The origins and nature of language:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bloomington u.a.
Indiana Univ. Press
1992
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| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in semiotics
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 332 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0253321212 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The origins and nature of language |c by Giorgio Fano |
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| adam_text | THEORIGINS
BYGIORGIOFANO
AND NATURE
Translated by Susan Petrilli
OF LANGUAGE
Indiana
University
P Press
BLOOMINGTON amp;INDIANAPOLIS
CONTENTS
Translator s Introduction / xvii
Introduction by Luigi Heilmann / xxviii
Note on the Edition / xxx
Preface / xxxi
BOOK ONE: PART O N E
INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE
Introduction 3
General Doubts Concerning Theories of the Origins of Language—Real and Assumed
Difficulties with the Problem—Confusion between Historical and Psychological Consid-
erations—Confusion between Philosophical and Empirical Considerations—Theological
Sophistry—Inadequacy of Results So Far Attained—Positivism and Doubts Concerning
Broad Conceptual Syntheses—A Scientific Solution Does Not Seem Impossible in the
Light of Today s Knowledge ^
1 How the Origin of Language May Be Explained
by Studying the Origin and Evolution of
Writing Systems 10
Pictography and Mnemotechny 10
Real Object Messages—Painting and Pictography—Concrete, Symbolic, Ideographic,
and Phonetic Signs—Transition from Pictography to Ideography—Progressive Preva-
lence of Analysis over Synthesis
Mnemonic Signs 20
Antiquity of Mnemonic Signs—Knot Writing Systems—Message Sticks—Unfruitfulness
of Mnemotechnic Signs—Compromise between Mnemotechny and Pictography
VIII Contents
Chinese Writing 27
Fu-hi s Trigrams and Hexagrams—The Pictographic Element Was Also Decisive in
Chinese Writing—Other Semantic Systems
Conclusions from the Study of Writing Systems 31
2 The Pictographic Elements of Language 32
Interjections and Onomatopoeia 32
Immediate Comprehensibility and Spontaneity of such Expressions—Onomatopoeic
Expressions Invented by Children—Objections to Their Glottogonic Value—They Mark
the Boundary between Animal Sensitivity and Expression
Abstract Language and Concrete Language 38
Not All the Phonemes of Spoken Language Can Be Expressed Alphabetically—Necessity
of Extending the Concepts of Onomatopoeia and Interjection—Rhythmic Cries that
Accompany Work—Symbolic Onomatopoeia—Oral Mimicry—Reduplications—Intona-
tions, Rhythm, and Inflections—Word and Song—Inadequacy of Onomatopoeic The-
3 Mimetic Language 45
Origins and Characteristics 45
The Two Origins of Mimetic Language—Mimetic Tropes—Spontaneity of Mimetic Pic-
tography—Its Universal Comprehensibility
Concluding Hypothesis 47
Human Language Must Have Originally Been a Mimetic Language Accompanied by
Emotional Cries
Infant Language 48
Languages Invented by Children—The Child s Attention Falls on Visual Signs Earlier
Than on Auditive Signs—Gestures Are More Comprehensible Than Words
Mimicry among the Ancients 50
Gesticulation among the Common People Is a Residue of More Lively Ancient Gesti-
culation—In Greek Theater the More We Go Back in Time the More Mimicry Prevails
Over Words—In Magic Practices Gestures Are Used as an Archaic Language
Importance of Primitive Mimicry Confirmed by
the Most Ancient Graphic Signs 53
Ancient Chinese Ideograms Are Often Reproductions of Expressive Gestures—The
Same Is True of Egyptian Hieroglyphs—Not to Mention the Writing of Certain Primitive
Peoples—Influence of Gestures in Primitive Numbering Systems
Gestures in the Language of Ancient Egyptians 57
Owing to the Great Number of Synonyms and Homonyms Hieroglyphs Could Not Be
Deciphered without the Explanatory Figures that Accompany Them—In the Same Way
