The American colonies in the seventeenth century: 3 Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces
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1957
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The American colonies in the seventeenth century |n 3 |p Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces |c by Herbert L. Osgood |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PART FOURTH
IMPERIAL CONTROL. BEGINNINGS OF
ТЛЕ
SYSTEM
OF ROYAL PROVINCES
CHAPTER I
The
Νατγκε
and Ohqans of Imperial Contbol
PAOK
Analogy between chartered colonies and privileged commercial com¬
panies
........... 3
Significance of imperial control
........ 4
In this case it does not consist in the government of alien peoples
. 4
It does consist in the remoteness of the colonies from the centre of
government
.......... 5
Distinction between the realm and the dominions
..... 7
There was no distinction in law
....... 8
But there was a great difference in fact
...... 9
Lack of administrative unity, combined with an unlimited right of
control, gave rise to a novel political structure
... 10
Neither royal officials nor colonists understood its character
. . 11
Organs of imperial control
......... 12
Early instances of acts of parliament which mentioned the dominions
12
Early efforts to bring colonial affairs before parliament
... 13
Sense in which English common law and statutes were in force in
the colonies
.......... 14
The executive was the only branch of the English government which
was continuously concerned with the colonies. Reason for
this
............ 15
Officials and boards that were concerned with executive control
. 15
Functions of the privy council in early times
—
correspondence,
hearings, orders
......... 16
Routine connected with issue of royal charters
.... 19
Colonial agents and royal commissions
...... 21
In the history of imperial control the central fact is the transition from
the system of chartered colonies to that of royal provinces
. 23
Needs and motives which led to this
...... 23
VIU
CONTENTS
CHAPTER II
The Dissolution of the Virginia
Coupant
of London
ГІО«
The importance of the residence of the corporation in questions of this
kind
............26
The assistance which, through diplomacy, the king had early given to
the Virginia enterprise
........26
The attitude of the crown toward the company when under the Sandys-
Southampton management
.......26
The king inclines to interfere in the election of treasurer,
1620
and
1622............26
The early attitude of crown and parliament toward the production
of tobacco
..........28
Proclamations of
1819,
and rates of duty
.....29
Controversy between the company and Abraham Jacob
. . 30
Efforts of government to suppress the production of tobacco in the
realm
...........31
Monopoly of importation granted to Sir Thomas Roe and others for
1620............32
The Virginia company plans to market
ite
tobacco in the Nether¬
lands
...........32
This course forbidden by the privy council. An early, though
partial, assertion of the policy of the staple
.... 33
The proposed contract of the Virginia and
Somera
islands companies
with the king for the exclusive importation of tobacco for seven
years,
1622..........34
Negotiations and proposals
........34
Terms of the contract
.........35
Plans and estimates for administration under the contract
. . 36
Debates on the subject in Virginia company
.....36
The prosecution of ex-governor
Argali
reacts upon the question
. 36
Samuel Wrote attacks the Earl of Southampton and his associates
. 37
Indications of extravagance in Sandys s management
... 38
Debates over salaries of those who were to have charge of the sale
of tobacco under the contract
.......39
Dissensions reported to the king
.......41
Hearing before the privy council
.......41
Sandys defends the company
........42
A royal commission of inquiry appointed at request of Alderman
Johnson,
1623..........43
Exaggerated accounts by Captain Nathaniel Butler of suffering in
Virginia after the Indian massacre of
1622 .... 44
Defence, by Sandys and his associates, of the policy of the com¬
pany against the attacks of the Warwick-Johnson faction
· 46
The king supports the latter and orders the company to decide
whether or not it would surrender its charter and accept a
new one
...........47
CONTENTS
IX
глав
The company votes not to surrender
...... 48
Quo watranto proceedings ordered
...... 49
The royal commissioners attempt to collect evidence against the
company in Virginia
........ 49
The dissolution of the Virginia company under process of quo warranto
before King s Bench,
Ш4
....... 61
CHAPTER III
Relations between the English Government and Massachusetts
prior
то
the Beginning op the Great Civil
Wab
Removal of Massachusetts company into New England a challenge to
English government
......... 54
Policy of early Stuarts was ostensibly one of strong executive control
over colonies. Proclamation of
1625..... 65
Events which occasioned interference of English government with
Massachusetts
.......... 66
Interests of Gorges family prejudiced by
Massachusetts
grant
. 66
Complaints by Morton and Ratcliff
....... 57
Case of Sir Christopher Gardiner
....... 67
Petition by complainants in
1632........ 59
Hearing and rejection of petition by privy council
. ... 60
Archbishop Laud joins Gorges and Morton in opposition
... 61
Rapid settlement of New England by Puritans alarms Laud
. . 61
Administration of oath of allegiance to emigrants, February,
1634 . 62
Creation of board of commissioners for trade and plantations, April,
1634.
