105, 106, 154, 168,
171, 202, 214, 220, 321
Gallipoli campaign, Russia and,
7
Gantcheff, General Peter,
84, 120, 211,
264, 393, 404
Gatchina, military adventure at,
70
Georgia, independence of,
345, 433 ;
exportation of manganese ore,
437 ;
Russian troops in,
437
German Constitution, its democratiza¬
tion,
355
German-Russian Commercial Treaty
1894^-1904, 256, 396
German-Russian Legal Convention,
256
German-Russian
Non-
Aggression
Treaty of
1926, xii
Germany, strikes and outbreaks in, and
Soviets formed (January
1918), 196,
207 ;
the bolshevizing of the army,
221, 226, 351-4 ;
the working classes,
237-9, 248, 364, 365 ;
the Soviets place
their forces and resources at their
disposal,
356, 358, 360 ;
Lenin on a
German revolution,
388-90, 420, 422 ;
the German revolution (October-Nov¬
ember
1918), 355-62 ;
Soviet Republic
proclaimed (November
9, 1918), 358 ;
German gains under the Treaty,
275 ;
Germany (Nazi) dreams of expansion
in Eastern Europe, x, xii-xvi
;
her fear
of Bolshevism,
xiii
Goods, exchange of,
394, 395
Gratz, Dr.,
214, 217, 218
Great Britain, asked to assist the Soviet
Government (March
1918), 284-8,
291, 293-6, 298
Grimm, Robert,
36
Grober, Herr, 306
Gröner,
General
Wilhelm, 316, 317,
320, 322
Guchkoff
,
Alexander,
24, 28, 47, 48
Gumberg,
Alexander,
291
Gustavus V ,King of Sweden,
7
Haase,
Herr, 130, 306, 358
Habsburg
Monarchy, a tripartite,
105
Haig, Field-Marshal Earl,
327
Hakki Pasha,
264, 393, 404
Hard, William,
91
n.
Helflerich, Karl,
342, 346
n.
Helphand, Dr.,
36, 37
Henderson, Arthur,
31
Hertling, Count
von,
Chancellor,
102,
103, 107, 110, 123, 133;
replies to
Wilson s Fourteen Points,
197, 223,
365 ;
supports
Kühlmann, 200 ,·
urges
Czernin to cease baiting Ludendorff,
213 ;
opposes the Supreme Command
on annexations,
222;
and the resump¬
tion of hostilities,
232, 234 ;
on the
future of Estonia and Livonia,
305 ;
and the Treaty conditions on Bol¬
shevik propaganda,
350 ;
succeeded as
Chancellor by Prince Max of Baden,
355
Hesse, Grand Duke of,
7
Hettner, Professor,
xiv
Hey, Major,
167
Hindenburg, Paul
von Beneckendorff
und von,
Field-Marshal, and the
Polish question,
10, 132-5 ;
and
Lenin s return to Russia,
37, 38 ;
at
G.H.Q. at Brest-
Lito
vsk,
77 ;
on the
Western Front,
78 ;
and U-boat war¬
fare,
82 ;
and the Peace Resolution
of July
1917, 100, 101 ;
at the Crown
Council at Kreuznach,
107, 109 ;
and
the no-annexations provision,
123 ;
and the Brest negotiations,
199, 200 ;
demands the denunciation of the
armistice agreement with Russia,
230 ;
demands an immediate armistice
with the Allied Powers (October
3,
1918), 354 ;
Ludendorff drags him
along to open peace negotiations
(October
1918), 369
Hintze, Rear-Admiral Paul
von, 343,
344, 346, 347, 427, 434, 435, 439, 446
Hitler, Adolf, and the Treaties of Brest
-
Litovsk and Versailles,
xiii ;
and Ger¬
many as a World Power,
xiv ;
and the
German possession of the Urals,
Siberia, and the Ukraine,
xv, xvi ;
his pledges cause him embarrassment,
191
те.
;
his conception
oř
Deutschtum,
326
Hoesch, Baron
von,
111»
112
Hoffmann, Federal Councillor,
36
Hoffmann, Major-General Max,
403 ;
on Lenin s return to Russia,
37, 40 ;
at G.H.Q. at Brest-Litovsk,
77-9 ;
his character,
78 ;
negotiates with
Russia for an armistice,
83, 84,
466
INDEX
89-91, 93-5 ;
his
military
organizing
genius,
100 ;
military
representative
at the Brest-Litovsk negotiations,
111,
114, 120 ;
and Russia s six main
tenets for peace,
119 ;
and annexa¬
tions,
123-5, 128 ;
and Austria s
threat of a separate peace,
126, 171 ;
received by
Wilhelm
II,
130 ;
on
the Polish question,
131-5, 168, 199 ;
his breach with
Luden
dorfF,
131-5,
151 ;
welcomes the Ukrainian dele¬
gation
, 155 ;
protests against Bolshevik
propaganda,
156, 163 ;
annoyed by
the endless discussions between
Kühl¬
mann
and Lenin,
158-60 ;
attacks
Kamenev s self-determination policy,
162, 163, 165 ;
and peace with
Ukraine,
166-8 ;
defines the future
frontier between Germany and Russia,
173-5, 194» 195, 218 ;
adopts a grim
attitude at Brest,
207 ;
prefers ulti¬
matum to compromise on the self-
determination issue,
217 ;
Radek
throws him into a passion,
218 ;
demands the immediate signing of a
treaty with the Ukraine,
219 ;
amazed
when Trotsky breaks off negotiations,
227-30 ;
ordered to denounce the
armistice (February
17, 1918), 232 ;
ends the armistice,
238, 239, 243 ;
and
the acceptance by Lenin and Trotsky
of the conditions of peace at Brest,
245 ;
on the new conditions of peace,
246 ;
his reply to the Bolshevik s
acceptance,
249, 250 ;
and the peace
terms (February
1918), 262 ;
again
host at
Bres
π
-Lito vsk,
264 ;
refuses to
cease hostilities until the peace treaty
is signed,
265 ;
advancesin theUkraine
(February-March
1918), 311, 312,
314, 316 ;
and grain purchase in the
Ukraine,
317 ;
and German domina¬
tion in the Ukraine,
322 ;
and G.H.Q.
and
Eichhorn
s
policy in the Ukraine,
324 ;
his view of the Bolshevik
régime,
335 ;
against allowing a
Soviet Embassy in Berlin,
349 ;
on
Bolshevik propaganda,
352 ;
and
Joffe s expulsion from Berlin,
361
n.
Hofmeister,
General
von, 83
Hohenlohe, Prince
Ernst von, 114
Holubowicz,Wsewolod,
166,319,321,322
Homburg,
conference at (February
13,
1918), 230, 233
Horn, Captain,
403
Hostilities resumed (February
1918),
229-39, 243-8, 252, 265
House, Colonel Edward,
76, 77, 295
п.,
297, 370
Hugenberg,
Herr, xv
Hungary, Nazi Germany and,
xv
Imperialism, Lenin on,
387, 388, 390,
391, 419
Indemnities, the Allies and,
137 ;
the
Central Powers and,
99, 110, 140, 196,
203, 344;
Russia and,
99, 110, 117,
378 ;
the Peace Treaties and,
256, 272,
394, 452 ;
paid by Russia,
345, 347,
371, 440, 450
Independent Socialists (German),
307,
349, 351, 353, 354, 357, 358
Ino,
Fort, its cession to Finland,
332, 334
Inter-Allied Conference on War Aims
(November
1917), 57, 59
International legions,
331
International socialist revolution, see
World revolution.