Spoken Language Would Have Been Unintelligible without Its Completion with Ges-
tures—It Seems that Ancient Chinese Was also a Mixture of Mimicry and Phonetics
contents ix
The Syntactic Characteristics of Mimetic Language 60
Prevalence of the Pictographic Element over the Conventional Element—Fluidity and
Looseness of Signs—Globality of Expression—Prevalence of Lexicon over Grammar-
Lack of Distinction between Noun and Verb—Lack of Distinction between Noun, Ad-
jective, and Adverb—Ambiguity and Polyvalency—Importance of Word Arrangement-
Lack of Distinction between Interrogative Particles—Absence of the Passive Form-
Absence of Subordinate Clauses—Frequency of Reduplications—Formation of Com-
paratives and Superlatives—Past and Future Expressed through Adverbs—Specification
through Circumlocutions
Syntactic Characteristics of Ancient
and Primitive Languages 64
Fluidity of Primitive Languages—Pictographic Immediacy—Globality and Conciseness-
Lack of Grammatical Distinctions—Correspondence between Mimetic Syntax and the
Syntax of Primitive Languages
Mimicry in Primitive Man 68
In Certain Primitive Languages Gesture Is a Necessary Element for Comprehension-
Certain Primitive Mimetic Languages in Given Circumstances Fulfill All Communicative
Needs—The Gestural Lingua Franca Used in North America—For Primitive Man
Thought and Gestures Are Naturally Related Just as Thought and Words Are for Us—
The Mimetic Languages of Primitive Man Originate from a Prephonetic Expressive
Habit
Mimetic Languages Created by Uneducated Deaf-Mutes 71
The Way Deaf-Mutes Express Themselves Makes It Possible to Study Semantic Systems
Which Have Arisen outside Our Linguistic Tradition—Some Examples of How New
Semantic Conventions Arise among Deaf-Mutes—An Atavistic Glottogonic Instinct
comes to Life Again in the Mimetic Languages Created by Deaf-Mutes
4 Observations on the Psychology of Anthropoid Apes with a
Particular View to Their Expressive Capacity 74
Preliminary Observations 74
Scarceness of Information Most Relevant to Our Purpose—Vagueness of the Concepts
of Expression and Language—Distinction between Physiological Manifestations and
Meaningful Expressions
Importance of Memory in the Spiritualization
of Animal Life 77
Feelings and Affections, Worked upon by Memory, Become Images—Memory as a Glot-
togonic Category—Experiments on the Memory of Anthropoids—Animal Memory Is
Less Broad and Selective and More Mechanical Than Human Memory
Aesthetic Memory and Imitation 81
The Difference of Opinion Concerning the Imitative Ability of Monkeys Stems from a
Misunderstanding—Their Lively Sense of Mimicry and Liking for It Emerges from All
Research—But It Is Pre-logical Imitation—Imitative Ability as a Pre-Aesthetic Moment—
Monkey-like Imitation as a Necessary Precedent to Mimetic Language
x Contents
Imagination and Aesthetic Sense 85
Hallucinations, Erotic Images, Dreams—Disinterested Curiosity—The Liking for Adorn-
ing Oneself—Comic Sense, Pretense, and Tricks—Intellectual Capacity
Mimetic Expression and Phonetic Expression 90
Examples of Mimetic Displays—Indicating Gestures—Signs of Intentional Communi-
cation—Experiments on the Mimetic Capacity of Monkeys Are Lacking, While Those
(Providing No Results) on Their Phonetic Capacity Abound
Summing-Up and Concluding Remarks 97
An Attempt at Exemplifying the Glottogonic Process—Reciprocal Action between Lin-
guistic and Social Development
5 Transition from Mimetic
to Phonetic Language 104
Union of Mimetic and Phonetic Expression—Practical Advantages of Voice over Gesture
6 Note on the Problem of Roots 107
Naivete of Considering Roots as the Residue of the Original Language—Glottologic
Hypercriticism—Verbal Meanings Prevail Both in Roots and in Mimetic Language-
Roots Do Not Represent the Most Elementary Linguistic Period because They Were
Preceded by a Mimetic Period—Monosyllabic Roots Are Mostly a Later Stylization of
Pictographic Expressions—Inconsistency of the Thesis that Considers Roots as Pure