Composition and powers of this board
..... 62
Massachusetts charter ordered to be produced
..... 63
Edward Winslow sent as agent to England
...... 64
His hearings and imprisonment
....... 65
Surrender of charter of New England council,
1635 .... 66
Gorges to be sent to New England as governor general
... 66
Massachusetts prepares to resist Gorges
...... 67
Failure of Gorges plan to cross the Atlantic
..... 68
Suit under writ of quo warranto against Massachusetts charter
. . 69
The Massachusetts company not dissolved
..... 70
CHAPTER IV
Beginnings of
Royal
Government in Virginia
Intimacy of early relations between Virginia and England
... 72
Royal commission of
1624
to regulate Virginia affairs
.... 73
Early correspondence between Virginia and the crown
... 75
Agency of Sir George Yeardley,
1625...... 76
Virginia receives less direct aid than under the company
. . 78
Χ·
CONTENTS
FAQB
Internal development of Virginia
........ 79
Land grants and quit rents
........ 79
Extension of settlement. Origin of counties and parishes
. . 80
Failure to develop towns
........ 82
Judicial system of Virginia
........ 83
The governor and council. Their support and the general charac¬
ter of royal appointments
........ 84
Form of early commissions to the governors
..... 86
The grand assembly. Its control, especially over appropriations
and expenditures
......... 87
Eelations between the governor, council, and assembly illustrated by
the administration of John Harvey,
1628-1630 ... 91
Reflex influence of the grant of Maryland on Virginia
... 91
Early efforts of Claiborne to hold Kent island as Virginia territory
92
Personal unpopularity of Harvey in Virginia
..... 96
Dependent position in which he stood toward the council
. . 98
Defeat of Claiborne in
1635
provokes an uprising against Harvey in
Virginia
...........
Я8
Harvey sent back to England by the council
..... 100
Harvey restored to his province by king and privy council
. . 101
Continued complaints against Harvey and Secretary Kemp
. . 101
The commissions and instructions of Wyatt
(1639)
and Berkeley
(1641) 102
CHAPTER V
Colonial Policy
durino
the
Intebkegïïüm
General character of the period in England
...... 105
Parliament the immediate source of authority, executive as well as
legislative
........... 106
Creation by parliament of a new board of commissioners for planta¬
tions, November,
1643........ 107
Its powers as compared with those of the previous board
. . 107
The friendly relations between it and New England
. . . 107
Virginia and some of the island colonies inclined toward an hostile
attitude
........... 108
New England affairs during the Civil War
...... 109
Puritan emigration checked
........ 109
New England ministers decline to take part in Westminster As¬
sembly
........... 109
Roger Williams as agent in England,
1644..... 109
The Gortoniste seek redress in England
...... 110
Edward Winslow sent to defend Massachusetts,
1647 . . .111
The status quo about Narragansett Bay maintained
. . .112
The struggle in Maryland during the Civil War
..... 112
Outbreak of Civil War occasions renewed activity on the part of
enemies of the Calvertss
........ 112
First visit of Richard Ingle,
1644....... 113
CONTENTS Xl
PAGB
Second visit of Ingle. He and Claiborne unite and seize control of
the government,
1645........ 113
Baltimore saves his interests, both in England and in the province,
by appointing William Stone, a Protestant, as governor,
1648 114
Changes in organization of English executive after execution of the king
114
Creation of council of state and large development of committee
system
........... 114
Changes incident to establishment of Protectorate
..... 116
Enforcement of submission to parliament in the provinces of Barba-
does, Antigua, the Bermudas, and Virginia
.... 116
Preliminary inquiries by admiralty committee
.... 117
Act of
1660,
prohibiting trade with those colonies
.... 118
Appointment, under authority of this act, of a commission to
enforce submission in those colonies
..... 119
Reduction of the island colonies
....... 119
Personnel and work of the commission in Virginia