Iron, Ukrainian production of,
437
Isenburg, Prince,
107
Izvestia,
297, 298, 329
Izzet Pasha,
393
Japan, her intervention in Siberia,
278,
283, 286, 287, 289, 291, 293-7, 301
Joffe,
Adolf,
427, 434, 435, 438, 439,
446 ;
a member of the armistice
negotiations delegation,
84, 86-91 ;
a delegate at Brest-Litovsk,
112, 113,
117, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 136,
139, 203,
206f
264 ;
and acceptance of
the peace terms,
248, 249 ;
protests
against German military activities
(April
1918), 331 ;
and the Legal-
Political Treaty negotiations,
343,
344, 346-8 ;
as Soviet Ambassador and
Bolshevik agent,
348-60 ;
deported
from Berlin,
360, 361 ;
his death,
112
Judson, General William V.,
143
Kakowski, Archbishop,
234
Kamenev, Leo Borissoviteh, a Bol¬
shevik chief,
27 ;
and social patriot¬
ism,
35 ;
meets Lenin on his return to
Russia,
43 ;
attacks Lenin s policy,
59, 67 ;
puts the Decree of peace to
the vote,
69 ;
a member of the armis¬
tice negotiations delegation,
84, 86-8 ;
at Brest-Litovsk,
112, 114 ;
and the
no-annexations provision,
125;
and the
evacuation of occupied territories,
161-3 ;
consulted by Trotsky,
185 ;
supports Trotsky s plan to end the
war without signing peace,
187 ;
his
INDEX
467
secret mission to London and Paris,
284-6;
arrested on the Finnish frontier,
285 ;
announces the democratization
of the German constitution,
355 ;
his
death,
112
Kamkov,
302, 339
Kaplan, Dora,
341
Karakhan, Lew Mikhaiiovitch,
85, 90,
112, 225, 264, 267, 332
п.,
404
Karelin, Social Revolutionary,
238
Karl, Emperor,
168-70, 201, 202, 313,
314, 326
n.
Kars, 265, 272, 345, 405
Kautsky, Karl,
43, 44
Kerensky, Alexander, his character,
appearance and career,
25 ;
Lenin
and,
34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 45, 52 ;
ap¬
pointed Minister of War,
49 ;
his plan
for reorganizing the army,
52 ;
his
cabinet (July
22, 1917), 55;
his view
of Kornilov s coup
ď
état,
56 ;
his
cabinet falls and he heads a director¬
ate of five,
57 ;
creates the Council of
the Russian Republic (October
1917),
57 ;
and the Inter-Allied Conference
on War Aims,
57 ;
becomes supreme
military dictator (October
1917), 58 ;
fall of his Provisional Government
(November
7, 1917), 61 ;
leaves
Petrograd, 61 ;
his military adventure
at Gatchina,
70 ;
attacked for the
delay in convoking the Constituent
Assembly,
176 ;
on Bernstein s
investi-
gâtions
into the Lenin-Ludendorff
alliance,
184
n.
;
Lenin on his renewal
of the war,
410
Kerr, Philip (Lord Lothian),
215
Kettler, Baron von, 341
Khaki election of
1918, 363
Kharkov, rival government at,
154 ;
captured,
316
Kharkov Soviet,
191
Kherson,
314
Kiel, naval mutiny at,
66, 80, 357,
362
Kien
thai Conference,
15
Kiev, congress of workers and peasants
at,
154 ;
Rada
at,
209, 219, 221 ;
Rada
turned out and a Ukrainian Soviet
Republic proclaimed,
311 ;
fall of,
315 ;
Rada
re-established at,
315, 316
Kollontai, Alexandra Michailowna,
17
j
54, 59, 187, 259, 276
Koltchak, Admiral,
327
Kommunist, 276, 278, 280, 290
Komilov, General Lavr G.,
55, 56, 57,
59, 71, 177, 287, 327
Kovno,
324
Krassin, Leonid,
331, 343, 347
Kremlin, Council of Commissars in¬
stalled in,
283, 298 ;
joint conference
of the Central Executive Committee
and the Moscow Soviet at,
333
Krestinsky,
248, 276
Kreuznach, Crown Council at,
107
Kriege,
Dr. Johannes,
228, 236, 343,
350, 427, 434, 439, 446
Kronstadt
Soviet,
191
Krupskaya,
39, 54
Krylenko, Commissar for War,
71, 79;
and the mutiny at Moghilev,
74, 75 ;
and revolutionary propaganda,
94 ;
enquires as to the conditions of the
new armistice,
246 ;
on the military
situation,
258
Kühlmann,
Baron Richard
von, 392,
403 ;
favours the peace policy,
82 ;
his character and career,
102 ;
and
the Brest-Litovsk negotiations,
103 ;
at the Crown Council at Kreuznach,
107 ;
his annexation policy,
108-10,
120-26, 128-30, 132, 133, 135, 136,
152, 156, 198, 200, 216;
at Brest-
Litovsk,
112, 114;
elected first
president of the conference,
116 ;
agrees to Russia s six main tenets
for peace,
118-20, 122-4 ;
favours a
separate peace with Russia,
119;
refuses to transfer negotiations to
Stockholm,
140 ;
meets Trotsky,
153 ;
welcomes the Ukrainian delegation,
155 ;
resumes negotiations,
156 ;
his
endless discussions with Trotsky,
157-
160, 165, 166, 173, 211 ;
his unfriendly
relations with Czernin,
159 ;
dis¬
tressed at Hoffman s attack on self-
determination,
162 ;
and the internal
position in Russia,
164 ;
Czernin
seeks his assistance,
170 ;
enquires as
to the relations between the Caucasus
and
Petrograd
Government,
174 ;
and
the annexation of Lithuania,
175 ;
criticised for his foreign policy and
his conduct of negotiations at Brest-
Litovsk,
198-200 ;
decides to break
the negotiations deadlock,
207 ;
and
peace with the Ukraine,
208, 219 ;
stages a combat between Trotsky and
the Ukrainian delegations,
209 ;
and a
compromise on the self-determination
issue,
217, 219;
ignores Ludendorffs
requeet to break with Trotsky,
221 ;
his reply to the Kaiser s request for
an ultimatum to Trotsky,
222-4, 227 ;
468
INDEX
formally announces the Ukrainian
treaty,
223 ;
accuses the Bolsheviks
of inciting the German army to
mutiny,
226 ;
and Trotsky s break off
of negotiations (February
10, 1918),
228-9 ;
attends the Kaiser s confer¬
ence at
Homburg
(February
13, 1918),
230 ;
warns the High Command not
to undertake a new war in the East,
231, 232 ;
his reported acceptance of
the
de
facto conditions of peace,
236 ;
negotiates with Rumania,
262, 264 ;
and the Legal-Political Treaty nego¬
tiations,
343 ;
his dismissal (June
1918), 343, 344
Kun,
Bela,
187
Kuropatkin, General Alexei,
6
Labour Party (British),
183
Land-councils,
130
Land transfer to the workers,
49
Latvia,
453 ;
western,
174
Lavergne,
337
Law, Andrew
Bonar,
50, 58
League of Nations, Stresemann and,
305
Legal-Political Treaty of Brest,
343
Lemezan, Baron,
155
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov, his
policy of defeatism and national
immolation,
xi, 333 ;
his revolutionary
activities while exiled in Switzerland,
15-19;
returns to Russia,
xii, 30, 33-
45 ;
wins over the masses,
47 ;
opposes
coalition with the Provisional Govern¬
ment,
48 ;
and land transfer to the
workers,
49 ;
and peace with Ger¬
many,
52, 54 ;
escapes to Finland,
55 ;
and Kornilov s attempted mili¬
tary coup
ď
état,
56 ;
returns secretly
to Lesnoye (October
23, 1917), 58 ;
proposes that the Bolsheviks seize
the power,
59 ;
goes to
Smolny
to
take charge of operations (November
6, 1917), 61 ;
and the peace problem,
66-9, 90, 91 ;
and the Decree of peace
(November
8, 1917), 69-72;
his
article
The Aims of Revolution
,
66 ;
his appearance,
68 ;
at the Brest-
Litovsk negotiations, 111
;
on terri¬
torial losses,
116 ;
and the
Outline
of Programme for Peace Negotiations
with Germany
, 118
n.
