Snake toxins:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Pergamon Press
1991
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics
134 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 460 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0080402941 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Snake toxins |c specialist subject ed.: Alan L. Harvey |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Pergamon Press |c 1991 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 460 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics |v 134 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805078134705356800 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
Section 134
SNAKE
TOXINS
SPECIALIST SUBJECT EDITOR
Alan L Harvey
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, Scotland
PERGAMON PRESS
New York • Oxford • Beijing • Frankfurt
Sao Paulo • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XV
1 SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF TOXINS FROM SNAKE
VENOMS 1
R C Hider, Evert Karlsson, and Sholeh Namiranian
1 Introduction 1
1 1 Enzymes (Molecular Weight 150,0000-13,000) 1
1 2 Polypeptide Toxins (Molecular Weight 10,000-5000) 2
1 3 Low-Molecular-Weight Components (Molecular Weight
1500) 3
2 Purification Methods 3
2 1 General Concepts 3
2 2 Lyophilization of Toxins 5
3 Gel Filtration 5
3 1 Basic Principles 5
3 2 Common Gel Filtration Media 6
3 3 Choice of Gel 6
3 4 Choice of Buffers 7
3 5 Desalting and Estimation of Protein Concentration 9
3 6 Estimation of Molecular Weights 9
3 7 Protein Adsorption 10
3 8 Packing of Columns 10
3 9 Column Dimensions, Sample Size, and Flow Rate 11
3 10 Cleaning and Storage of Chromatography Media 11
3 11 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 12
4 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 12
4 1 Basic Principles 12
4 2 Elution Techniques 14
421 Stepwise elution 15
422 Gradient elution 15
4 3 Ion Exchangers 16
431 Nonporous hydrophobic matrices 17
432 Macroporous hydrophilic matrices 19
4 4 Porosity and Capacity of Matrix 21
4 5 Buffers for Ion-Exchange Chromatography 21
4 6 Selection of Conditions 22
4 7 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 23
4 8 Potential Problems with Ion-Exchange Chromatography 25
4 9 Cleaning and Storage of Ion Exchangers 26
5 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography 26
5 1 Basic Principles 26
5 2 Purification of Toxins 29
521 Elapid cardiotoxins 29
522 Neurotoxins 30
References 31
vii
viii Contents
2 IMMUNOLOGY OF SNAKE TOXINS
Andre Menez
1 Introduction 35
2 Definitions 35
3 Curaremimetic Toxins 36
3 1 Some Immunological Properties of Curaremimetic Toxins 38
3 2 Attempts to Identify Amino Acids Determining
Antigenicity in Curaremimetic Toxins, Using Polyclonal
Antibodies 38
321 Cross-reactivity studies using natural toxin variants 38
322 Cross-reactivity studies using chemically modified
derivatives 39
323 Cross-reactivity studies using protein fragments 40
324 On the heterogeneity of polyclonal antibodies 41
3 3 Mapping of Epitopes of Curaremimetic Toxins Using
Monoclonal Antibodies 41
3 4 Neutralizing Capacities of Curaremimetic Toxin-Specific
Antibodies 47
3 5 On the Molecular Mechanisms of Neutralization of a
Curaremimetic Toxin 51
3 6 Antibodies to Synthetic Peptides Mimicking Curaremimetic
Toxins 53
3 7 Antibodies to Recombinant Curaremimetic Toxins 56
4 Cardiotoxins (Cytotoxins) 57
5 Proteins with Phospholipase A2 Structure (PLA2) 61
5 1 Presynaptically Acting Toxins 62
511 Taipoxin 62
512 j3-Bungarotoxin 63
513 Notexin 64
514 Crotoxin 66
515 Mojave toxin 68
5 2 Other PLA2 68
6 Facilitatory Toxins: Dendrotoxins 69
7 Other Snake Venom Components 70
7 1 Myotoxins 70
7 2 Hemorrhagic Factors 72
7 3 Factor X Activator 72
7 4 Nerve Growth Factor 73
7 5 Hyaluronidase 73
8 Antivenoms, Venom, and Toxin Detection 73
9 Neutralization of Venoms by Factors Other Than Antivenoms 75
10 Conclusions 76
References 78
3 PHOSPHOLIPASES IN SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
NERVE AND MUSCLE 91
J B Harris
1 Introduction 91
2 Phospholipases 92
3 Venom Phospholipases 95
4 Lipids in Cell Membranes 103
Contents ix
5 Presynaptically Active PLA2 Enzymes 104
5 1 The Toxins 104
5 2 Activity at the Neuromuscular Junction 106
5 3 Activity in the Autonomic Nervous System 109
5 4 Activity in the CNS 110
5 5 Activity on Synaptosomes 111
6 The Binding of Toxic PLA2 to Neuronal Tissue 114
7 Myotoxic PLA2 Enzymes 116
8 Structure-Activity Relationships of the Toxic Phospholipases 119
9 Summary 122
References 123
4 DENDROTOXINS: SNAKE TOXINS THAT BLOCK POTASSIUM
