A history of the international chemical industry:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English French |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia
Univ. of Pennsylvania Press
1991
|
| Schriftenreihe: | The chemical sciences in society series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 411 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0812282078 0812212975 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804118936838471680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Illustrations xiii
Series Foreword, by Arnold Thackray xv
Preface: The Chemical Revolution(s), by Patrick P. McCurdy xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
Prelude: From Prehistory to the Dawn of
Quantitative Chemistry 1
Prelude to Chemistry 1
From Alchemy to Chemistry 3
The Chemical Study of Gases and the Phlogiston Theory 5
The Life and Work of Lavoisier 7
1. The First Chemical Manufacturers 10
Sulfuric Acid 10
The Demand for Alkalis 11
The Tragic Destiny of Nicolas Leblanc 11
Textile Bleaching 13
Further Consequences of the French Revolution 13
The Rise of England s Chemical Industry 14
The Birth of America s Chemical Industry 16
2. Advances in Chemistry During the First Half
of the Nineteenth Century 18
The Laws of Combining Weights 18
Dalton s Atomic Theory 19
Berzelius and His Work 20
Avogadro s Intuition 22
Davy, Faraday, and the Laws of Electrochemistry 24
The Advent of Artificial Fertilizers 25
Chevreul s Scientific Studies of Fats 27
vili Contents
Rubber Becomes an Industrial Product 27
The Dawn of Synthetic Organic Chemistry 28
The Problem of Organic Formulas 29
3. The Great Scientific Breakthroughs from 1850 to
1914 32
The Chemical Industry in 1850 32
From Dye Extracts to Synthetic Dyestuffs 35
The Rise of the German Chemical Industry 39
From Empirical Work to Systematic Research 42
Fresh Demand for Coal Tar By Products 47
The Birth of Switzerland s Chemical Industry 48
The Early Days of Chemotherapy 48
Explosives and Alfred Nobel s Discovery 53
Soda Plants: The Solvay Ammonia Soda Process—Electrolytic Alkali 57
Phosphorus and Its Use for Matches 62
Chemistry at the Frontiers of Metallurgy: The Adventure of
Aluminum 64
The Electric Furnace 66
Chemicals and Photography 68
The Birth of the Plastics Industry 70
Artificial Fibers 72
The Invention of Cellophane 75
Paints, Pigments, and Varnishes 75
Perfumes and Fragrances 77
Chemicals and Wood 79
Chemicals and Household Products 82
The Quest for Fertilizer Raw Materials 84
The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen 86
The Haber Bosch Ammonia Synthesis Process 88
Cyanides and the Gold Rush 89
Industrial Gases and Air Liquefaction 91
From Ferments to Enzymes: The Birth of Biochemistry 93
The Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements 96
From the Study of Solutions to the Theory of Ions 99
Chemical Equilibria and Reaction Kinetics 100
Molecular Architecture: The Birth of Stereochemistry 100
Chemical Engineering: A New Discipline 101
4. Developments During the Period Spanning the
Two World Wars (1914 1945) 102
The Situation in 1914 102
Germany s Undisputed Superiority 102
The Slowdown of England s Chemical Industry 107
Contents Ix
The Unsatisfactory Situation in France 108
Switzerland s Chemical Industry: An Exemplary Case 112
Chemicals in the Other Countries of Europe 113
The Striking Progress of America s Chemical Industry 115
The Awakening of Japan 119
World War I and Its Impact on World Chemicals 120
Nitrogen Supplies 120
The Demand for Organic Chemicals 121
The Emergence of Combat Gases 124
The Difficult Return to Peacetime Conditions 124
Innovative Trends in Postwar Industrial Chemistry
(1920 1930) 127
The Revolution in Fast Drying Lacquers 127
A New Focus on Rubber 128
The Beginnings of Petrochemicals 129
The Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead 131
Fresh Prospects for Cellulose Acetate 132
High Pressure Chemicals 133
Acetylene as a Source of Chemical Derivatives 135
State Intervention • 36
The Proliferation of Cartels 137
Birth of the Giants 138
France s Fragmented Chemical Industry 143
The Chemistry of Giant Molecules 145
The Development of Synthetic Rubber 147
The Discovery of New Plastics 149
The Search for Transparency 149
The Chance Discovery of Polyethylene 153
Carothers and the Nylon Adventure 154
The Growth of Fluorine Chemistry 157
Eugene Houdry and Catalytic Cracking 157
Soap Substitutes 59
The New Onslaught on Infectious Diseases 160
Nutritional Disorders and the Emergence of Vitamins 162
Chemical Messengers: Hormones 164
The Problem of Crop Protection 166