;
understood
the Russian but not the European
working-class mind,
138, 364, 365 ;
reverses his policy,
138, 139 ;
decides
to delay the peace negotiations,
139 ;
states that France and Great Britain
are negotiating a separate peace with
Germany,
144 ;
decides that a
separate peace with Germany is
inevitable,
147 ;
abandons, tem¬
porarily, «the world revolution to
save the Russian revolution,
147 ;
his attitude towards the Constituent
Assembly,
176-8, 181, 183 ;
and the
postponement of the elections
(Janu-,
агу
1918), 177 ;
the attempt on his
life,
178 ;
the legend that he was a
German agent,
184, 194, 276 ;
and
Trotsky s plan to end the war with¬
out signing peace,
186-8, 192, 225,
236, 247 ;
his Twenty-one Theses for
Peace,
188, 262, 385-91 ;
on the
advantage of accepting a separate
peace,
189-93 ;
at the Third Congress
of Soviets (January
26, 1918), 195 ;
grapples with the problem of creating
a Socialist State,
238 ;
hears that the
armistice is ended (February
16,
1918), 239 ;
offers to accept the con¬
ditions of peace offered at Brest,
245 ;
receives harsher terms in the form of
an ultimatum,
245 ;
advises a policy
of surrender,
252 ;
agrees on seeking
Entente help,
254 ;
and Trotsky s
resignation,
254 ;
urges the accept¬
ance of the peace terms (February
1918), 247-9, 257-62 ;
believes the
Allies and the Germans agree on
crushing the Soviets,
251 ;
on the
path of revolution,
260 ;
his promise
to the
Petrograd
Soviet,
275, 348 ;
fiercely attacked for accepting the
Treaty,
275 ;
his own attitude to¬
wards the Treaty, x,
276, 325, 417,
418 ;
puts the ratification before the
Seventh^Congress,
278-81 ;
his speech
on the ratification of the Peace
Treaty (March
14, 1918), 409;
and
the removal of the capital to Moscow,
282 ;
sends Kamenev on a secret
mission to London and Paris,
284 ;
willing to oppose ratification of the
Treaty if Allied assistance is assured
(March
1918), 286-93, 297, 300-304 ;
neglects to receive the German am¬
bassador,
329 ;
against the resumption.
of the war,
334 ;
tames his hearers at
the Fifth Soviets Congress (July
4,
1918), 338 ;
and the assassination of
Mirbach,
340, 341 ;
wounded (August
1918), 340, 341 ;
suggests Soviet help
to the German proletariat,
356
INDEX
469
Leopold, of Bavaria,
Prince,
78, 113,
116, 153, 159, 220, 244, 264, 324
Lesnoye,
Lenin s
meetings
at,
59-61
Letters of
Spartacus,
16, 356
Levi,
Comrade,
359
п.
Levitsky, Mykola,
154, 393
Liberals (German),
363
Liebknecht, Karl, 16, 40 41, 44, 91, 195,
349, 355, 357, 358, 420
Lithuania, the future of,
104, 107, 108,
110, 116, 124, 125, 128, 130, 134, 162,
174,175, 185, 189, 190, 218, 222, 305 ;
its evacuation,
119, 127, 136;
the
Treaty clauses re,
271, 429, 431, 452;
the Duke of Urach strives to become
king of,
325
п.;
grand-ducal govern¬
ment in,
326 ;
Lenin and the liberation
of,
390, 391 ;
measures for national
defence,
453
Litvínov,
Maxim Maximovich,
141, 341
Liubinsky, Mykola,
154, 168, 171, 210,
219, 319, 393
Livonia, its evacuation,
108, 255, 271,
406, 428;
the future of,
128, 161, 170,
193, 222, 223, 230, 249, 305;
land¬
owners appeal to the Kaiser for pro¬
tection,
221 ;
Russia renounces
sovereignty over,
345 ;
grand-ducal
government in,
326 ;
the Treaty and,
406, 407, 428, 430, 431
Lloyd George, David, on Kerensky,
25 ;
and the Russian revolution of March
1917, 30, 31 ;
and Russia s demand for
peace,
76, 99 ;
and the Brest negotia¬
tions,
137, 199 ;
and a separate peace
for Russia,
198 ;
negotiations for a
secret meeting with Czernin,
214,
215
n.
;
and Russia s appeal for Allied
assistance (March
1918), 294
Loan, Russian,
441
Loans, annulment of,
439
Lockhart, Bruce,
his unofficial negotia¬
tions,
141, 142, 252, 284, 327, 330-32 ;
seeks Allied help for Russia in the
event of their opposing Germany
(February-March
1918), 286-90, 292-
296, 300, 301, 303 ;
attends the Fifth
Soviets Congress,
337 ;
arrested in
Moscow,
341
London, Treaty of (September
1914),
27
n.
;
(April
26, 1915), 118
Losses sustained by Russia under the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
269
Lubomirski, Prince,
234
Luck, capture of,
244, 248
Ludendorff, Field Marshal
Erich von,
his thesis of a protecting hand over
all Germans,
xiv ;
and Poland,
10,
105, 108, 109, 130, 133-5 ;
and peace
propaganda amongst the Russians,
32 ;
and Lenin s return to Russia,
37,
38, 40, 41, 44 ;
at G.H.Q. at Brest-
Litovsk,
77 ;
at
Tannenberg, 78 ;
and
an armistice with Russia,
79, 82 ;
on
the Bulgarian army,
81 ;
and U-boat
warfare,
82 ;
prepares the terms of the
armistice with Russia,
88 ;
his in¬
creasing power over both military and
civil matters,
100-102 ;
and the Peace
Resolution of July,
1917, 101 ;
and
the Brest-Litovsk negotiations,
104 ;
at the Crown Council at Kreuznach,
107 ;
his annexationist policy,
103,
109, 123, 126, 130, 131 ;
abandons the
idea of going to Brest-Litovsk, 111;
his breach with Hoffmann,
131-5, 151;
impatient of the long drawn-out
peace negotiations,
160, 162, 165, 199,
200 ;
refuses economic help to Austria
(January
1918), 170;
on the settling
of industrial disputes,
197 ;
and the
Dombrowa coal-field,
212 ;
satisfied
with the proposed Ukrainian treaty,
213 ;
says Trotsky must either accept
the terms or hostilities will be resumed,
213, 214;
tells
Kühlmann
to break
with Trotsky,
221 ;
and the annexa¬
tion of the Baltic littoral,
222 ;
demands the denunciation of the
armistice agreement,
230-32 ;
and the
peace terms (February
1918), 262 ;
and the destruction of the Soviet
Government,
286 ;
concentrates troops
in. the West,
298;
pushes back the
British Fifth Army,
307 ;
and the
Ukrainian campaign (February
19,
1918), 313 ;
and
Eichhorn s
Ukrainian
policy,
325 ;
the price of his Napo¬
leonic complex,
325 ;
sends a force to
crush a Bolshevik rising in Finland,
326 ;
his conception of
Deutschtum,
326 ;
Ludendorff the soldier defeated
by Ludendorff the politician,
327 ;
his view of the Bolshevik
régime,
335 ;
the Western Front demands his
attention,
336 ;
against allowing a
Soviet Embassy in Berlin,
349 ;
and
Joffe s propaganda work in Berlin,
350
п.,
361-3 ;
and the
stab-in-the-
back
theory,
353 ;
his defeat on the
Western Front,
353 ;
the Liberals and,
363 ;
the German masses and,
365 ;
the results of his treatment of Russia,
366 ;
realises that defeat is inevitable
470
INDEX
and insists on an offer of peace
(September
1918), 369
Lumber, export of, and export duty on,
274
Luxemburg, Rosa,
16, 195, 349, 357
Lvov, Prince
Gregoři,
and Russia s
deeire for peace,
11,12 ;
Prime Minister
(March
1917), 24, 30, 31 ;
his policy,
46, 47 ;
reconstructs his cabinet
(May
1917), 48, 49 ;
his resignation,
154 ;
attacked for the delay in
convoking the Constituent Assembly,
176
Macedonian Front, breakdown of,
354
Maklakoff, M.,
76, 77, 145
Maltzan,
Herr, 36
Manchuria, Japan and,
7
Manganese ore,
437
Mangin, General,
327
Maritime Province, cession of,
xi ;
Allied intervention in,
327
Martov, Menshevik leader,
35, 39, 302
Marx, Karl,
148
Masaryk,
Dr.,
74
п.,
273, 312
Max, Prince, of Baden, favours the
*■
peace policy,
82 ;
and the Reichstag
Peace Resolution (July
1917), 102 ;
on German annexation and self-
determination policy,
129 ;
and the
German evacuation of the Ukraine,
352 ;
proposes the democratization of
the German Constitution and the
acceptance of Wilson s Fourteen
Points,
355, 356 ;
is anxious to cut off
Bolshevik propaganda,
358 ;
and the
peace negotiations (October
4, 1918),
369
Medvjedev, M.,
208, 209
Meissner, Otto,
317
Mensdorff-Pouilly, Count,
81
Menshevik Party,
27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 50,
59, 67, 177, 250, 298, 333, 336, 361,
410, 419
Merey, Baron
von, 264, 266, 268, 404
Michael
Alexandro
vich, Grand Duke,
336
Michaelis,
Doctor, German Chancellor,
38, 100-103
Military Agreement of April
3, 1922, xii
Miliukov, Paul, denounces
Stürmer, 11 ;
remains loyal to the Entente,
12 ;
as
foreign minister,
24, 26, 45-8 ;
and
annexation of the Dardanelles,
29 ;
resigns,
48 ;
advocates a constitu¬
tional monarchy,
336
Mifeer, Lord,
19, 141
Minorities, the peace terms and,
117
Mirbach-Harff, Count
Wilhelm von, 36,
236, 328-31, 335, 337-9 ;
assassinated,
340, 350
Moghilev, mutiny at,
74 ;
capture of,
246
Monarchist Party,
55
Montenegro, evacuation of,
136
Moon Sound Islands,
54, 89, 174, 218,
223, 224, 379
Moscow, Democratic Conference at,
57 ;
removal of the capital to,
282, 298 ;
martial law in,
337 ;
risings in (July,
1918), 340
n.