. . .119
Opposition of Berkeley quieted
....... 121
Terms of settlement with assembly and with governor and council,
1652............ 122
Choice of governor and other officials intrusted to the assembly
. 124
Peaceful continuance of this system in Virginia until the Restoration
126
Bennett and Claiborne suspend proprietary government in Mary¬
land and require express submission to Commonwealth, March,
1652............ 126
Hearing in England, favorable to Baltimore. Cromwell writes to
Bennett
........... 128
Baltimore orders Stone to fully reestablish his government, July,
1654............ 129
Bennett, Claiborne, and the Puritans overthrow Stone s govern¬
ment. Assembly at Patuxent, October,
1654 .... 130
Stone resumes government, early in
1665..... 131
Battle on the Severn. Defeat of proprietary party
. . . 131
Though no decision was reached in England, the decline of the
Protectorate insured the permanent
reëstablishment
of Lord
Baltimore s authority
........ 132
Attitude of the Commonwealth and Protectorate toward colonization in
general
........... 133
Outburst of national energy
........ 133
Revival of hatred toward Spain
....... 134
War with the Dutch. Expedition of Sedgwick
. . . .134
Reasons for peaceful relations with France prevail
. . . 135
Expeditions against Hispaniola and conquest of Jamaica
. . 136
Cromwell s plan to people Jamaica by colonists from New England
137
These events bring the island colonies into prominence
. . . 139
Continued naval operations in the West Indies and vigorous impe¬
rial control over these colonies
....... 140
Plan of Thomas Povey and others for the creation of a council for
America and for other reforms
...... 141
XU CONTENTS
CHAPTER
VI
Тнв
Restoration and the Royal Commission op
1664
pagib
The event of first importance after the Restoration was the conquest of
New Netherland
......... 143
The event of second importance was the settlement of the
Carolinas . 144
Next in importance to the acquisition of those territories was the devel¬
opment of the policy by which they were to he governed
. 144
Continued activity of Thomas Fovey and his associates after the
Restoration
.......... 146
Joseph Williamson and Samuel Maverick
..... 146
All culminated in the activities of the group of officials and states¬
men (mainly Tory) who surrounded the Duke of York
. . 147
Early committees on colonial affairs
...... 147
Establishment of council for trade and council for foreign plantations,
November and December,
1660...... 149
Membership and powers of these bodies
...... 150
Business which early came before the plantation board
. . . 152
The circular letter of spring of
1661...... 153
Restoration of normal provincial government in Virginia
. . 153
Affairs in New England and the encroachments of the Dutch demand
immediate attention
......... 164
The attempt to adjust relations in New England
..... 156
The plantation board receives petitions from the enemies of Massa¬
chusetts
........... 157
Statements of Edward Godfrey, of the younger Gorges, of Captain
Breedon, of the proprietors of the iron works at Lynn, of the
Quakers
........... 167
Correspondence of Samuel Maverick with Clarendon
. . . 159
John
Leverett
informs Massachusetts of attack upon her
. . 161
She sends her first address to the king
...... 161
Her instructions to the agents
—
policy of passive resistance
. . 162
Slight concessions in New England
....... 163
Royal letter of February,
1661,
to Massachusetts
. . . .163
Massachusetts again defines its powers as a body politic
. . 164
Leverett
throws up his agency, and, after a sharp report on the
petitions from the plantation board, the privy council takes the
matter into its own hands
....... 165
Massachusetts sends Bradstreet and Norton as agents
. . . 166
They bring back the king s letter of
1662.
Its requirements
. . 167
Action of general court thereon
....... 168
Efforts of Mason and Gorges to assert their claims, both in Eng¬
land and New England
........ 168
Home government fails, owing to lack of officials of its own in
New England
.......... 171
Resort had to a royal commission,
1664.