Grammatical Abstractions—Inconsistency of the Thesis that Denies Any Distinction be-
tween the Period of Roots and the Subsequent Period—Inconsistency of the Thesis that
Aims at Wholly Discrediting the Theory of the Three Evolutionary Stages—Roots as
Signifying Phonemes Not Derivable from Other Phonemes
BOOK ONE: PART T W O
HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GLOTTOGONIC DOCTRINES
FROM THE GREEKS TO THE PRESENT DAY
v
1 Antiquity and the Middle Ages 117
Theological and Mythical Doctrines—Discussions on the Conventional or Natural
Value of Language—The Natural Origin According to Epicurus—The Thesis of Her-
mogenes and Cratylus in Plato s Dialogue—References to a Primitive Mimetic Lan-
guage—Symbolic Onomatopoeia According to Plato—Arguments Set Forth by De-
mocritus in Favor of the Arbitrariness of the Linguistic Sign—The Conventional
Character Proposed by Aristotle—Reservations Expressed by Alexander of Aphro-
disias—Return to Theological Conceptions in the Middle Ages—The Natural Origin
According to Saint Augustine
2 Humanism and the Renaissance 128
Francisco Sanchez—The Port Royal Grammarians—Richard Simon—Outline of a Gen-
eral Semantics in Francis Bacon
Contents xi
3 The Eighteenth Century 132
The Linguistics of G B Vico—Bacon s Influence—The Importance of Vico s Doctrine
Concerning Language Origin Neglected by Croce—Confusion between the Origin of
Spoken Languages and of Writing Systems—Primitive Mimetic Language—According
to Vico There Was a Return to Mimetic Language in the Middle Ages—Early Languages
Were Sung—Evaluation of Vico s Linguistics—Locke—Leibniz—Condillac—Dance and
Action Language—Importance of the Rhythmic Word and of Gesture—De Brosses—
Relation between Natural Sounds and Feelings—Priority of Pictographic Writing over
Phonetic Language—Court de Gebelin—Rousseau s Brilliant Intuition—Diderot s Letter
on Deaf-Mutes—Lord Monboddo—Human Beings Learned How to Articulate Their
Voices from Animals
4 The Nineteenth Century 156
Dugald Stewart—Importance of Sympathetic Imitation in the Origin of Language-
Importance of Mimetic Language—Herder—Identification of Linguistic Capacity with
Thought Capacity—Surviving Theological Tendency in Herder—F Schlegel—Gesarotti—
Manzoni—Grimm—Jaeger—Steinthal—Renan—Linguistic Innatism
5 More Recent Theories 177
A Schleicher—Wundt s Reservations Concerning Glottogonic Hypotheses—R de la
Grasserie—Callet—Assirelli—H Paul—A Pagliaro—G Revesz—Argument Put Forward
by Revesz against the Priority of Mimetic Language
6 Gradual Recognition among Modern Linguists
of the Importance of Mimetic Expression 184
Van Ginneken—Alphabetical Signs as the Analytic Breakdown of Inarticulate Clicks—
Authoritative Acknowledgment of the Importance of Visual Language—Priority of Mi-
metic Language Defended with Inadequate Arguments—R A S Paget—Retrospective
View of the Historical Survey
BOOK TWO
ON THE NATURE AND ESSENCE OF LANGUAGE:
PRINCIPLES FOR A GENERAL LINGUISTICS
1 Object and Method of Our Inquiry 193
Dialectic Union of Positive Science and Philosophical Inquiry—Union of the Two
Methods as Distinction and Not Confusion
2 Formulation of the Problem 196
The Omnipresence of Philosophical Categories Does Not Enable Characterization
through Concepts of a Specific Reality—It Is Wrong to Ask whether Language Is Art
or Thought—Linguistic Issues Are Semantic in Character
XII Contents
3 The Concept of Semantics and the Constitutive Elements
of Aesthetic Synthesis 198
Croce s Definition of Intuition Is Negative rather than Positive—Memory Transforms
Sense Impressions into Aesthetic Images
4 Documentary Memory and Poetic Memory 200
Immediacy and Subjectivity of Sense Impressions—Memory as a Transcendental Act,
Necessary for the Consciousness of Sensation—Objectivity of the Documentary Memory
and Subjectivity of the Poetic Memory—Analogy between Aesthetic Synthesis and Sci-