;
German Embassy leave,
342, 343
Moscow Soviet,
57, 191, 333, 336
Moscow treason trials of
1936
and
1937,
χ
Most-favoured-nation treatment,
256,
274, 399
Mumm,
Baron,
321, 322, 338
Muravev, General,
311
Murmansk, Allied forces in,
292, 327,
332, 334, 335, 342
n.
;
Russia under¬
takes to expel the Allied forces,
345
Mussolini,
Benito, 191
п.
Nabokov, Vladimir,
42
Nadolny, Rudolf,
317
n.
Nakaz,
57, 58, 60
Napoleon, bis peace terms
wiťb
Ger¬
many,
422, 423
Narva river,
435 ;
water power of,
431
National debt, Russian,
440, 442
Naval matters and the armistice,
92, 93
Nessimy Bey,
112, 119, 120, 393
Neuilly, Treaty of,
453
Nicholas II, Tzar of Russia, his char¬
acter,
4 ;
and Russia s desire for peace,
6-8 ;
takes over the supreme command
of his armies,
8 ;
dismisses Sazanov
and appoints
Stürmer
foreign
min ister,
9 ;
dismisses Stunner,
11 ;
neglects to
institute constitutional reforms,
12,
13 ;
abdicates,
13 ;
and the persecution
of the war,
30
[Tzaritsa],
4, 11, 13
Nicholas Mikhailovitch, Grand Duke,
5
Nicholas Nikolayevitch, Grand Duke,
8
Nikolaev,
314
North Russia, expulsion of Entente
forces from,
345, 346, 429, 436
Northern Front, telegram from, recog¬
nising the coup of November,
1917,
67
Noske, Gustav, 54
Noulens, M.,
144, 252, 300
INDEX
471
Novaya Zhizn,
59
Ober Ost, 157
O
bukhov,
85, 114
Odessa,
314, 323
Oeseï, occupation
of,
54
Offensive
(Russian) of July
1917,
its
failure,
51-4, 78
Offensives in the West (German)
between March and June
1918,
353
Oil, supply of, to Germany,
345, 432,
433, 437
Olich,
Fedor,
85, 113
Ores, export of, and export duty on,
256, 274, 437
Ostrowski,
Count,
234
Paléologue,
Maurice,
6, 9
Paris, In
ter-
Allied Conference on War
Aims (November
1917), 57, 60, 76
Paul, Grand Duke,
336
Payer,
Herr von, 232, 367
Peace negotiations between Russia and
the Central Powers
—
Russia s desire
for peace,
5-14, 23, 26, 28, 32, 35, 46 ;
the
Petrograd
Soviet s proclamation
(March
27, 1917), 29 ;
the
Petrograd
Soviet rejects the idea of a separate
peace (May
15, 1917), 49, 50, 52 ;
a
peace offensive
initiated by the
Provisional Government,
52
n.
;
the
Inter-Allied Conference on War Aims
(November
1917), 57, 60, 76;
the
Bolsheviks and the peace problem,
65-9 ;
the Decree of peace (November
8, 1917), 69-74, 375-8 ;
Trotsky s
application for an armistice,
75-7,
79-83 ;
armistice negotiations at
Brest-Litovsk (November-December
1917), 83-95 ;
propaganda amongst
the troops,
90 ;
the armistice agree¬
ment signed (December
15, 1917),
93 ;
the German attitude towards
the Brest-Litovsk negotiations,
102-
111, 119;
the delegates assemble at
Brest-Litovsk (December
20, 1917),
111-16;
first plenary session,
116;
Russia s six main tenets,
117-20 ;
the
no-annexations provision,
120-9, 140,
156, 161, 164, 166;
the first two
articles of the preliminary peace,
127-9, 133 ;
the Allies not ready for
a general peace,
137 ;
Lenin decides
on the policy of delay and asks for
negotiations to be transferred to
Stockholm,
140 ;
unofficial negotia¬
tions between the Bolsheviks and
the Allied Powers,
140-4 ;
President
Wilson s peace proposals and his
Fourteen Points,
144-7 ;
negotiations
resumed at Brest-Litovsk (January
1918), 151 ;
dissension amongst the
Central Powers representatives,
151 ;
the negotiations resumed (January
1918), 151 ;
negotiations for a separate
peace,
156;
the conference adjourned,
(January
18, 1918), 175;
Trotsky s
plan to announce the termination of
the war without signing peace,
184-
195 ;
Bukharin advocates the rupture
of negotiations,
187 ;
local Soviets
vote against peace,
191 ;
negotiations
again resumed (January
20, 1918),
207 ;
the conference adjourned until
February
7, 212, 214;
negotiations
broken off (February
10, 1918), 225-
229 ;
the armistice ends (February
18,
1918), 238 ;
hostilities resumed (Feb¬
ruary
1918), 229-39, 243-7;
Lenin
and Trotsky agree to accept the
conditions offered at Brest (February
19, 1918), 245 ;
Germany presents
harsher terms,
245 ;
the new terms
for resumption of negotiations (Feb¬
ruary
23, 1918), 255 ;
the Bolsheviks
accept (February
24, 1918), 246, 262 ;
the conference again meets (February
26, 1918), 264;
negotiations begin
(March
1, 1918), 265 ;
the Russian
delegates refuse to discuss the terms,
265-9;
the Treaty signed (March
3,
1918), 269 ;
text of the Treaty,
403-8 ;
its clauses discussed,
269-75 ;
Russian
attitude towards,
275-83 ;
the Allies
asked to assist the Soviet if she
refuses to ratify the Treaty,
286-301 ;
Lenin s speech on its ratification
(March
14, 1918), 409;
the Fourth
Soviet Congress resolves on ratifica¬
tion (March
16,1918), 302 ;
the Treaty
discussed in the Reichstag (March
18,
1918), 304 ;
ratified (March
22, 1918),
307 ;
the Bolshevik Party and its
fulfilment,
334 ;
the Treaty annulled
(November
13, 1918), 362,
370f
447-
453 ;
the influence of the Treaty, x,
363-71 ;
the Supplementary Treaty
(August
27, 1918), 343-8, 427-34
Peace negotiations between the Central
Powers and the Allied Powers
—
President Wilson and peace with
Germany,
363-9 ;
the Allies refuse to
treat with representatives of the
472
INDEX
imperialist military regime in Ger¬
many,
368 ;
negotiations (October
1918), 369-71
Peace Resolution, German (July
1917),
99-102, 119, 129, 163
Peipus,
Lake,
431
Persia, evacuation of,
127, 383 ;
the
Peace Treaty and,
407
Petlura,
325
n.
