Gender and poverty in India:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
World Bank
1991
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. print. |
| Schriftenreihe: | World Bank country study
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 373 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0821318969 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Discrimination à l'égard des femmes - Inde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Femmes - Inde - Conditions économiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Femmes - Travail - Inde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Femmes pauvres - Inde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mujeres - Empleo - India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mujeres en la India - Condiciones economicas | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mujeres pobres - India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Frau | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poor women |z India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sex discrimination against women |z India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Women |x Employment |z India | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Page
Executive Summary xv
PART A INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Gender and the Problem of Access 1
A. Introduction 1
B. Women s Access to Resources 2
C. The Inside Outside Dichotomy 3
D. Access, Productivity and Poverty 4
E. Women s Access to Productive Employment 5
F. Structure of the Report 7
PART B WOMEN S ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT
Chapter 2: Overview: Where are Women Working? 9
Chapter 3: Women in Agriculture 19
A. Introduction 19
B. Household Socio Economic Status and Women s Role in Agriculture . . 19
C. Regional Variation in Women s Agricultural Role 24
The North South Divide 24
Female Labor Force Participation 27
Wage Laborers vs. Cultivators 28
D. Agricultural Modernization and Household Strategies
for Female Labor Deployment 32
Gender and the Changing Composition of the Labor Force 32
Spreading Poverty or Changing Opportunities? 37
E. The Intra Household Dimension 43
Chapter 4: Women s Role and Potential in the Dairy Sector 47
A. Growth and Change in India s Livestock/Dairy Sector 47
B. Women s Role in Dairy Production 47
C. Operation Flood 48
D. Reaching Poor Women Producers 50
E. NGO Initiatives 52
SEWA Ahmedabad 52
Bhagavatula Charitable Trust (BCT) 52
F. Parastatal Agency Initiatives 53
APDDCFL 53
Bihar Women s Dairy Project 54
Chapter 5: Women and Forestry 57
A. Introduction 57
B. Firewood Consumption 58
C. Declining Fodder Supply 60
D. Women s Time Allocation 61
E. Forestry and Female Employment 62
F. Gender Issues in Forestry Policy and Project Design 67
ix
Chapter 6: Women as Clients for Agricultural Extension and Research .... 69
A. The Institutional Framework 69
B. Which Women and Why? • 71
C. Reaching Women with Agricultural Extension 73
Chapter 7: Women Outside Agriculture: Rural Non Farm Activities
and the Urban Informal Sector 81
A. Introduction 81
B. Female Employment Outside Agriculture 82
Manufacturing 83
Services 88
Regional Patterns 89
C. Women in the Urban Informal Sector 91
Defining the Informal Sector 92
Measuring the Informal Sector 94
Female Employment 95
Women Workers and Women s Work 96
Impact on Household Income and Decision Making 100
D. Policy Implications 102
E. Areas of Intervention 104
Institutional Credit 104
Skill Training 106
Advocacy, Supportive Services and Organization 107
PART C WOMEN S ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES
Chapter 8: Education 109
A. Educational Opportunities for Girls 109
Female Literacy 109
School Enrollment of Girls Ill
Backward States and Backward Districts 112
Secondary and Higher Education 113
B. Factors Affecting Girls Education 113
Parental Attitudes and Considerations 113
School System Factors 115
C. Special Efforts to Promote Female Education 116
D. Education and Employment 118
E. Education of Older Cohorts 120
Adult Literacy Training 120
Technical and Vocational Training 121
F. Conclusions and Recommendations 122
Chapter 9: Women s Health, Nutrition and Productivity 123
A. Introduction 123
B. Women s Health Status 123
Sex Ratio and Mortality 123
Cause of Death 125
C. Gender, Nutrition and Productivity 127
Variation in Nutritional Entitlements 127
Women s Work and Household Nutrition 132
Other Benefits to Health of Women s Work 135
D. Female Education: An Important Determinant of Health 135
x
E. Early Marriage and High Fertility 139
High Fertility and Mortality 141
Women s Education Economic Status, Fertilty Mortality .... 142
Adolescents as Targets 143
F. Social and Economic Phenomena Linking Nutrition, Health
and Fertility 143
Economic Utility of Children 143
Women s Seclusion: The Inside Outside Dichotomy 144
G. Women s Access to Health Care 145
Differential Treatment 146
Available Health Services 149
Impediments to Women s Access to Health Care 151
H. Areas for Intervention 154
Specific Health Sector Interventions Recommended 156
PART D THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF EFFORTS TO REACH WOMEN