Its doings in New England
. 171
Personnel of the commission
........ 171
CONTENTS xiii
Instructions
to the commission
....... 172
Its attempt to settle the western boundary of Connecticut
. . 175
Early experiences in Massachusetts
...... 177
Visit to the southern colonies of New England
.... 178
Return to Boston and struggle with the general court and magis¬
trates over its claim to hear appeals
..... 183
Visit of commissioners to northern New England
.... 186
Their failure. Their return and report
...... 189
îurther
action delayed by fall of Clarendon ministry
. . . 191
CHAPTER
VII
The Acts of Tkade
The principles of mercantilism as applied to the commercial relations
of the British empire
........ 193
Policy affecting the tobacco industry after Virginia became a royal
province
........... 197
Prohibition of tobacco culture within the realm continued
. . 198
Attitude of government toward Spanish tobacco
.... 198
Effort to improve colonial product and to limit the amount pro¬
duced
........... 199
The production of other staples in Virginia encouraged
. . . 200
Experiments with government monopolies of importation,
1624-
1639.
Uniformly opposed by colonists
..... 201
The acts of
1660
and
1651
affecting colonial trade
..... 204
Both were aimed at carrying trade of the Dutch
.... 205
The act of
1651
not vigorously enforced
...... 205
The acts of trade of Charles II
........ 206
The principle of the navigation act
(1660) —
encouragement of
shipbuilding
.......... 207
The policy of the staple, for the benefit of merchants, applied in
the acts of
1660
and
1063........ 208
Relation of the conquest of New Netherland to this policy
. .212
Scotland excluded from colonial trade
...... 212
Institution of system of fleets and convoys during the Dutch wars
of the Restoration
......... 214
Restriction of intercolonial trade in enumerated commodities by
act of
1673.......... 216
Royal customs officials appointed for the colonies under the act of
1673............ 216
Administration under the acts of trade illustrated by the experiences
of customs officials
......... 217
Quarrel between Giles Bland and Governor Berkeley in the royal
province of Virginia
......... 217
Complaints of illegal trade in New England,
1675 .... 218
The interpretation put by the merchants on the act of
1673
is dis¬
allowed by the English government
...... 220
XIV
COHTENTS
ΡΑβΚ
Further complaints followed by circular letter and resolve to ad¬
minister to the governors
tue
oaths required by acts of trade
. 222
Light thrown on illicit trade relations with New England by the
Culpepper rebellion of
1677
in North Carolina
.... 223
Controversy between the proprietors of Maryland and royal
customs officials,
1681-1685....... 225
Assassination of Eousby, the royal collector
.... 227
The appointment of Edward Randolph as royal customs officer in
Massachusetts,
1679......... 228
The opposition with which he met during the first period of his
residence there,
1679-1681....... 228
Randolph s second period of residence (close of
1681
to
1683),
with
commission under the great seal and as deputy auditor
. . 231
He meets with an additional obstacle in the form of a newly created
naval office
.......... 232
He is unable to enforce the acts in New Hampshire
. . . 234
The acts of trade nullified in New England
..... 235
Creation of office of surveyor general of customs for the North
American colonies,
1685........ 236
Customs administration under Dudley and Andros
. . . 237
General summary of results
......... 239
CHAPTER
VIII
Virginia during the Restoration. Bacon s Rebellion
Virginia as the
old dominion
........ 242
Character of Governor Berkeley and of the official group which he led
. 243
Extension of settlement. Social classes
...... 24(5
The assembly in its relations with the official oligarchy
. . .247
Attempts of Charles II to change Virginia into a proprietary province
. 248
Grant of the Northern neck in
1649
to St. Albans and associates
. 248
Project revived in
1672,
to grant all Virginia for thirty-one years to
Arlington and Culpeper
........ 251
This defeated by opposition of colonists
...... 251
Plan for issue of a royal charter to Virginia
..... 252
Problem of coast defence in Virginia
....... 254
Futile efforts to fortify Point Comfort
...... 254
Virginia magistrates and the merchants disagree
.... 254
Province suffers from Dutch attacks in
1667
and
1672 . . . 255
Charges that money had been wasted begin to provoke revolt
. 258
The Indian War of
1675
and
1676........ 258
Outbreak of war. Capture of Susquehanna fort
.... 261
Ravaging of the Northern neck
....... 262
The Long Assembly declares war, but takes no effective measures
. 262
Inhabitants of upper counties gather for defence
.... 263
Appearance of Nathaniel Bacon
....... 263
He defeats Susquehannas near Roanoke river
.... 266
Berkeley proclaims Bacon a rebel
....... 266
CONTENTS
XV
PAGE
Bacon s rebellion
........... 265
Dissolution of the old, and election of a new, assembly
. . . 266
Bacon, a member, arrested, but released by governor
. . . 267
Reform legislation of assembly of June,
1076..... 268
Assembly makes Bacon general of forces against Indians
. . 268
Bacon coerces Berkeley into granting him a commission
. . 270
After close of session Berkeley again proclaims Bacon a rebel and
tries to raise lower parts of province against him
. . . 271
Bacon organizes resistance at Middle Plantation
.... 272
Possibility of this becoming a revolt against the king
. . . 276
Berkeley retires to Accomac and Bacon captures Jamestown
. . 276
Death of Bacon and collapse of revolt
...... 277
Reprisals of Berkeley
......... 278
CHAPTER IX
The Royal Commission of
1677.