Petrograd,
Garrison revolts (October
29,
1917), 60 ;
disorder in (February
1918), 250 ;
shifting the capital from,
282 ;
risings in (July
1918), 340
n.
Petrograd
Soviet of Workers , Soldiers ,
and Peasants Deputies,
27, 34, 40 ;
refuses to co-operate in the organiza¬
tion of the Provisional Government,
28 ;
and the desire for peace,
28, 29 ;
welcomes Lenin back,
44 ;
its amazing
increase of power,
48 ;
agrees to co¬
operate with the Government,
49 ;
its manifesto to
Socialists of all
countries
(March
27, 1917), 49, 65 ;
comes under Bolshevik control
(October
1917), 57 ;
and representa¬
tion at the Inter-Allied Conference on
War Aims,
57 ;
creates its Military
Revolution Committee (October
29,
1917), 60 ;
overthrows the Govern¬
ment (November
8, 1917), 67 ;
votes
for peace (January
1918), 191 ;
and
the acceptance of the peace terms
(February
1918), 258 ;
Lenin s
promise to,
275
Petroleum, see Oil
Petrovsky, Grigory Ivanovitch,
404
Philipp,
Dr.
Albrecht,
354
Pichón,
M.,
137
Platten, Fritz,
and Lenin s return to
Russia,
36, 38, 39 ;
refused admission
into Russia,
43 ;
wounded,
178
Plebiscites,
125, 126, 157, 161, 173, 376
Podewils-Durnitz, Count
von, 207
Pokorny,
Colonel,
84
Pokrovsky,
112, 125, 187, 228, 276
Poland and the Polish question, Nazi
Germany and,
xv ;
proclamation of a
Kingdom of,
10, 32, 104, 105 ;
the
proposed
Austrian Solution
, 105,
106,168, 170 ;
the proposed
German
Solution
, 106, 108, 131 ;
Russia and
the return of Russian Poland,
124,
125 ;
Russia and its independence,
128, 130, 175, 185, 189 ;
its evacua¬
tion,
127, 136 ;
anti-Prussian feelings
of the Poles,
158 ;
a
protective
belt
on the German-Polish frontier,
199 ;
Auetria wants no annexations
in, and says Poland should choose her
own destiny,
203 ;
its representation
at the peace negotiations,
204 ;
general strike in, over the cession of
Cholm (February
14, 1918), 234 ;
the
Treaty clauses re,
271 ;
the Regency
problem,
326 ;
Lenin and the libera¬
tion of,
390, 391
Political independence, peace terms and,
117
Politico-legal affairs,
256
Poltava,
203
Pope, the, his peace offer,
102, 103
Popoñ,
M.,
112, 120, 155, 156
Ports, Russian,
431
Pravda,
43, 237, 298
Preliminary Parliament, see Council of
the Russian Republic
Prikaz,
No.
1, 28
Prisoners of war,
94, 256, 273, 351, 394,
361
п.,
386, 394, 401, 407, 408
Private property, Bolshevism and,
385
Propaganda, Bolshevik, x,
58, 59, 90,
91, 93-5, 115, 156, 163, 248, 256,
261 «., 324, 334, 349-51, 354-6, 359,
360 ;
the treaty and its prohibition,
274, 277, 350
Propaganda, German,
32 ;
the treaty
and,
405, 406
Property, handing back of appropriated,
443, 444
Protopopov,
11, 13
Provisional Government, and peace,
23,
24, 26, 35, 46, 49-52, 55;
its com¬
position,
24 ;
its lack of real power,
28 ;
and the annexation of the
Dardanelles,
29 ;
the Allies welcome
its advent,
30-33 ;
and Lenin s return,
34, 45 ;
the Prime Minister s state¬
ment on its foreign policy (April
27,
1917), 45-7 ;
Lenin s attack on,
48 ;
the Soviet agrees to co-operate and a
new,Government is formed (May
18,
1917), 49 ;
the Prime Minister resigns
over the Ukrainian autonomy question
(July
17, 1917), 54;
Kerensky s
cabinet (July
22, 1917), 55;
the Allies
despondent attitude towards,
56 ;
fall of the cabinet and a directorate of
five appointed,
57 ;
the Kerensky
regime perishes (November
7, 1917),
60, 61
Pskov,
246;
the peace delegates stranded
at,
264, 265 ;
German Embassy at,
343
Pyatakov, x,
17 , 187, 276
INDEX
473
Bada,
the, see Ukraine, the
Radek, Karl,
and Lenin s doctrine of
defeatism,
xi ;
as
Parabellum
, 17 ;
returns with Lenin,
39 ;
refused ad¬
mission into Russia,
43 ;
in charge of
the Press Bureau,
90, 248 ;
accom¬
panies Trotsky to Brest-Litovsk,
1Õ3
;
belabours the Kiev government,
172 ;
favours the rupture of the peace
negotiations,
187 ;
threatens Lenin,
188 ;
appears as an expert on Polish
affairs,
218, 219;
not in favour of
accepting the peace terms (February
1918), 259 ;
secedes from Lenin s
party,
276 ;
his view of the peace
treaty,
278, 308 ;
on diplomatic
relations between Germany and
Russia,
329 ;
announces the expulsion
of the German Consular and Prisoners
of War missions,
361 ;
attends the
Congress of German Workers,
361
n.
;
and the first Spartacist Rising,
362
n.
;
and the Moscow treason trials of
1936
and
1937,
x,
113
Radoslavov, Dr. Vassil,
112, 392
Railway tariffs,
397, 399, 430
Rakovsky, Christian,
324
Rapallo, Treaty of,
xii
Rasputin, Gregory Eiimovitch,
9, 11
Rathenau, Walter,
362
n.
Reciprocal trade,
394, 398
Red Army,
277, 311, 362
n.
;
inter¬
national legions in,
331
Red Terror outbreak,
341
n.
Red Workers and Peasants Army and
Navy,
194
n.
Reed, John,
68, 74
та.,
90, 261
те.
Reichstag, Peace Resolution (July
1917), 99-102, 119, 129, 163, 263;
peace terms announced in (February
1918), 263 ;
discusses the Treaty
(March
18, 1918), 304
Reinstein, Boris,
90, 261
η
.