Chapter 10: Government and NGO Efforts for Women s Development 159
A. Government Programs: A Historical Overview 159
Introduction 159
Early Post Independent Efforts 160
The Post 1975 Era 160
B. Poverty Alleviation Programs: An Overview and Assessment .... 161
Program Categories 161
Programs to Promote Self Employment through Subsidized Credit . . 162
IRDP 162
SEEUY and SEPUP 169
Programs for Self Employment Targetted Towards Women 170
STEP 170
DWCRA 171
Programs for Group Formation and Training in Productive
Skills 173
Mahila Mandals 173
Women s Development Program (WDP) , Raj as than 175
TRYSEM 176
Vocational Training Program for Women 178
Wage Employment Programs 179
Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme 179
Rural Employment Programs 181
C. Policy and Program Initiatives for the 1990s 182
National Perspective Plan for Women 182
Shramshakti: Report of the National Commission for Self Employed
Women and Women in the Informal Sector 184
Women s Development Corporations (WDC s) 185
Mahila Samakhya 187
Women s Credit Fund 187
D. Non Governmental Efforts to Reach Poor Women 189
Significance of Non Governmental Efforts 189
History and Typology of Women s NGOs 190
NGO Strengths and Limitations 192
xi
Government NGO Interaction 194
The Future Role of NGOs in Women s Development in India .... 195
Epilogue 196
PART E PRIORITIES FOR ACTION
Chapter 11: Summary and Strategic Recommendations 199
A. Women s Access to Resources and Markets 199
B. Household Responses to Change in the Indian Economy 200
C. Women Workers in Rural Areas 201
Economic Policy Implications for Rural Women 202
Agricultural Research and Technology 203
Agricultural Extension 204
Forestry 205
Off Farm Rural Employment 207
Producers Cooperatives 207
Institutional Finance 208
D. Women Workers in Urban Areas 211
Economic Policy Implications for Urban Women 213
E. Women s Access to Social Services 216
Education 216
Nutrition, Health and Family Welfare 220
F. Evolving Government and NGO Approaches to Women in Development . . . 223
Government Efforts 223
NGO Involvement 225
A Cross Sectoral Strategy 225
G. Conclusions 226
Technical Note 229
Bibliography 243
Statistical Appendix 275
Text Tables and Figures:
Chapter 2: Overview: Where are Women Working?
Figure 2.1: The Continuum of Women s Work in India
Male/Female Occupational Breakdown, 1983 9
Table 2.1: The Continuum of Women s Work (1983) 10
Figure 2.2: Male/Female Composition of Various Categories
of Work, 1983 12
Table 2.2: Unpaid Family Workers in the Labor Force,
by Sex and Age, 1983 13
Figure 2.3: Occupational Breakdown of Labor Force Participants, 1983 .... 13
Table 2.3: Work Participation Rates,
(Conventional and Expanded Concepts) 1983/84 14
Table 2.4: Alternative Calculations of Women s Work Participation 16
Figure 2.4: Distribution of Women s Work, 1983 17
xii
Chapter 3: Women In Agriculture
Figure 3.1: Male/Female Composition of Agricultural
Labor Force According to Census and NSS 20
Table 3.1: Female Activity Rates
under Different Labor Force Measures 21
Figure 3.2: Hierarchy of Women s Work 21
Figure 3.3: Women s Work Patterns, by Economic Status (1980) 23
Figure 3.4: Observance of Purdah in the Family 25
Figure 3.5: Increase in Share of Districts with Higher Mortality of
Girls than Boys by Region (1961 1971) 26
Table 3.2: Female Labor Force Participation Rates by State, 1983 27
Figure 3.6: Women Working in Agriculture as a Percentage of
Total Rural Female Population (1983) 28
Figure 3.7: Distribution of Female Agricultural Laborers in Rural Areas
by State and Region, 1983, (for Wage Workers
Cultivators/Family Helpers) 29
Figure 3.8: Gender Ratio of Agricultural Laborers, 1981
(Females per 100 Males) 30
Figure 3.9: Cultivators/Family Helpers to Wage Workers
in Female Agricultural Work Force 31
Figure 3.10: Percent of Rural Women Working in Agriculture
as Wage Laborers or as Cultivators, 1983 31
Figure 3.11: Gender Ratio of Agricultural Workers, 1971 and 1981
(Females per 100 Males) 32
Table 3.3: Agricultural Wage Rates for Males and Females, 1970/71
and 1984/85 35
Figure 3.12: Female Agricultural Wage as Share of
Male Agricultural Wage in 1970/71 and 1984/85 36
Figure 3.13: Comparison of Female Labor Force Participation Rates
with Marginal and Code 93 Work, (1983) 42
Figure 3.14: Matrix of Variation in Women s Status Within the Family
and in the Community by Household s Economic Status 44
Chapter 4: Women s Role and Potential in the Dairy Sector
Table 4.1: Ownership of Dairy Animals
by Household Economic Status, 1977/78 50
Chapter 7: Women Outside Agriculture: Rural Non Farm Activities
Table 7.1: Distribution of Male and Female Workers by Industry,
All India, 1961 and 1981 81
Figure 7.1: Female Employment in Different Sectors
(Selected Asian Countries) 82
Table 7.2: Share of Agriculture in Female Employment
in Asian Countries 83
Figure 7.2: Female Employment Outside Agriculture
(Selected Asian Countries) 84
Table 7.3: Female Employment in the Industrial Sector
in Asian Countries 84
Figure 7.3: Female/Male Proportion of Work Force,
by Industry, 1971 and 1981 85
xili
Table 7.4: Female Enployment In the Services Sector in Asian Countries ... 86
