Optical computer architectures: the application of optical concepts to next generation computers
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York u.a.
Wiley
1991
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 507 - 519 |
| Physical Description: | XV, 531 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471632422 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | OPTICAL COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURES
The Application of Optical Concepts
to Next Generation Computers
Alastair D McAulay
NCR Distinguished Professor and Chairman
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Wright State University
Physikalische Bibliothek
Fachbereich 5
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt
BochschulstraiBe 4
D - 6100 Darmstadt
inn
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
JOHN WILEY amp; SONSrINC
New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
Contents
I Background for Optical Computing 1
1 Why Optical Computers? 1
1 1 Electronic Computer Architectures 1
111 Requirements for Future Computers 1
112 Limitations of Current Computer Technologies 2
113 Direction for Computers 6
1 2 Why Use Optics in Computers? 6
121 Advantages of Optics 7
122 Introduction to Functional Capabilities of Optics 8
123 Strategy for Evolving Optics into Computers 10
1 3 Exercises ~ 12
2 Basic Concepts in Optics 15
2 1 Wave Phenomena 15
211 Waves 15
212 Wave Interactions with Media 19
2 2 Polarization and Anisotropic Crystals 21
221 Polarization 22
222 Anisotropic Crystals 23
2 3 Lenses and Lens Systems 26
231 Lenses 27
232 Optical Lens Systems 27
233 Lens as a Phase Transformation 29
234 Imaging Property of Lenses 31
2 4 Coherency 32
241 Temporal Coherency 32
242 Spatial Coherency 33
2 5 Exercises 34
3 Fourier Optics 39
3 1 Correlation and Convolution 40
311 Correlation 40
312 Convolution 41
viii Contents
313 Fourier Transform Computation of Correlation and Con-
volution 41
314 Coherent Versus Incoherent Processing 42
3 2 Fourier Transforms with Lenses 43
321 1-D Fourier Transform 43
322 2-D Fourier Transform and Frequency Filtering 44
323 Optical Scheme for Coherent Filtering 49
3 3 Grating Filters for Addition and Subtraction 50
331 Grating Filters 50
332 Addition and Subtraction with Grating Filters 51
3 4 Complex Transform Filters 54
341 Storing Complex Functions on Film 54
342 Using Complex Filters for Convolution and Correlation 55
343 Generating a Complex Filter Optically 57
3 5 Holograms 58
351 Equations for Thin Amplitude Holograms 59
352 Thick Holograms for Volume Memory 60
353 Phase Holograms 62
354 Generating a Complex Filter or Hologram by Computer 62
3 6 Exercises 63
4 Devices for Opto-Electronic Interface - 67
4 1 Information on SLMs 68
411 Classification 68
412 Characteristics 72
413 Digital Versus Analog Computing 73
4 2 Deformable Mirror Device 74
421 Construction and Addressing 75
422 Modeling 77
423 Converting Phase to Intensity 79
4 3 Double Heterostructure Opto-Electronic Switch 82
431 Advantages of Gallium Arsenide 82
432 Device Description 82
4 4 Magneto-Optic Spatial Light Modulators 84
4 5 Acousto-Optic Devices 86
451 Operation 86
452 Using Acousto-Optic Cells 89
4 6 Lasers and Optical Detectors 90
461 Lasers 90
462 Optical Detectors 93
4 7 Integrated Optics 94
471 Waveguide Switches 94
472 Applications to Spectrum Analysis and Filtering 95
4 8 Exercises 97
Contents
Optically Addressable Spatial Light Modulators 101
5 1 Liquid Crystal Devices 102
511 Electrooptic Effect 104
512 Interfacing to Liquid Crystal Devices 104
5 2 Self-Electrooptical Effect Device 107
521 SEED description 107
522 Symmetric-SEED I l l
523 Interfacing to S-SEED Arrays Using Patterned Mirrors 112
5 3 Spatial Light Rebroadcasters 113
531 Electron Trapping Device Description 113
532 Arithmetic Operations 115
533 Application to Template Matching 115
5 4 MicroChannel Spatial Light Modulator 117
5 5 Fabry-Perot Based Optical Transistors 119
551 Principle 119
552 Thin Film Fabry-Perot Devices 121
5 6 Devices for Real-Time Holograms 121
561 Photorefractive Crystals 121
562 Four-Wave Mixing or Dynamic Holograms 122
5 7 Exercises 124
II Subsystems for Optical Computing 127
6 Optical Interconnections 129
6 1 Interconnection networks 129
611 Use of Networks in Parallel Computers 129