Reparations, see Indemnities
Reval,
Fortress of,
346, 436 ;
port of,
345, 431
Revolution, a World,
138, 139, 147, 190,
260, 349, 413, 424
Revolution of October-November
1918
(German),
355-62
Revolutionary war,
186-9, 192, 193,
247, 248, 257, 386-9, 416, 419
Revolutions (Russian), the revolution¬
ary movement,
12-19;
the March
(1917)
revolution,
19, 23 ;
welcomed by the
Allies,
30-33 ;
Lenin on the develop¬
ment of the Russian revolution
(February 1917-February
1918), 410-
412 ;
the Bolsheviks first coup
ď
état,
Petrograd
(July
17, 1917), 54 ;
the
army revolt (July
19, 1917), 54 ,·
the
November revolution,
61-8 ;
Lenin
on how the Russian revolution
differed from previous revolutions,
420 ;
on what it teaches us,
420
Rhineland, French occupation of,
324
Rietzier, Herr, 329
Riga,
54, 56, 162, 174, 218, 223, 224,
305
Riga, Gulf of, Islands of,
162
Riga, Port of,
345, 431
Riggs,
Captain E. Francis,
289, 296
п.,
297
Robins, Colonel Raymond,
91
п.,
141,
327 ;
Trotsky seeks Allied help through
him,
142-4, 194, 252 ;
on Trotsky,
152 ;
and American help to Russia
(March
1918), 290-93, 297, 300, 301,
303
Rodzianko,
12
Rohrbach,
Dr.,
324
Romei,
337
Rosenberg, Baron
von, 84,
111,
224,
264-6, 268, 403
Rosenfeld, 358
Ross, Colin,
324
Rostov, German evacuation of,
345,
432
Ruggles, Colonel James
Α.,
289, 297
Rumania, Nazi Germany and,
xv ;
its
incorporation by Austria,
106 ;
its
evacuation,
136 ;
Bulgaria and annex¬
ations in,
120 ;
Russia advised to seek
Rumanian help,
295 ;
German, army
of occupation in,
326 ;
the Versailles
Treaty and,
452
Rumanian Treaty (March
5, 1918), 275
Rumanians, national ambitions of,
118
Rumbold, Sir Horace,
214
Russell, Charles Edward,
31
Russia, German dreams of expansion
in,
xiii, xv, xvi ;
shortage of food in
(January
1918), 172 ;
her losses
under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
269 ;
the Treaty clauses relating to
the evacuation of Russian territory
by Germany,
272 ; Wilhelm
II plans
to partition it into four independent
states,
326 ;
Allied intervention in
(Summer of
1918), 327, 332, 334,
342
n.
;
Russia undertakes to expel
the Allied forces,
345, 346, 429, 436
Russian army, demobilization of,
256,
272, 406 ;
Trotsky and its
reorganiza-
474
INDEX
tion
to oppose Germany (March
1918),
289 ;
Lenin on the desertions from
and dispersal of the army,
418
Russian Democratic Federative
Republic,
182
Russian navy, to be disarmed,
272, 406
Russicy Vyestnik,
91
и.
Russo-German Alliance,
75, 76
Russo-
German Deceased Estates Con¬
vention,
446
Ruthenian
Provinces,
171, 172, 214,
220
Sadoul,
Captain Jacques,
141, 144, 194,
252, 289, 293, 296
п.,
297, 300, 301,
327, 337
Sakharov, General,
85
Salzmann, Colonel
von, 283
п.
Samoilo, General,
112, 113, 238, 243
Satarisky, M.,
208
Saxony, and Upper Alsace,
326
n.
Sazonov, Sergius Diimtrievich,
9, 10
Schacht,
Dr.,
xv
Scheidemann,
Philip,
43, 130, 263, 306,
329, 356, 359
Schubert, Major
von, 335
Schüller,
Dr. Richard,
216, 225, 226
Sea, Russian access to,
345
Sebastopol,
314, 331, 332
Seckendorff, Freiherr von, 306
п.
Second International,
15, 18
Secret diplomacy and treaties,
376, 388,
410, 419
Seeckt, General
von, xii
Seidler, Dr., 169, 172, 201, 233
Self-determination, the Allies and,
137 ;
Austria and,
172 ;
Germany and,
99,
107, 118-21, 125, 128, 129, 132, 152,
156, 157, 161, 162, 164, 174, 185, 198,
275 ;
Russia and,
115, 117-21, 125,
128, 129, 190, 210, 376 ;
the funda¬
mental issues separating the German
and Russian interpretations of,
215-
219 ;
the Treaty provisions re,
271 ;
the interests of Socialism and,
390
Separatist movements,
345, 346, 429
Serbia, Bulgaria and annexations in,
120 ;
evacuation of,
136
Severing, Karl,
135
Sevres, Treaty of,
453
Sevruk, Alexander,
154, 169, 171, 209,
236, 393
Shachray, General,
208
Shevtsov, Sergei Petrovitch,
179
Shipping, the Treaty and,
430, 431
Siberia, Germany and,
xvi ;
Russia and,
210 ;
Japanese intervention in,
278,
283, 286, 287, 291, 293-7, 301 ;
Allied
intervention in,
330 ; Wilhelm
II
suggests that it be an independent
state,
326
Sigmoringen district,
326
n.
Silesian coal-fields,
106, 131
Sisson Documents,
42
Sissons, Edgar,
145
Sixte
of Bourbon, Prince,
81
Sklyapnikov,
17
Skobelev, Russian socialist,
49, 57, 60
Skoropadsky, General
Pavlo,
320-23,
338
Skrzynski,
214, 215
Smilga,
249
Smolny
Institute,
58, 74, 283
Smuts, General,
215
Social Democratic Party (German),
16,
263, 264, 307, 356, 388
Social Revolutionary Party (Russian),
67, 410, 416, 417, 419 ;
of the Left,
181, 276, 282, 290, 298, 328, 333, 334,
336-40, 361, 417 ;
of the Right,
177-
182, 236, 250, 327, 333, 336, 341
та.,
361
Sokolnikov, Gregory Iakovlevich,
404 ;
arrives in Russia with Lenin s party,
39 ;
at Lenin s meeting at Lesnoye,
59 ;
a member of the armistice, and
peace treaty delegations,
85, 112-14,
264, 265 ;
votes for the acceptance
of the peace treaty,
249 ;
refuses to
discuss the terms,
268 ;
speaks his
mind on the treaty terms,
268 ;
and the
Moscow trials of
1936
and
1937,
χ
Soif,
Dr.,
359
Sonnino, Baron,
76, 141
Soviet Congresses (the first),
54 ;
(the
second, November
1917), 57, 60, 67,
178 ;
(the third, January
26, 1918),
194;
(the fourth, March
14, 1918),
282, 299;
the debate on the rati¬
fication of the peace treaty,
302-4 ;
(the fifth, July
4, 1918), 337-9 ;
the
Sixth (November
8
and
9, 1918),
360-63
Soviet Republic (German) proclaimed
(November
9, 1918), 358
Soviets, Congress of, Central Executive
Committee, and acceptance of the
peace terms (February
1918), 259,
261, 267 ;
joint meeting of the Central
Executive Committee and the Moscow
Soviet (May
14, 1918), 333, 336 ;
the
Mensheviks and Social Revolution¬
aries of the Right expelled from,
337 ;
places the forces and resources of the
INDEX
475
Soviets at the disposal of the German
proletariat,
356
Soviets formed in Germany (January,
1918), 196
Soviets, local, vote on war or peace,
191 ;
see also Moscow Soviet and
Petrograd
Soviet
Spartacist
letters,
16, 356
Spartacist Rising (January
1919), 362
n.
Spartacists,
41, 54, 349, 351, 354, 356,
358, 361
Spiridonova, Maria,
180, 334, 338, 341
Stab-in-the-back
theory,
353, 354
Stalin, Josef Vissarionovitch,
xi, xii,
281 ;
Bolshevik chief,
27 ;
and social
patriotism,
35 ;
attends Lenin s meet¬
ing at
Lesñoye,
59 ;
and the
Outline
of Programme for Peace Negotiations
with Germany ,
118
n.
;
on why Lenin
called the Constituent Assembly,
177 ;
and Trotsky s plan to end the
war without signing peace,
187, 225 ;
and acceptance of the peace terms,
249 ;
his propaganda in the Ukraine,
324
Stampfer,
Friederich,
264
Stashkov, Roman,
85-7, 114
State Bank,
70
State loans and guarantees, annulment
of,
439
Stavka
(G.H.Q.) at Moghilev,
71, 72, 74
Steffens,
Lincoln,
293
Stockholm Conference
(1917), 50
п.,
52
п.