entific Synthesis—Classicism and Romanticism, Epic Poetry and Lyric Poetry, as Ele-
ments of Aesthetic Synthesis—Sense and Memory as Sources of All Expressive Activity
5 Problems of Artistic Technique and of Language 204
Distinction between Intuition and Expression—Artistic Technique as Semantic Activity-
Technique as Aid and Support fof Artistic Creation
6 Aesthetics and Semantics 206
Technical Impossibility of Giving Immediate Expression to Most of Our Inner World-
Language as Indirect Communication—Arbitrary Character of Linguistic Signs—Lin-
guistics as a Special Case of Semantics
7 General Theory of Expressive Signs 208
Definition of Expressive Signs—The Various Types of Expressive Signs—Antithesis be-
tween Aesthetic Signs and Conventional Signs—Mnemotechnic Signs Remind Us of a
Different Content from the Sense Impression Produced by the Sign—Affinity between
Chance Signs and Conventional Signs—The Beginnings of Grammar and Syntax—Con-
solidation of the Rules of Grammar—The Problem of Immanent Rationality and of
Unconscious Natural Finality
8 Essential Characteristics of Mnemotechnic Systems 214
Grammatical Evolution and Perfecting of Semantic Rules
9 General Conclusions on Expressive Signs 217
Two Fundamental Classes: Pictographic Signs and Mnemotechnic Signs—Original Lack
of Distinction between Artistic Expression and Semantic Communication
10 Characteristics of Linguistic Signs 219
Difficulty in Making Linguistic Signs Fall within One of the Two Fundamental Classes-
Language Corresponds Imperfectly to the Demands of Semantic Rationality—Language
Is Inadequate for the Expression of Man s Inner Life
Contents XIII
II Expressive Function of Verbal Musicality 222
Poetic Language Transforms the Technical Medium into an Expressive Element—How
in Certain Codes the Form of Writing Systems Becomes an Expressive Element—Ex-
pressive Importance of the Graphic Form in Chinese Literature
12 The Role of the Poetic Imagination
in the Creation of Languages 224
Figurative and Imaginative Use of Preexisting Sounds—The Popular Imagination as a
Creator of Images—But Only Expressions Accepted by Use Are Incorporated into
Language—The Semantic Criterion Is the Only Decisive One
13 Antithesis between Semantic and Emotional
Requirements in Language and Writing 227
Example of the Language Adopted in Isreal—And of Jewish Writing—Abundance of
Polyphony and Homophony in Hieroglyphic and Ideographic Scripts—Analogous Phe-
nomena in the Writing of Modern Man—Examples from French and English—Draw-
backs of Irrational Spelling—Reasons Given to Justify It—Rationality of German, Span-
ish, and Italian Spelling—The Rationalization of Writing Systems and the Concept of
Semantic Rationality—Confirmation of the Antithesis between Semantic Perfection and
Aesthetic Requirements—Rationality in Linguistic Formations and the Problem of Fi-
nality in Nature—Creative Ingenuousness and Imperfect Rationality of Natural For-
mations—Contrasting Characteristics of Natural Formations and Intellectual Construc-
tions
14 Artificial Languages 234
Natural Diffidence in the Face of Such Experiments—Esperanto—Problems in Lin-
guistics and the Comparative Study of Artificial Languages
15 Logic and Semantics (Thought and Word) 238
All Semantic Systems Are in Some ,Way Languages—Thought Does Not Exist without
Symbols ^
16 The Improper Identification of Semantics
with Logic 240
In Peirce—In G Calogero—Reasons for Such Identifications—Semantic Coherence, A
Necessary but Not the Only Condition for Logical Thought—Examples of Semantic
Non-Observance—Examples of Logical Incoherence—Progress in the Logical-Mathe-
matical Disciplines Does Not Consist in Semantic Perfection
17 The Conventional Character of Semantic Systems
and of Logical Systems 244
Logical Postulates Were Described as Conventional to Avoid the Difficulties of Innatism
and Empiricism—Logical Postulates Are Not Set ad libitum but Have an Operational
xiv Contents