CHANNELS AND FACILITATE NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE 131
Alan L Harvey and A J Anderson
1 Introduction 131
2 Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships 133
2 1 Chemical Features 133
2 2 Structure-Activity Relationships 136
3 Effects on Transmitter Release 140
3 1 Skeletal Muscle Neuromuscular J unctions 140
3 2 Autonomic Nervous System 148
3 3 Sensory Nervous System 149
3 4 Central Nervous System 151
4 Isolation of Target Sites 154
5 Conclusions 158
References 160
5 STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS OF POSTSYNAPTIC
NEUROTOXINS FROM SNAKE VENOMS 165
Toshiya Endo and Nobuo Tamiya
1 Introduction 165
2 Sequence 166
2 1 Primary Structure 166
2 2 Invariant Residues 172
3 Conformation 177
3 1 Conformation in Crystals 177
311 Erabutoxin b (Eb) 177
312 a-Cobratoxin (a-Cbt) 177
313 a-Bungarotoxin (a-Bgt) 178
3 2 Conformation in Solution 178
321 Spectroscopic approaches 178
322 Differences between the conformations of
neurotoxins in crystals and in solution 181
3 3 Dynamic Structure 185
3 4 Maintenance of Toxin Structure 186
341 Structurally important residues 186
342 Role of the hydrophobic core 188
4 Interaction with the Receptor 189
4 1 Structure of the Acetylcholine Receptor 189
4 2 Binding Sites of the AChR for Cholinergic Ligands and
Neurotoxins 190
X Contents
4 -3 Functionally Essential Residues of Neurotoxins 195
431 Functionally essential residues common to short
and long neurotoxins 195
432 COOH-terminal tail in long neurotoxins 197
4 4 Binding Region of Neurotoxins for the Receptor 198
4 5 Conformational Change in the Neurotoxin and Receptor 202
4 6 ESR and Fluorescence Analyses to Monitor Neurotoxin-
Receptor Interaction 205
461 Spin-labeled neurotoxin 205
462 Fluorescent-labeled neurotoxin 206
463 Stopped-flow fluorescence measurement 207
4 7 Species Differences in the Receptor and Its Interaction with
Neurotoxin 208
5 Concluding Remarks 209
References 210
6 /(-NEUROTOXINS AND a-NEUROTOXINS: EFFECTS ON
NEURONAL NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS 223
Vincent A Chiappinelli
1 Introduction 223
2 Snake Toxins that Interact with Nicotinic Acetylcholine
Receptors 223
2 1 Muscle and Electric Organ Nicotinic Receptors 224
211 a-Neurotoxins as probes for nicotinic receptors 224
2 2 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors in Vertebrates 225
221 Results with a-neurotoxins 225
222 Results with K-neurotoxins 236
223 Results with toxins that have phospholipase activity 246
2 3 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors in Invertebrates 247
231 Molluscs 247
232 Arthropods 248
3 Snake Toxins that Interact with Noncholinergic Receptors 250
3 1 Vipoxin 250
3 2 0-RTX 251
4 Conclusions 251
References 252
7 THE STRUCTURE AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ELAPID
CYTOTOXINS 259
M J Dufton and R C Hider
1 Introduction 259
2 Isolation and Purification of Cytotoxins 259
3 Cytotoxin Sequence Information 260
3 1 General Classification 260
3 2 Evolution 261
4 Cytotoxin Conformation 264
4 1 X-ray Crystallography 265
4 2 'H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 267
4 3 Circular Dichroism 268
4 4 Accessibility of Aromatic Residues 270
5 Cytotoxin Evolution in Three Dimensions 271
5 1 Location of Conserved and Variable Areas 271
6 Mode of Action of Cytotoxins 272
6 1 Nature of Binding Site 272
Contents xi
6 2 Lipid-Cytotoxin Interactions 273
6 3 Protein or Carbohydrate—Cytotoxin Interactions 276
6 4 Mechanism of Cell Lysis 278
6 5 Cytotoxin-Induced Protein Aggregation 281
6 6 Cytotoxin-Phospholipase Synergism 282
6 7 Interaction of Cytotoxins with Muscle Cells 282
671 ATP-dependent cation pumps 284
672 Endogenous phospholipase A2 284
673 Displacement of membrane-bound Ca2+ 284
674 Activation of endogenous Ca2+ channel 284
1 Structure-Activity Analysis 286
7 1 Erythrocyte Lysis 286
7 2 LDm 286
7 3 Muscle Cell Depolarization 288
7 4 Structure-Activity by Implication from the a-Neurotoxins 292
7 5 Conclusions on Structure and Activity 294
8 Concluding Discussion 294
8 1 Implications of Sequence Composition 295
8 2 Implications of Structure 295
8 3 Implications of Assays 295
8 4 Why Is the Target Obscure? 296
8 5 The Role of Phospholipase A2 297
9 Conclusions 297
References 298
8 FASCICULINS, ANTICHOLINESTERASE TOXINS FROM MAMBA
VENOMS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY 303
Carlos Cerveiiansky, Federico Dajas, Alan L Harvey, and Evert
Karlsson
1 Introduction
2 Isolation of Fasciculins
3 Fasciculins and Cholinesterases
3 1 Cholinesterases
311 Preparation of samples
312 Assay of cholinesterase activity
3 2 Cholinesterase Activity and Fasciculin
321 Inhibition