Stockholm, suggested as peace negotia¬
tions meeting-place,
140
Stolypin,
Piotr
Arkadievitch,
417
Stoyanovich, Ivan,
393
Straussenberg, General
Arz
von, 313
Stresemann,
Gustav, 110, 198, 305
Strike movement in Germany and
Austria (January
1918), 196, 207;
general strike in Poland (February
14,
1918), 234
Stürmer,
Boris Vladimirovich, ap¬
pointed foreign minister,
9 ;
his peace
overtures,
10 ;
and a Kingdom of
Poland,
10, 11 ;
dismissed,
11
Sverdlov, la., President of the
Petro¬
grad
Soviet,
59, 176-9, 237, 238, 249,
253, 255, 257, 263, 329, 338-40, 361,
449
Talaat Pasha,
112, 155, 156, 393
Tariffs, Russian, of
1903, 274
Tarnopol,
capture of,
54
Tarnowski,
Count Adam,
154
Tchkeidze, President of the
Petrograd
Soviet,
37 ;
welcomes Lenin back to
Russia,
43
Tereschenko, Michael, Finance Minister,
25 ;
Foreign Minister,
49 ;
suggests an
Allied conference on the final objects
of the war,
51 ;
and the inter-Allied
Conference on War Aims (November
1917), 57, 60
Third International, x,
277
Thomas, Albert,
31, 194
п.,
297, 300
Thorn,
131
Thorn and Danzig, the narrow neck
between,
106
Tilsit, Peace of,
417, 422, 423, 425
Tisza,
Count Stephen,
105, 212
Tosheff, Andrea,
392, 404
Trade-marks protection,
397
Trade, reciprocal,
394, 398
Transfer of troops, the armistice and,
89, 92, 93, 379
Transit dues,
397
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, see Peace
negotiations
Trépov, Dimitri
Feodorovich,
11
Tripartite Agreement of September
1914, 51
Troelstra, Dutch socialist leader,
50
n.
Trotsky, Leon,
112 ;
on true national
self-defence,
17 ;
arrives in
Petrograd
from America,
48 ;
allies himself with
the Bolsheviks,
49 ;
arrested in con¬
nection with the rising on July
17,
1917, 54 ;
President of the
Petrograd
Soviet (October
1917), 57 ;
attends
Lenin s meeting at Lesnoye,
59 ;
as
Commissar of Foreign Affairs,
70, 71,
73, 90 ;
demands an armistice (Nov¬
ember
26, 1917), 75, 79 ;
the armistice
negotiations (November
-
December
1917), 84, 90, 92 ;
on why peace
negotiations were begun,
115 ;
on the
Central Powers acceptance of the
Soviet s proposals,
126 ;
appeals to
the government not to
sabotage
the course of a general peace
, 136 ;
goes to Brest-Litovsk,
139 ;
negotiates
with the Allied Powers unofficial
representatives,
140-44 ;
his character
and appearance,
152 ;
at the Brest-
Litovsk negotiations,
155-61, 163-6 ;
his History of the Russian Revolviion
to Brest-
Litovsky
166 ;
why he opposed
a separate peace with the Ukraine,
172, 173 ;
enquires as to the exact
area embraced by German self-
determination,
173-5 ;
returns to
476
INDEX
Petrograd
(January
18, 1918), 175,
183 ;
on Lenin s attitude towards the
Constituent Assembly,
176 ;
on the
Bolshevik attack on the Constituent
Assembly,
179 ;
describes Chernov,
180 ;
the legend that he was a German
agent,
184, 194 ;
his plan to announce
the termination of the war without
signing peace,
184-7, 191-5 ;
addresses
the Third Congress of Soviets (Janu¬
ary
26, 1918), 194 ; Kühlmann
hopes
to force his hand,
200 ;
his counter-
move to a threat of a Ukrainian
peace,
203 ;
finds Czernin and
Kühl¬
mann
determined to end the negotia¬
tions deadlock,
207 ;
and the
Ukrainian representation at the
negotiations,
208-11 ;
and the Polish
representation,
211 ;
warned that he
must come to a decision,
214 ;
Czernin sounds him as to a com¬
promise on the annexation dead¬
lock,
216-19 ;
refuses a separate
treaty with the Ukraine,
218, 219,
221
^-j Ludendorff asks
Kühlmann
to
break with him,
221 ;
the Kaiser s
ultimatum to, on Courland and
Lithuania,
222 ;
and the retention of
Riga and the Moon Sound Islands by
Russia,
223-5 ;
denounces the passing
of the Ukrainian treaty (February
9,
1918), 223 ;
breaks off negotiations
(February
10, 1918), 225-9, 237-9 ;
the Social Revolutionaries applaud
his strategy,
236 ;
and acceptance of
the peace terms (February
1918),
245, 247-9 ;
believes the Allies and
Germans agree· on crushing the
Soviets,
251;
again makes contact
with the Allied Embassies,
251-4;
his resignation,
254, 255 ;
advises
submission to the new peace terms,
257, 258 ;
evolves the Red Army,
277 ;
abstains from voting on the
ratification of the treaty,
281 ;
and
the removal of the capital to Moscow,.
282 ;
stays in
Petrograd
to organize
the defence system,
283 ;
agrees to
the dispatch of a secret mission to
London and Paris,
284 ;
Bruce Lock-
hart s relations with,
286 ;
willing to
oppose ratification of the treaty if
Allied assistance is assured (March
1918), 287, 289-93, 297, 300;
and
Mirbach s protest against the inter¬
national legions,
331 ;
and the Black
Sea Fleet,
331 ;
and the landing of
British troops in Murmansk,
332 ;
at the Fifth Soviets Congress (July
4,
1918), 338, 339 ;
hears of Mirbach s
assassination,
340
Tseretelli, Prince,
27, 49, 180
Turkey, and the war,
81 ;
the armistice
in Russo-Turkish theatres of war
(December
4, 1918), 379 ;
and the
peace negotiations with Russia,
119,
265, 266 ;
withdrawal of troops from,
127 ;
treaty clauses relating to,
271,
272, 345, 405, 406, 437, 440 ;
Russia
declares the treaty with, null and
void,
348
Turkish capitulations, Russia to recog¬
nize the abolition of,
256
U-boat warfare,
82, 101, 158
Ukraine, the, the cession of,
xi ;
Nazi
Germany and,
xiv ;
autonomy in,
54,
154, 162 ;
the
Rada
and the peace
negotiations,
154, 155, 166-8, 171-4,
200-204, 207-11 ;
recognition of the
Ukrainian People s Republic [the
Rada],
167, 211 ;
Bolshevik success
in,
207, 208 ;
the proposed treaty
terms,
213, 214 ;
Trotsky refuses a
separate treaty with,
218, 219 ;
Hoffmann demands the immediate
signing of the Treaty,
219 ;
the Peace
settled,
220, 223, 225, 233;
text of
the Treaty (February
9, 1918), 392-
402 ;
to ensure an adequate supply
of grain, Germany must rescue her
from Bolshevism,
231 ;
Russia to
conclude peace with,
255 ;
Russian
troops to be withdrawn from,
256,
271, 406 ;
Russian recognition of the
Ukrainian Treaty,
271, 406 ;
legal
valuelessness of the Treaty,
271
n.
;
German territorial acquisitions in,
270 ;
German access to wheat and oil
in,
275 ;
the
Rada
expelled from Kiev,
and a ITkrainian Soviet Republic
proclaimed (February
9, 1918), 311 ;
Germany and Austria advance in
(February
-
March
1918), 311-15;
Austrian idea of
a Habsburg
King
of Ukraine,
314 ;
Rada
re-established
at Kiev,
315 ;
food stocks and peasant
resistance,
315-19 ;
Eichhorn s general
order to the peasants,
318 ;
shortage
in the grain deliveries to Germany,
320 ;
Skoropadsky s domination in,
320 ;
dissolution of the
Rada
and the
introduction of land measures,
320-22 ;
Ministers arrested (April ?8
1918),
INDEX
477
322 ;
Skoropadsky
proclaimed
Het¬
man,
322, 326 ;
economie revival and
good food deliveries,
322 ;
Central
Powers loan to,
323 ;
peasant insur¬
rections,
323 ;
they turn towards
Bolshevism,
324 ;
declared an integral
part of Greater Russia (November
1918), 325
n.
;
declared a People s
Republic under a Directory (Decem¬
ber
1918), 325
n.
;
the People s
Republic overthrown by the Bol¬
sheviks (February
1919), 325
n.
;
Wilhelm
II suggests that it be an
independent state,
326 ;
the Arch¬
duke
Eugen
and the crown,
326
n.