Table 7.5: Distribution of Female Main Work by Industry, 1971 1981 .... 87
Figure 7.4: Female Percent of Total Employment,
Household Non Household Industry (1981) 89
Figure 7.5: Distribution of Female Non Agricultural
Own Account Workers, by Region State, 1983 90
Figure 7.6: Distribution of Female Work Force by Main Sectors, 1981 91
Table 7.6: Households with Women Workers in Six Urban Samples, 1988 .... 96
Chapter 8: Education
Figure 8.1: Male/Female Comparative Literacy Rates, 1981 109
Figure 8.2: Male/Female Rural Literacy Rates, 1981 110
Figure 8.3: Trends in Male/Female Enrollment
at Primary Level (Class I V) Ill
Table 8.1: Nine Educationally Most Backward States
By Age Specific Enrollment Rates, 1978 112
Table 8.2: Percentage Change Between 1971 and 1981 in numbers and
WFPR of Boys and Girls Below 14 Years (Rural Only) 114
Figure 8.4: Education of Rural Workers by Gender, 1961 and 1981 119
Figure 8.5: Education of Urban Workers by Gender, 1961 and 1981 119
Chapter 9: Women s Health. Nutrition and Productivity
Figure 9.1: Age Specific Female/Male Death Ratios, Urban Rural Areas . . . 124
Figure 9.2: Female Male Ratio in India by Region, 1981 125
Figure 9.3: Female/Male Distribution of Children in Age Groups
by Grade of Malnutrition 128
Figure 9.4: Female/Male Proportion of Children (0 5 Years)
by Grade of Malnutrition 128
Figure 9.5: Female/Male Distribution of Children in Income Groups
by Grade of Malnutrition (For a Rural Sample in N. India) . . . 129
Table 9.1: Infant Mortality by Mother s Education 136
Table 9.2: Mean Age at Marriage of Females by Education Level
Rural and Urban, 1981 140
Figure 9.6: Age Specific Fertility Rates
15 19 Year Olds, Urban and Rural 141
Figure 9.7: Determinants for Use of Health Services 146
Chapter 10: Government and NGO Efforts Women s Development
Table 10.1: Physical and Financial Achievements Under the Scheme of
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
since its inception up to 1987/88 171
Table 10.2: Physical Achievements Under the Scheme of Training of Rural
Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) in 1986 87 177
Table 10.3: Percentage of Women Working for EGS
According to Different Sources of Data 180
xiv
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| spelling | Gender and poverty in India 1. print. Washington, DC World Bank 1991 XXIX, 373 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World Bank country study Discrimination à l'égard des femmes - Inde Femmes - Inde - Conditions économiques Femmes - Travail - Inde Femmes pauvres - Inde Mujeres - Empleo - India Mujeres en la India - Condiciones economicas Mujeres pobres - India Frau Wirtschaft Poor women India Sex discrimination against women India Women Employment India Women India Economic conditions Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd rswk-swf Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Indien Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd rswk-swf Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 g Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 s DE-604 Weltbank Sonstige (DE-588)121364-7 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002928530&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gender and poverty in India Discrimination à l'égard des femmes - Inde Femmes - Inde - Conditions économiques Femmes - Travail - Inde Femmes pauvres - Inde Mujeres - Empleo - India Mujeres en la India - Condiciones economicas Mujeres pobres - India Frau Wirtschaft Poor women India Sex discrimination against women India Women Employment India Women India Economic conditions Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4012472-1 (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4026722-2 |
| title | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_auth | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_exact_search | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_full | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_fullStr | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_short | Gender and poverty in India |
| title_sort | gender and poverty in india |
| topic | Discrimination à l'égard des femmes - Inde Femmes - Inde - Conditions économiques Femmes - Travail - Inde Femmes pauvres - Inde Mujeres - Empleo - India Mujeres en la India - Condiciones economicas Mujeres pobres - India Frau Wirtschaft Poor women India Sex discrimination against women India Women Employment India Women India Economic conditions Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Diskriminierung (DE-588)4012472-1 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Discrimination à l'égard des femmes - Inde Femmes - Inde - Conditions économiques Femmes - Travail - Inde Femmes pauvres - Inde Mujeres - Empleo - India Mujeres en la India - Condiciones economicas Mujeres pobres - India Frau Wirtschaft Poor women India Sex discrimination against women India Women Employment India Women India Economic conditions Diskriminierung Armut Indien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002928530&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weltbank genderandpovertyinindia |