Virginia at the Close
of Stuart
Régime
Changes in plantation boards in England after
1667.
Work of those
boards
........... 280
Reception of news of Bacon s rebellion
....... 283
The royal commission of
1677........ 283
Personnel and powers of the commission
..... 283
Condition of Virginia on its arrival, February,
1677 . . . 285
Commissioners quarrel with Berkeley, but he soon returns to Eng¬
land
............ 286
Treaty of May,
1677,
with the Indians
...... 288
Inquest by counties respecting causes of the uprising
. . . 290
Local statements of grievances
....... 291
Close of work of commission and its report
..... 293
Administration of Lord Culpeper,
1680-1683...... 296
The instructions to the new governor
...... 296
His first sojourn in Virginia and return to England
. . . 298
The tobacco-cutting insurrection of
1682..... 300
Second visit of Culpeper to Virginia and close of his administration
301
Administration of Lord Howard of Effingham,
1684-1689 . . .302
Division of legislature into two houses becomes complete
. . 302
Independent attitude of the burgesses
...... 302
Controversies with the governor during session of
1684 . . . 302
Controversies during sessions of
1685
and
1686 .... 303
The assembly of
1688......... 306
Hearing on appeal of Ludwell in England
..... 307
Lord Howard retires from active duties as governor
. , . 308
XVI CONTENTS
CHAPTER X
The Dissolution of the Massachusetts Company
pagh
Continued petitions of Mason and Gorges after fall of Clarendon min¬
istry
............ 309
Complaints respecting violations of acts of trade
..... 310
Edward Kandolph sent as special agent to Massachusetts
. . . 311
His reception by governor and magistrates
..... 312
His return and report
......... 316
Stoughton and Bulkely sent as agents by Massachusetts
. . . 317
Their instructions
.......... 317
Randolph appears as active opponent of Massachusetts in England
318
Questions in controversy referred to judges and privy council
. 319
Opinion of Chief Justices
Rainsford
and North on the charter and
on claims of Mason and Gorges
...... 319
Opinion of Sir William Jones, attorney general
.... 320
Opinion of attorney and solicitor general on laws of Massachusetts
321
The agents plead general lack of instructions
..... 322
Massachusetts buys out the Gorges heirs
..... 323
Plantation board reports in favor of quo warranto,
1678 . . 324
Return of the agents to Massachusetts
...... 324
Continued negotiations, ending in dissolution of company
. . . 325
Moderate party wins a victory in Massachusetts
.... 326
The colony conforms to the will of king in some things
. . . 327
But it meets commands to send other agents with prolonged delay
327
Continued attacks on colony by Randolph
..... 328
Agency of Dudley and Richards,
1682...... 328
They were instructed not to consent to a change of system
—
religion
and appeals
.......... 329
Quo warranto proceedings instituted,
1683..... 331
Randolph unable to serve writ in time
...... 332
Process by scire facias substituted, and charter cancelled,
1684 . 333
Points in indictment and decree
....... 333
CHAPTER XI
Beginnings op Royal Government in New
Hampshire
General conditions in New Hampshire towns
..... 336
Commission of
1679
to President Cutt and council
.... 337
The assembly of
1680.