;
in insurrection against
Eichhorn
and
Skoropadsky,
338 ;
its evacuation
considered (October
1918), 352 ;
economic relations with Bulgaria and
the Ottoman Empire,
399 ;
Lenin on
self-determination for,
390 ;
Lenin on
Ukrainian enemies of the Soviet
Government,
416 ;
Lenin denies that
she was betrayed by Russia,
421,
422 ;
Russia not to obtain military
support from,
435 ;
iron production
at the disposal of Russia,
437
Union of Russian People,
6, 11
United States, her entry into the war,
31 ;
asked to assist the Soviet Govern¬
ment (March
1918), 282, 289-93, 297,
298
Urach, Duke of,
325
n.
Urals, the, Nazi Germany and,
xvi ;
concentration of Russian troops
about,
292
Uritsky,
70, 177, 187, 249, 250, 276 ;
murdered,
340
n.
Valentini,
Count
von, 200
Vandervelde,
Emile,
31, 32
Verkhovsky, General,
58
Versailles, Treaty of, Hitler and,
xiii;
German Social Democrats and,
370
п.;
formally annuls the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk,
371, 451
Vienna, food shortage and strikes in,
169
Vilna,
Diet of,
107
Vladivostock, Japanese occupation of,
289, 291 ;
Czech legions at,
327
Völkerfriede,
Deu
93
War Aims, see Inter-Allied Conference
War costs, the Treaty and,
394, 407
War requisitions, peace terms and,
117,
434
Warships, Russian, the Treaty and,
433,
434
Wassilko, Nicolai, 214
Weimar Republic and the Soviet Union,
xii
Wekerle, Count,
202
Wemyss, Rosslyn,
370
WTestarp, Count,
110, 130
Weygand,
Maxime, 370
White armies,
276, 287, 327
White Russia, German evacuation of,
345, 348
White Russians,
162, 174, 278
White Sea, the armistice and,
381
Wiesner, Baron
von, 112, 203, 214, 229,
233
Wilhelm,
German Crown Prince,
10,
101
Wilhelm
II, Kaiser, and the Polish
question,
108, 109, 131-5, 199;
sup¬
ports
Kühlmann
on annexations,
123,
200 ;
and economic assistance to
Austria,
170 ;
promises protection to
the landowners of Livonia and Estonia,
221 ;
Bolshevik threat on his life,
221,
222, 226;
his ultimatum to Trotsky on
the cession of Courland, Lithuania,
Estonia and Livonia,
222-3 ;
confers
at
Homburg
(February
13, 1918),
230 ;
and the supreme command in
the Ukraine and the Crimea,
ЗІ4
;
and the title Duke of Courland,
325
n.
;
his plans for partitioning Russia into
four independent states,
326 ;
his
abdication (October
1918), 357, 358,
368
Williams, Albert Rhys,
90, 261
Williams, Harold,
293, 294
Wilson, President Woodrow, recom¬
mends the declaration of war upon
Germany,
31 ;
his peace proposals in
an address to both houses of Congress,
144-6 ;
his Fourteen Points,
ix, 146,
197, 203, 222, 223, 355, 364, 365,
369, 370 ;
his message of goodwill to
the Soviets Congress,
297 ;
German
negotiations with, for an armistice,
357 ;
his policy
War upon German
Imperialism, peace with German
liberalism
, 363-6 ;
his speech at
Baltimore (April
6, 1918)
reveals a
change of policy,
366-9
Windau,
345, 431
Winkler,
Social Democrat deputy,
235
Wireless (Russian) orders German troops
to mutiny and murder,
221, 222
Witte,
Count Sergius Y.,
6
478
INDEX
World revolution,
138, 139, 147, 190,
260, 349, 413, 424
Württemberg,
William of,
326
η.
Yaroslavl,
340
η.
Yudemitch, General,
327
Zekki
Pasha,
84, 264, 404
Zhitomir,
Rada
at,
311
Zimmermann,
Arthur,
344
Zimmerwald Conference and Manifesto,
15, 16
Zinoviev, Grigory Evseevitch, returns
to Russia with Lenin,
39 ;
escapes to
Finland (July
1917), 55 ;
attacks
Lenin s policy,
59 ;
head of a dele¬
gation to foster revolt in Central
Europe,
91 ;
votes for the acceptance
of the peace terms,
249
THE END
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wheeler-Bennett, John Wheeler 1902-1975 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124215254 |
| author_facet | Wheeler-Bennett, John Wheeler 1902-1975 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wheeler-Bennett, John Wheeler 1902-1975 |
| author_variant | j w w b jww jwwb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005049618 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4480 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)247309377 (DE-599)BVBBV005049618 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. ed., reprint. |
| era | Geschichte 1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005049618 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:21:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003085563 |
| oclc_num | 247309377 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-521 |
| physical | XX, 478, [16] S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_BVID_0022-14 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1966 |
| publishDateSearch | 1966 |
| publishDateSort | 1966 |
| publisher | MacMillan [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Papermac |
| series2 | Papermac |
| spelling | Wheeler-Bennett, John Wheeler 1902-1975 Verfasser (DE-588)124215254 aut Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 by John W. Wheeler-Bennett 1. ed., reprint. London [u.a.] MacMillan [u.a.] 1966 XX, 478, [16] S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Papermac 41 Ludendorff, Erich 1865-1937 (DE-588)118574841 gnd rswk-swf Hoffmann, Max 1869-1927 (DE-588)124376355 gnd rswk-swf Czernin, Ottokar 1872-1932 (DE-588)118677659 gnd rswk-swf Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 gnd rswk-swf Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič 1870-1924 (DE-588)118640402 gnd rswk-swf Trockij, Lev Davidovič 1879-1940 (DE-588)118642979 gnd rswk-swf Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1918 gnd rswk-swf Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd rswk-swf Czernin, Ottokar 1872-1932 (DE-588)118677659 p DE-604 Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 p Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič 1870-1924 (DE-588)118640402 p Geschichte 1918 z Ludendorff, Erich 1865-1937 (DE-588)118574841 p Trockij, Lev Davidovič 1879-1940 (DE-588)118642979 p Hoffmann, Max 1869-1927 (DE-588)124376355 p Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 u Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 s 1\p DE-604 Papermac 41 (DE-604)BV002215228 41 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003085563&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003085563&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Wheeler-Bennett, John Wheeler 1902-1975 Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 Papermac Ludendorff, Erich 1865-1937 (DE-588)118574841 gnd Hoffmann, Max 1869-1927 (DE-588)124376355 gnd Czernin, Ottokar 1872-1932 (DE-588)118677659 gnd Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 gnd Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič 1870-1924 (DE-588)118640402 gnd Trockij, Lev Davidovič 1879-1940 (DE-588)118642979 gnd Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118574841 (DE-588)124376355 (DE-588)118677659 (DE-588)118778153 (DE-588)118640402 (DE-588)118642979 (DE-588)1234404044 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 |
| title_auth | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 |
| title_exact_search | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 |
| title_full | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 by John W. Wheeler-Bennett |
| title_fullStr | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 by John W. Wheeler-Bennett |
| title_full_unstemmed | Brest-Litovsk the forgotten peace ; March 1918 by John W. Wheeler-Bennett |
| title_short | Brest-Litovsk |
| title_sort | brest litovsk the forgotten peace march 1918 |
| title_sub | the forgotten peace ; March 1918 |
| topic | Ludendorff, Erich 1865-1937 (DE-588)118574841 gnd Hoffmann, Max 1869-1927 (DE-588)124376355 gnd Czernin, Ottokar 1872-1932 (DE-588)118677659 gnd Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 gnd Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič 1870-1924 (DE-588)118640402 gnd Trockij, Lev Davidovič 1879-1940 (DE-588)118642979 gnd Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ludendorff, Erich 1865-1937 Hoffmann, Max 1869-1927 Czernin, Ottokar 1872-1932 Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹič 1870-1924 Trockij, Lev Davidovič 1879-1940 Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003085563&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003085563&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002215228 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wheelerbennettjohnwheeler brestlitovsktheforgottenpeacemarch1918 |