Justification—Requirements of the Semantic Criterion and of the Logical Criterion Are
Different—Precedents of the Semantics of Neopositivism—The Semantics of Tarski—
Scientific and Philosophical Interest in Rectifying Methodological Errors
18 Charles W Morris s Behaviorist
Semiotics 248
Convergence of European Neopositivism and American Pragmatism—A Scientific Def-
inition of the Sign—Positivist Denial of Self-Consciousness—Academic Creation of New
Sciences—Trained Dogs and the Classifications of Signs—Transition from the Irrational
Philosophies to Science—The Pseudo-Mathematical Apparatus Used by These Authors—
Camap s Hairsplitting
19 The Linguistics of Abstract Idealism
and of B Croce 256
Historical Background of Croce s Theory: Herder—Individuality of Linguistic Expres-
sion Asserted by Herder—Spirituality of Language in Humboldt—But Spirituality, Es-
sential to Every Human Production, Cannot Be Considered as a Characteristic Feature—
Humboldt Denies the Distinction between the Origin and Subsequent Development of
Language—Universalistic Claims Favor Innatistic and Theological Solutions—Antinomy
between Individuality and Universality of Language—Mystic Conclusion—Denial of the
Problem of Language Origin in Steinthal—Myth Explains the Essence in Terms of
Temporal Origin, Abstract Idealism Confuses the Question of the Origin with That of
the Essence—Complexity and Organic Unity of Croce s Conception—Identification of
Representation, Expression, and Language—Uselessness of Lexical Studies—Unique
Individuality of the Word—Negation of Unity in Language—A Universal Language Can-
not Be Created—Grammatical Rules and Phonetic Laws Are Devoid of Scientific Value—
Technique Is of No Importance in Artistic Creation—As It Is a Spiritual Category
Language Does Not Have a Temporal Origin—Contradiction in Croce s Concept of
Category—The Individuality of Intuition Contradicts Its Commuhicability—And Ren-
« ders It Inexpressible and Not Intuitable—Pure Universality and Pure Individuality Are
Abstract Elements in Concrete Experience—Croce s Denial of Mathematics and the
Natural Sciences—The Empirical Nature of Concepts Cannot Be Eliminated—The In-
adequacy of Translations Derives from the Diversity of Linguistic Conventions—And
from the Different Musical Expressiveness of Words—Refusal to Recognize Technique
Derives from the Lacking Analysis of Intuition—And from the Presumed Insuperable
Individuality of Expression—Merits of Croce s Aesthetics
Summary and Conclusion 266
APPENDIX
The Problem of the Origin and Nature of Language
in Plato s Cratylus 271
1 Confusion, Prolixity, and Bad Taste
in Current Diction 271
Plato s Work Has Reached Us Deformed by Later Interpolations and Revisions
Contents xv
s The Essential Content of the Dialogue 272
3 Cratylus s Theory of Error 275
The Relation between Words and Thought
4 Topicality and Importance of the Concepts
Treated in the Dialogue 276
Nomo and Physei—Distinct Separation between Institution and Application—Appearance
of Early Roots—Symbolic Onomatopoeia—Theory of Error and Rationality of Reality-
Separation between Thought and Representation
Conclusion 281
NoUs / 283
Works by Giorgio Fano / 324
Brief Bibliography / 327
Index of Names / 329
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| spelling | Voghera, Giorgio 1908-1999 Verfasser (DE-588)119477785 aut Origini e natura del linguaggio The origins and nature of language by Giorgio Fano Bloomington u.a. Indiana Univ. Press 1992 XV, 332 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in semiotics Sprachursprung (DE-588)4077740-6 gnd rswk-swf Sprachursprung (DE-588)4077740-6 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002954682&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | The origins and nature of language |
| title_alt | Origini e natura del linguaggio |
| title_auth | The origins and nature of language |
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