Government in accord with New England
traditions
........... 338
Arrival of Mason and Richard Chamberlain
..... 339
Efforts of Chamberlain to secure recognition as secretary
. . 339
The assembly of
1681......... 342
Mason seriously obstructed in his efforts to assert his proprietary
claims
........... 342
Representations on this subject to England and appointment of
Edward Cranfield as governor
....... 345
CONTENTS
XVII
PAGK
The administration of Edward Cranfleld,
1682-1685 .... 346
Character and powers of Cranfield
....... 346
His first impression of New Hampshire favorable
.... 347
His change of attitude
......... 348
He dissolves his first assembly
....... 349
Abortive uprising at Hampton. Edward Gove
.... 349
Cranfield dissolves his second assembly,
1684..... 350
Autocratic government with a packed council and judiciary
. . 351
Various aspects of this government, especially its efforts to enforce
Mason s claims
.......... 352
Attack on the clergy in person of Rev. Joshua Moody
. . . 354
Attempt at prerogative taxation
....... 355
Expulsion of Thurton, the tax collector
...... 356
Grievances of the colony presented in England by Weare
. . . 356
Hearing before lords of trade
........ 367
A qualified decision against Cranfield
...... 357
Cranfield returns home on permanent leave of absence
. . . 357
CHAPTER
XII
New Yoek as a Royal Province. The
Administration
of
goveknqr dongan
The new commission and instructions to
Dongán
as royal governor
. 358
Dongán
urges the restoration to New York of all the territory which
was comprised in New Netherland
...... 361
Dongán
describes revenue system of New York
..... 363
His quarrel with Collector
Santen
....... 364
Relations of
Dongán
with the French and Indians
.... 367
His correspondence with Denonville over alleged French and Eng¬
lish encroachments
......... 368
Their conflicting claims to the Iroquois country
.... 369
Charges respecting deserters and sale of liquor
.... 372
Expedition of
Rooseboom
from Albany,
1685-1686 . . .373
French attack on the
Sénecas,
1687...... 374
The treaty of neutrality at Whitehall,
1686..... 375
Palmer sent as agent to England
....... 375
Dongán
ordered to protect the Five Nations and exclude the French
376
CHAPTER
XIII
The Dominion of New England
The nature and difficulty of the task which was undertaken by the
Stuarts in reorganizing New England
..... 378
The unfitness of men like Randolph to administer New England
affairs
........... 379
The English government considers the boundaries of the new
province
........... 381
XVIII CONTENTS
PAGE
Question of the appointment of Colonel Percy Kirke as governor
. 382
The administration of Joseph Dudley as president, with a council,
1686 383
Powers given to the president and council
..... 384
Character and position of Dudley
....... 385
Inauguration of the new government
...... 386
Conciliatory attitude of president and councillors
.... 386
Inauguration of Anglican worship in Boston
..... 390
Randolph dissatisfied with the new government because it did not
go far or fast enough
........ 391
Administration of Governor Andros,
168Θ-1689.
The Dominion of
New England
.......... 393
His commission and instructions
....... 393
His appointment meant the introduction of the New York system of
government, without an elected assembly, into New England
. 393
Issue of writs of quo warranto against Rhode Island and Con¬
necticut
........... 395
Submission of Rhode Island
........ 397
Connecticut holds out for a time, but finally submits
. . . 397
Beginning of government by Andros and his council
. . . 400
The establishment of courts
........ 401
Question of raising a revenue, and the light which it throws on
Andros s methods of legislation
...... 402
Resistance to the payment of taxes, and its suppression
. . 402
Drafting of a code of laws considered, but abandoned
. . . 405
The inquiry into land titles and town grants, with a view to their
renewal and to the levy of quit rents
..... 406
Agitation upon this important subject
...... 408
Town meetings prohibited, except for election of officers
. . 409
Increase Mather departs for England
...... 410
Andros receives government of New York and the Jerseys
. . 410
Difficulty of consolidating so large and diverse a territory
. .411
Conflicts with French and Indians begin on eastern frontier. An¬
dros goes thither
......... 412
Rumors are circulated that Andros intends to betray New England
to the French and Indians
....... 412
Preparations for revolt
......... 413
CHAPTER
XIV
The Revolution in New England. The Provincial Charter
op Massachusetts
Arrival in New England of news of the English Revolution
. . . 416
Attitude of Massachusetts toward Andros and of Andros toward
James II
........... 416
Uprising in Boston, week of April
18, 1689...... 417
First day
—
seizure of leading officials and of the fort, and issue of
manifesto by insurgents
........ 418
CONTENTS XIX
PAGE
Second day
—
surrender of the royal frigate and of the castle
. 421
Third day
—
temporary government under a council of safety set
up
;
a convention called
........ 421
Sessions of convention, May
9
and
22.