The Chemical Industries on the Eve of World War II 168
America s Chemical Industry Emerges Strong from the
Depression 68
The New Look of the American Market 170
Some Important American Companies Between 1929 and 1939 173
The Particular Nature of Britain s Chemical Industry 179
Germany s Chemical Industry and the War Economy 184
France s Chemical Industry: A Cumulation of Particularisms 189
x Contents
The Development of France s Coal Based Chemicals 195
The Rise of Rhone Poulenc and the Development of Specialty
Chemicals 196
The Regrouping of Belgium s Chemical Industry 198
Holland s Chemical Industry, Long Established and Scattered 199
Montecatini and Italy s Chemical Industry 200
The Prosperity of the Basel Chemical Companies 201
The Soviet Union s Chemical Industry Lags Behind 202
The Contribution of Western Technologies to Japan s Chemical
Industry 203
5. World War II and Its Consequences for World
Chemicals 207
The State of Preparedness of the Belligerent Nations 207
The Scope of America s War Effort 208
IG Farben s Wartime Operations and How They Ended 213
Spectacular Breakthroughs in Postwar Chemicals (1945 1960) 214
The Rise of Petrochemicals 214
The North American Lead 215
Europe s Particularisms 216
Japan s Belated Involvement in Petrochemicals 219
Petrochemicals, the Only Source of Propylene 220
The New Polymers 221
The Work of Ziegler and Natta 222
The Success of Polyolefins 224
Stereospecific Elastomers and Ethylene Propylene Rubber 225
Otto Bayer and the Discovery of Polyurethanes 226
The Race for New Materials 227
The Development of Chemical Fibers 228
New Deals in Big Industry 230
The Benevolent Circle—Intermediates and High Polymers 232
The Growth of Agrochemicals 233
Medical Breakthroughs 237
Prosperity of the Chemical Industry Precedes the First Oil
Crisis (1973) 241
Germany s Chemical Industry Rises from Its Ashes 242
The Peak Years of America s Chemical Industry 249
From Tire Manufacturing to Chemicals 258
The First Conglomerates 259
The Relationship Between Chemicals and Oil in the United
States 262
The United States Fine Chemicals Industry 265
Foreign Investment in the United States Chemical Industry 266
Contents xl
Restructuring Britain s Chemical Industry 269
The Complexities of the French Chemical Industry 280
The Emergence of Italy s Heavy Chemical Industry 299
Holland s Internationally Oriented Chemical Industry 303
Diversification and Expansion in Belgium s Chemical Industry 305
Specialization in Switzerland 307
The Development of the Chemical Industry in Scandinavia 310
The State Chemical Industry in Socialist Countries 313
The National Character of Japan s Chemical Industry 314
6. The New Facts of World Chemicals Since 1973 319
Overcapacities and the Search for Remedies 319
The Restructuring of Sectors in Distress 320
The Nationalization of France s Chemical Industry 326
Restructuring in Italy and Spain 328
Arab Countries Gain a Foothold 329
The American Chemical Industry Caught Off Balance 330
Coping with Safety and Environmental Problems 333
Scientific and Technological Breakthroughs 336
Process Improvement 336
Product Development 337
The Craze for Biotechnology 340
The Fine Chemicals Approach 344
The Attraction of Specialty Chemicals 346
The Paint Industry 348
Surface Active Agents 349
Flavors, Fragrances, and Beauty Products 353
The Chemistry of Additives 357
Photochemicals 365
The Alliance of Chemicals and Electronics 367
Catalysts 369
Retrospect and Prospect 371
Appendix 37S
The 250 Leaders of the World Chemical Industry 375
Indexes 387
Names of Individuals 387
Names of Companies 394
Illustrations
1. Joseph Priestley. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 6
2. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and Irenee du Pont de Nemours. 17
3. John Dalton. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 19
4. Jons Jakob Berzelius. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 21
5. Amedeo Avogadro. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 23
6. Joseph Louis Gay Lussac. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith
Memorial Collection. 24
7. Frederic Kuhlmann. 33
8. William Henry Perkin. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 36
9. Justus Liebig s laboratory, Giessen, 1842. Courtesy Edgar
Fahs Smith Memorial Collection. 40
10. Friedrich August Kekule. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith
Memorial Collection. 43
11. Louis Pasteur. 50
12. Paul Ehrlich. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 52
13. Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, and Emil Adolph von Behring.