612 Simple Interconnections 130
613 Systolic Arrays 133
6 2 Crossbar Switch Interconnection Networks 134
621 Spatial Light Modulator Crossbar Switches 136
622 Polarizing Beam Splitter and Variable Grating 138
623 Holographic Interconnections with 2-D Images 141
6 3 Regular Limited Interconectins 144
— 631 Shuffle Power of Two Interconnections 144
632 Patterned Mirror Banyan Power of Two Interconnection 150
633 Space Invariant Holographic Interconnections 152
6 4 Multistage Interconnection Networks 154
641 Two-by-two Switches for Multistage Networks 154
642 Omega (Multistage Shuffle) Network 156
643 Integrated Optic Crossbar 157
644 Reverse Order Beam Splitter Power of Two Networks 158
6 5 Exercises 158
Contents
Optical Memory 161
7 1 Introduction 161
711 Nature of Information Stored 162
712 Associative Versus Random Access Memory 162
7 2 Current Memory Management 165
721 Heirarchies 165
722 Cache 168
723 Virtual Memory 170
7 3 Optical Word Pattern Matching 171
731 Optical Word Template Matching AM 172
732 Bit-Slice Associative Memory 176
7 4 Holographic Memory 181
741 Writing and Reading Holographic Memories 181
742 Optical Beam Deflection Scanning 183
743 Mechanical Scanning 185
7 5 Exercises 187
Optical Logic 193
8 1 Basic Logic Concepts 193
811 Logic Elements and Classification 194
812 Propositional Logic 197
813 Spatial Logic and Optical Logic Gates 197
8 2 Logic Programming 201
821 Constructs for Prolog 201
• 822 Reduction to Normal Form ,, 202
8 3 Optical Array Logic with Encoded Inputs 203
831 All Logic Operations in Parallel with Shadow Casting 203
832 All Logic by Correlation with Kernels 207
833 Optical Implementation for Correlation by 2x2 Kernels210
8 4 Optical Array Logic without Encoding 212
841 All Logic Operations in Parallel with SLRs 213
842 Parallel Logic with Liquid Crystal Devices 214
843 Parallel Logic with Variable Grating LCDs 217
8 5 Exercises 219
Optical Logic Circuits 223
9 1 Approaches to Synthesizing Logic Systems 224
911 Modular Approach 224
912 Sequential Logic Circuits 227
913 Programmable Logic Array Approach 227
9 2 Global Interconnection Logic Systems 230
921 Liquid Crystal and Hologram 230
922 Matrix-Vector Crossbar Approach 232
9 3 Local Interconnection Logic Circuits 234
Contents xi
931 Symbolic Substitution 238
932 Pattern Logic 241
9 4 Regular Interconnection Logic Systems 244
941 Dual-Rail Logic with S-SEEDs and Fan of Two 244
942 Dual-Frequency Logic with SLR-OLCD and Fan of Two 249
9 5 Exercises 250
10 Optical Arithmetic Computation 253
10 1 Digital Number Representations 253
10 1 1 Conventional 253
10 1 2 Residue Numbers 254
10 1 3 Modified-Sign-Bit 255
10 1 4 Floatingpoint 256
10 2 Adder Circuits 257
10 2 1 Half Adder Circuit 258
10 2 2 Full Adder Circuit 258
10 3 Optical Parallel Addition of Words 261
10 3 1 Bit Slice Adder with Liquid Crystal Devices 262
10 3 2 Optical Bit Slice Adder Using PLAs and Minimum Fans 265
10 3 3 Optical Ripple Carry Adder Using Pattern Logic 269
10 3 4 Symbolic Substitution Ripple Carry Adder 271
10 3 5 Separate Carry Adder Using Symbolic^Substitution 272
10 3 6 Optical Look-Ahead Carry Adders, / 275
10 4 Optical Parallel Multiplication of Words 277
10 4 1 Optical Symbolic Substitution Multiplication 279
10 4 2 Optical Digital Multiplication by Analog Convolution 280
10:4 3 Optical Wallace Tree Multiplier 281
10 5 Optical Division of Words 284
10 5 1 Optical Divider Using Convergence-Division 284
10 6 Exercises 286
11 Optical Matrix Computation 289
11 1 Optical Matrix-Vector Computation 289
11 1 1 Computation of Quadratics 294
11 2 Systolic Approaches 294
11 2 1 Analog Optical Systolic Matrix-Vector Computation 297
11 2 2 Digital Optical Systolic Matrix-Vector Multiplication 297
11 3 Matrix-Matrix Computations 299
11 3 1 Optical Inner Product Computation 301
11 3 2 Optical Middle Product Computation 302
11 3 3 Optical Parallel Middle Product Computation 302
11 3 4 Outer Product Computation 304
11 4 Optical Matrix-Vector Sonar/Radar 305
11 4 1 Description of Processor 305
xii Contents
11 4 2 Optical Implementation 309
11 5 Optical Matrix-Vector Expert System 310
11 5 1 Concept 310
11 5 2 Flow Graph 312
11 5 3 Spatial Light Modulator Implementation 312
11 6 Exercises 315
12 Algorithms for Numerical Computation 319
12 1 Optical Analog to Digital Converters 320