The old charter government
revived
........... 422
Conduct of Massachusetts imitated by the other corporate colonies
423
The agency of Increase Mather in England
...... 424
The services of Mather as connected with the history of the colonial
agency in general
......... 424
Mather at the court of James II
....... 426
Mather prevents the government of William III continuing Andros
in office
........... 428
But he and his colleagues failed to convince it that the Massachu¬
setts charter should
Ъе
restored
...... 428
Reports from New England and royal order that Andros and his
associates be sent to England
....... 430
Unfavorable reports as to the insurgent government in Massachu¬
setts
............ 430
Renewed activity of Randolph
....... 431
Charges against Andros not sustained in England
.... 435
Failure to secure the restoration of the old charter
. . . 436
The issue of the provincial charter of Massachusetts
.... 436
Negotiations of winter and spring of
1690-1691.
King decides in
favor of an appointed governor
...... 437
Draft of charter by Attorney General Treby and changes therein
. 438
Details of charter, with extent of province, settled
. . . 438
General characteristics of the new, as compared with the old, charter
. 440
CHAPTER XV
The Revolt of
Leisler in
New York. An Assembly per¬
manently ESTABLISHED IN THAT PROVINCE
Fears of Catholic intrigue and French invasion in New York
. . 444
Dissatisfaction with the government of that province
.... 447
Personal feeling between Jacob
Leisler
and the Bayards and Van
Cortlandts
.......... 449
Joint meetings of councillors, city officials, and officers of the train
bands to provide for defence, April and May,
1689 . . . 450
The mutiny of the train bands (May
30-31)
and its results
. . . 452
Weakness of Nicholson and council shown
..... 454
Leisler
and the other militia captains retain possession of the fort
. 454
They will surrender it only to authority from William of Orange
. 455
Nicholson returns to England to report
...... 456
The councillors and city officials pushed one side and the southern
parts of the province fall under the control of the insurgents
. 457
New York under the
Leisler
régime,
1689-1691 . . . - . . 457
The convention of June
26 :
A committee of safety chosen
; Leisler
made commander of the fort
;
aid sought from other colonies
. 456
XX
CONTENTS
PAGE
Vigorous measures of defence adopted
...... 458
The southern counties brought under military government
. . 459
Albany refuses to submit to Leisler
...... 460
Milborne, Leisler s lieutenant, sent thither to reduce it
. . . 461
His negotiations with the convention
...... 461
Milborne returns to New York baffled
...... 463
Unfavorable news from England. Henry Sloughter appointed gov¬
ernor
........... 404
More stringent measures adopted by Leisler
..... 465
The destruction of Schenectady by French and Indians (February,
1690)
forces Albany to submit to his rule
.... 467
Assembly of April,
1690......... 468
War measures of summer of
1690....... 469
Arrival of Major Ingoldesby with troops, January,
1691 . . 470
Ingoldesby refused admission to the fort
..... 471
Growing opposition to Leisler
......... 472
Encounter between the forces of Leisler and Ingoldesby, March
17 472
Arrival of Governor Sloughter, March
19, 1691 .... 472
Downfall of the Leisler party
........ 472
Leisler delays surrender of fort
....... 472
He and his chief supporters are arrested
..... 473
Trial and condemnation of Leisler and his councillors
. . . 473
Sloughter yields to pressure and orders the execution of Leisler and
Milborne
........... 475
The excuses and defence urged by the condemned
.... 476
CHAPTER
XVI
Collapse op Propkibtabt Government in Maryland
The accuracy with which political movements in England were reflected
in Maryland
.......... 477
Friction between the lower house of assembly and the proprietor
between
1676
and
1689........ 478
The question of the number of representatives from each county
. 478
Controversy over the right of John Coode to his seat
. . . 480
Question of the confirmation of the laws
..... 481
Sessions of
1682
and
1683 ;
bills for regulating elections and for
establishment of towns
........ 483
Session of
1684 ;
summary of relations during the past decade
. 484
Disposition of the government on the return of Charles Calvert to
England
........... 485
The uprising of the
Associatore in
1689....... 487
Strong attachment of the executive to the Stuarts shown by cele¬
bration of birth of the heir of James II,
1688 . . . .487
Jure
divino
theory of kingship and executive expounded by Presi¬
dent Joseph
.......... 487
Controversy over the oath of fidelity
...... 487
CONTENTS XXI
Because of death of his messenger, Lord Baltimore fails to transmit
news
óf
the Revolution in England to the colony