322 Partial inhibition and reactivation
323 No or very weak effect
4 Inhibition of Proteolytic Activity
5 Pharmacological Effects of Fasciculins
5 1 Neuromuscular Effects
5 2 Effects In Vivo
5 3 Fasciculin and the CNS
6 Structure-Activity Relationship
7 Concluding Remarks
References
9 THE INFLUENCE OF SNAKE VENOM PROTEINS ON BLOOD
COAGULATION 323
F Kornalik
1 Introduction 323
2 Physiology of Blood Coagulation 324
2 1 Vessel Wall 324
xii Contents
2 2 Thrombocytes 324
2 3 Plasmatic System 326
3 Action of Snake Venom Enzymes on Blood Coagulation 332
3 1 Introduction 332
3 2 Activity of Venom Enzymes In Vitro 334
321 Action on fibrinogen 334
322 Action on prothrombin 345
323 Action on F X 349
324 Action on F V 351
325 Action on platelets 352
326 Anticoagulant action 360
3 3 Use of Snake Venom Enzymes for Diagnostic and
Experimental Purposes 363
331 Russell's viper venom 363
332 Reptilase®-R 365
333 Use of batroxobin and ancrod in experiments in
vivo 366
334 Ecarin 367
3 4 Clinical Use of Venom Enzymes 370
341 Anticoagulant—defibrinating effect 370
342 Procoagulant hemostatic effect 372
References 375
10 CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF cDNAs ENCODING SNAKE
TOXINS 385
Frederic Ducancel, Christiane Bouchier, Toru Tamiya, Jean-Claude
Boulain, and Andre Menez
1 Introduction 385
2 Biosynthesis 385
3 Cloning and Nucleotide Sequencing 386
3 1 Curaremimetic Toxins 386
311 Purification of messenger RNAs 386
312 Preparation of double-stranded cDNAs 388
313 Fractionation of cDNAs 388
314 Construction of cDNA library 389
315 Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs 389
316 Protein sequences of precursors as deduced from
cDNA sequencing 390
317 Nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA 391
3 2 Other Toxins Structurally Related to Curaremimetic
Toxins 391
321 Neuronal toxins 392
322 Muscarinic toxins 392
323 Fasciculins 392
324 Synergistic-type proteins 394
325 Conclusion 394
3 3 Myotoxins 394
3 4 Proteins with Phospholipase A2 Structure (PLA2) 395
341 cDNAs encoding sea snake PLA2 395
342 cDNAs encoding land snake PLA2 396
343 Comparison of cDNAs encoding PLA2 from
different snake families 401
344 Comparison of precursors of PLA2 from snakes
and mammals 401
Contents xiii
4 Expression of RNAs and/or cDNAs 403
4 1 Use of In Vitro Translation Systems 403
4 2 Injection of mRNAs into Frog Oocytes 405
4 3 Production of Toxins in Bacteria 405
_431 Expression vector construction 405
432 Production and purification of the hybrid 407
433 Biological properties of the hybrid 407
434 Properties of antibodies directed against hybrid
protein 408
435 Properties of a recombinant curaremimetic toxin 408
436 Conclusion 408
5 Nontoxic Proteins of Snake Venoms 408
5 1 Batroxobin 408
5 2 Cobra Nerve Growth Factor 409
References 412
11 SARAFOTOXINS: A NEW GROUP OF CARDIOTOXIC PEPTIDES
FROM THE VENOM OF ATRACTASPIS 415
A Bdolah, Z Wollberg, and E Kochva
1 Introduction 415
2 Chemical Features 416
3 Lethality 417
4 Cardiovascular Effects 417
4 1 ECG in Mice 417
4 2 Isolated Heart Preparations 418
4 3 Vasoconstrictor Effects in Isolated Aorta 419
5 Cellular Target Sites 420
6 Comparison Between Sarafotoxins and Endothelins 421
References 422
APPENDIX: AMINO ACID SEQUENCES AND TOXICITIES OF SNAKE
VENOM COMPONENTS 425
Dietrich Mebs and Ina Claus
INDEX 449 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:24:15Z |
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| isbn | 0080402941 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Snake toxins specialist subject ed.: Alan L. Harvey New York u.a. Pergamon Press 1991 XVI, 460 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics 134 Schlangengift (DE-588)4179692-5 gnd rswk-swf Schlangengift (DE-588)4179692-5 s DE-604 Harvey, Alan L. Sonstige oth International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics 134 (DE-604)BV000894083 134 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002903423&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Snake toxins International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics Schlangengift (DE-588)4179692-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4179692-5 |
| title | Snake toxins |
| title_auth | Snake toxins |
| title_exact_search | Snake toxins |
| title_full | Snake toxins specialist subject ed.: Alan L. Harvey |
| title_fullStr | Snake toxins specialist subject ed.: Alan L. Harvey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Snake toxins specialist subject ed.: Alan L. Harvey |
| title_short | Snake toxins |
| title_sort | snake toxins |
| topic | Schlangengift (DE-588)4179692-5 gnd |
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