12 1 1 Optical Approach Using Table-Look Up 323
12 2 Signal Processing Algorithms 327
12 2 1 Fast Fourier Transform 327
12 2 2 Nonlinear Spectral Estimation 329
12 3 Finite Approximation Methods 332
12 4 Iterative Methods for Numerical Computation 333
12 4 1 Gradient Methods: Steepest Descent, Newton, and Gauss-
Newton 334
12 5 Solving Large Sparse Linear Equations 339
12 5 1 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm Summary 339
12 6 Exercises 1 341
III Architectural Models of Computation 343
13 Optical Sequential Machines 345
13 1 Evolution of Construction of Sequential Machines 346
13 1 1 The First Programmable computer 346
13 1 2 The First Working Programmable Computer 348
13 1 3 The First Electronic Computers 351
13 1 4 The First Stored Program Computer 351
13 2 An Electronic RISC Machine 352
- 13 2 1 Levels of Abstraction 352
13 2 2 System Description 353
13 2 3 Description of Critical Parts 354
13 2 4 Instruction Pipelining 357
13 2 5 Stacks 358
13 3 Optical RISC Machine 358
13 3 1 Critical Parts for Optical RISC Design 359
13 3 2 Optical RISC Machine Overall Design 367
13 4 Exercises 371
Contents xiii
14 Optical Dataflow Computers 375
14 1 Principles of Dataflow 376
14 1 1 Explanation of Dataflow 376
14 1 2 Dataflow Versus Control Flow 377
14 1 3 Writing Dataflow Programs 379
14 2 Electronic Dataflow Architectures 381
14 2 1 Static Dataflow Architecture 381
14 2 2 More Parallelism in Dataflow Machines 382
14 2 3 Dynamic Dataflow Architectures 384
14 3 Optical Static Flow Graph Dataflow Machine 386
14 3 1 System Description 386
14 3 2 Signal Processing Algorithms 387
14 3 3 Optical Matrix-Vector Multiplication 392
14 3 4 Optical Conjugate Gradient Algorithm Implementation 393
14 3 5 Optical Dynamic Dataflow Machines 396
14 4 Optical Prolog Computer 398
14 4 1 Prolog and Its Advantages 398
14 4 2 System Level Architecture 401
14 4 3 Performance Using Simulator 403
14 5 Exercises 405
15 Optical Cellular Automata _ 409
15 1 Evolution of the Theory of Computing Machines 409
15 1 1 Equivalence of Symbolic and Numeric Computing 410
15 1 2 Limitations on What is Computable 411
15 1 3 The Universal Computer - 412
152 Theory of Cellular Automata 415
15 2 1 Description of Cellular Automata 415
15 2 2 Game of Life Illustration 416
15 2 3 Implementing Turing Machines as Cellular Automata 417
15 2 4 Multiple Setting Transition Rule for Computing 421
15 3 Optical Computers Based on Cellular Automata 422
15 3 1 Operations Required 422
15 3 2 Optical Binary Cellular Automata using Holograms 423
15 3 3 Spatial Cellular Logic Array Computers 424
~~ 15 4 Optical Finite Approximation Machines 428
15 4 1 Operations Required 428
15 4 2 Optical Implementation 429
15 5 Exercises 430
16 Optical Linear Neural Networks 433
16 1 Basic Features of Optical Neural Networks 434
16 1 1 Massively Parallel Computation 434
16 1 2 Learning Simplifies Programming 434
xiv Contents
16 2 Linear Heteroassociative Memories 435
16 2 1 Matrix Formulation 435
16 2 2 Under and Overdetermined Learning 437
16 3 Iterative Learning for Linear Heteroassociative Memory 439
16 3 1 Iterative Updating of Weights 440
16 3 2 Optical Orthogonalization using Gram-Schmidt 441
16 4 Orthogonal Associative Memory 442
16 4 1 Principles 442
16 4 2 Optical Implementation using SLRs 444
16 4 3 Experimental Results for Optical Orthogonal Memory 445
16 5 Exercises 449
17 Optical Nonlinear Neural Networks 451
17 1 Nonlinear Feedforward Networks 451
17 1 1 Single Neuron 452
17 1 2 Multilayer Neural Networks 454
17 1 3 Implementation 458
17 2 Optical Learning 460
17 2 1 Photorefractive Device Learning 462
17 2 2 Learning with Spatial Light Rebroadcasters 463
17 3 Optical Steepest Descent Learning for Nonlinear Networks 464
17 3 1 Backpropagation 464
17 3 2 Optical Implementation of Backpropagation 466
17 4 Optical Gauss-Newton Learning for Nonlinear Networks 468
17 4 1 Gauss-Newton Learning Algorithm 468
17 4 2 Split-inversion Learning Algorithm 470
17 4 3 Optical Implementations 471
17 5 Vision Application for Multilayer Neural Network 472
17 5 1 Optical Shift, Rotation, and Size Invariance Computation473
17 5 2 Neural Network for Aspect Angle Invariance 477
17 6 Exercises 477
18 Optical Autoassociative and Self Organizing Networks 481