. . . 490
Panic caused by rumors of a plot on the part of the Catholics and
Indians to massacre the Protestants, March,
1689 . . . 491
These reports without foundation
.......493
But Catholic rule in Maryland was doomed
.....494
Uprising of Coode and the
Associatore,
July,
1689 .... 495
Occupation of St. Mary s and Mattapony by the insurgents
. . 495
Many Protestants, especially those of Anne Arundel county, do
not support the
Associatole
.......497
Coode explains and defends his revolt
......498
The assembly of the
Associatore,
August,
1689 ;
temporary disposi¬
tion of the government
........499
Murder of John Payne, collector of customs, by relatives of the
proprietor
..........500
Action taken by the English government
......501
Baltimore commanded to send duplicate orders for proclaiming
William and Mary
.........501
Baltimore asks for hearing and recommends the appointment of
Henry Coursey as governor
.......502
English authorities further prejudiced against him by reports from
Coode in reference to murder of Payne
.....502
Baltimore permitted to send an agent to Maryland to collect his
revenue
...........503
Eesolve of the crown to assume the government of Maryland indi¬
cated by the opinion of Chief Justice Holt, June,
1690 . . 503
Hearing before the council, November
20, 1690 ;
Baltimore, Coode,
and Cheseldyne present
........504
Lionel Copley commissioned as royal governor, June,
1691 . . 505
Trial and punishment of the murderer of Payne, and establishment
of royal government in Maryland
......506
CONCLUSION
The influence on the colonies of the great events of the century in
England
...........507
The seventeenth century was emphatically the period of chartered
colonies
...........509
The feudal aspects of this form of colony were perpetuated by the
remoteness of America from England
.....510
Lack of system in English administration tended to a similar end
. 611
Tendencies toward independence specially emphasized in New England
512
Resulting institutional differences between the realm and the dominions
612
Parliament refrains from legislation affecting the colonies, except
in the sphere of commerce
.......513
As a result, the colonies are left almost wholly under executive
control
...........614
Instances of executive control
........515
XXII CONTENTS
PAOS
Bapid
development of executive and judicial control after the Restoration
616
This largely the consequence of passage of acts of trade
. . 516
Eoyal officials needed for this purpose in the colonies
. . . 616
Appointment of royal commissions, agents, customs officers resorted
to in effort to supply this need
.....· 617
The process culminated in a plan to substitute royal provinces for
chartered colonies on a large scale
......617
This was accompanied by the abolition of assemblies and the union
of colonies into governor generalships
.....617
This process checked by the Revolution in England and consequent
uprisings in the colonies
........519
But an improved balance of powers was secured through the devel¬
opment of a system of royal provinces with assemblies
. . 520
|
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| id | DE-604.BV004866805 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:18:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Osgood, Herbert L. Verfasser aut The American colonies in the seventeenth century 3 Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces by Herbert L. Osgood Reprint. Gloucester, Mass. Smith 1957 XXII, 551 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV004866803 3 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002985331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Osgood, Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century |
| title | The American colonies in the seventeenth century |
| title_auth | The American colonies in the seventeenth century |
| title_exact_search | The American colonies in the seventeenth century |
| title_full | The American colonies in the seventeenth century 3 Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces by Herbert L. Osgood |
| title_fullStr | The American colonies in the seventeenth century 3 Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces by Herbert L. Osgood |
| title_full_unstemmed | The American colonies in the seventeenth century 3 Imperial control ; beginnings of the system of royal provinces by Herbert L. Osgood |
| title_short | The American colonies in the seventeenth century |
| title_sort | the american colonies in the seventeenth century imperial control beginnings of the system of royal provinces |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002985331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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