Courtesy Societe Franchise Hoechst. 54
14. Alfred Nobel. 56
15. Ernest Solvay. Courtesy Solvay. 59
16. Heroult aluminum furnaces, Froges, 1890. 67
17. George Eastman and Louis Lumiere. 69
18. Leo Hendrik and Celine Baekeland with their children, Nina
and George, Yonkers, New York, about 1900. Courtesy
Leo Baekeland Collection, Archives Center, National
Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution,
photo no. 84 11359. 71
xiv Illustrations
19. Louis Marie Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte de Chardonnet.
Courtesy Bettman Archives. 73
20. The Poirrier factory at Saint Denis. 90
21. Georges Claude with his liquid air apparatus. Courtesy L Air
Liquide. 92
22. Dmitri Mendeleev. Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial
Collection. 97
23. Vats for industrial synthesis of indigo, BASF Ludwigshafen
factory. 105
24. Petrochemical unit, Standard Oil of New Jersey, Bayway,
New Jersey, 1920. 130
25. Doctoral thesis of Otto Rohm, 1901. Courtesy Rohm and
Haas. 150
26. Wallace Carothers. Courtesy E. I. du Pont de Nemours. 156
27. Eugene Houdry. 158
28. Catalytic cracking unit, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, 1938. 159
29. ICI polyethylene pilot plant units, Wallerscot, Cheshire,
1937. 273
30. Rhone Poulenc synthetics plant, Saint Fons. Courtesy
R.P. DCNB. 284
31. Total Chimie complex, Gonfreville near Le Havre. Courtesy
Total Chimie. 295
32. Tavaux factory. Courtesy Solvay. 298
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| spelling | Aftalion, Fred Verfasser aut Histoire de la chimie A history of the international chemical industry Fred Aftalion Philadelphia Univ. of Pennsylvania Press 1991 XIX, 411 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The chemical sciences in society series Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Chemie gtt Chemische industrie gtt Chemie Geschichte Chemical industry History Chemistry History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Geschichte z 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002969192&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Aftalion, Fred A history of the international chemical industry Chemie gtt Chemische industrie gtt Chemie Geschichte Chemical industry History Chemistry History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4009848-5 |
| title | A history of the international chemical industry |
| title_alt | Histoire de la chimie |
| title_auth | A history of the international chemical industry |
| title_exact_search | A history of the international chemical industry |
| title_full | A history of the international chemical industry Fred Aftalion |
| title_fullStr | A history of the international chemical industry Fred Aftalion |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of the international chemical industry Fred Aftalion |
| title_short | A history of the international chemical industry |
| title_sort | a history of the international chemical industry |
| topic | Chemie gtt Chemische industrie gtt Chemie Geschichte Chemical industry History Chemistry History Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Chemische Industrie (DE-588)4009848-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chemie Chemische industrie Geschichte Chemical industry History Chemistry History Chemische Industrie |
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