18 1 Autoassociative Memories Using Nonlinear Feedback 481
18 1 1 Nonlinear Correlation Feedback 482
18 1 2 Outer Product Nonlinear Feedback 484
18 1 3 Feedback Using Angle Holograms 488
18 2 Self Organizing Polynomial Networks 492
18 2 1 Principles of Polynomial Neural Network 493
18 2 2 Application to Pilot Neural Network Advisor 494
18 2 3 Optical Implementations of Polynomial Neural Networks496
18 3 Exercises 496
Contents xv
A Conjugate Gradient Method Derivation 501
A I Updating Solution and Gradient 501
A 2 Searching in Conjugate Directions 502
A 3 Computing the Optimum Step Size for Linear Searching 505
Bibliography 507
Index 521
|
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| spelling | MacAulay, Alastair D. Verfasser aut Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers Alastair D. McAulay New York u.a. Wiley 1991 XV, 531 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 507 - 519 Architecture des ordinateurs ram Optique ram Optoélectronique ram Ordinateurs - Architecture Ordinateurs - Équipement optique ram Ordinateurs optiques Traitement optique de l'information Traitement optique de l'information ram architecture ordinateur inriac auto-organisation inriac automate cellulaire inriac calculateur optique inriac circuit logique inriac mémoire optique inriac optique inriac réseau interconnexion inriac réseau neuronal inriac Computer architecture Computers, Optical Optical data processing Optischer Computer (DE-588)4218314-5 gnd rswk-swf Optischer Computer (DE-588)4218314-5 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002865990&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | MacAulay, Alastair D. Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers Architecture des ordinateurs ram Optique ram Optoélectronique ram Ordinateurs - Architecture Ordinateurs - Équipement optique ram Ordinateurs optiques Traitement optique de l'information Traitement optique de l'information ram architecture ordinateur inriac auto-organisation inriac automate cellulaire inriac calculateur optique inriac circuit logique inriac mémoire optique inriac optique inriac réseau interconnexion inriac réseau neuronal inriac Computer architecture Computers, Optical Optical data processing Optischer Computer (DE-588)4218314-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4218314-5 |
| title | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers |
| title_auth | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers |
| title_exact_search | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers |
| title_full | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers Alastair D. McAulay |
| title_fullStr | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers Alastair D. McAulay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers Alastair D. McAulay |
| title_short | Optical computer architectures |
| title_sort | optical computer architectures the application of optical concepts to next generation computers |
| title_sub | the application of optical concepts to next generation computers |
| topic | Architecture des ordinateurs ram Optique ram Optoélectronique ram Ordinateurs - Architecture Ordinateurs - Équipement optique ram Ordinateurs optiques Traitement optique de l'information Traitement optique de l'information ram architecture ordinateur inriac auto-organisation inriac automate cellulaire inriac calculateur optique inriac circuit logique inriac mémoire optique inriac optique inriac réseau interconnexion inriac réseau neuronal inriac Computer architecture Computers, Optical Optical data processing Optischer Computer (DE-588)4218314-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Architecture des ordinateurs Optique Optoélectronique Ordinateurs - Architecture Ordinateurs - Équipement optique Ordinateurs optiques Traitement optique de l'information architecture ordinateur auto-organisation automate cellulaire calculateur optique circuit logique mémoire optique optique réseau interconnexion réseau neuronal Computer architecture Computers, Optical Optical data processing Optischer Computer |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002865990&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT macaulayalastaird opticalcomputerarchitecturestheapplicationofopticalconceptstonextgenerationcomputers |