Human learning:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Prentice Hall
1989
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 451 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0134452143 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Human learning |c Thomas H. Leahey ; Richard J. Harris |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Englewood Cliffs, NJ |b Prentice Hall |c 1989 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 451 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Behavior | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cognition | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Learning |x Physiological aspects | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Human learning
Autor: Leahey, Thomas Hardy
Jahr: 1989
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
1 PROCESSIONAL: INTRODUCTION 1
Learning in History 1
Learning and philosophy, 1 I Learning and
biology, 5 I Learning and early psychology, 6
Basic Issues 11
Learning and behavior, 11 I Learning and
cognition, 12 I Learning and biology, 13 I
Learning and development, 14
Suggested Reading 15
iii
iv Contents
Part I Learning and Behavior 16
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONDITIONING 16
Introduction 16
Learning and conditioning: Behavioral
psychology, 16 I Kinds of conditioning, 16
Pavlovian Conditioning 17
Pavlov s research program, 17 I Bask phenomena
of Pavlovian conditioning, 19 I
Pavlovian conditioning of humans, 22 I Early
theory of Pavlovian conditioning, 23
Instrumental Conditioning 24
Thorndike s research program, 24 I Basic
phenomena of trial-and-error conditioning, 25 I
Theory of trial-and-error conditioning, 27
Fundamental Controversies 28
Two kinds of learning or one? 28 I Do humans
condition? 30
Suggested Readings 33
3 TRADITIONAL THEORIES OF
CONDITIONING 34
Introduction 34
Keeping Issues Alive: Guthrie s Strict
Associationism 35
Two kinds of learning or one? 35 I Gradual, or
one-trial learning? 37 I Forgetting: Decay or
interference? 38 I Guthrie s legacy, 39
Promoting Mathematics and Mechanism: Hull s
Logical Behaviorism 41
The research program of Clark L. Hull, 41 I The
legacy of logical behaviorism, 45
Defending Intention and Cognition: Tolman s
Purposive Behaviorism 45
The research of E. C Tolman, 45 I Tolman s
cognitive map vs. Hull s habit family hierarchy, 49 I
The legacy of purposive behaviorism, 52
The Legacy of Formal Behaviorism 53
Contents v
Human Learning 53
Problem solving, 54 I Thinking as
mediation, 56 I Verbal learning, 60
Suggested Readings 62
4 CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
CONDITIONING 63
Radical Behaviorism: Philosophy 63
Radical Behaviorism: The Experimental Analysis of
Behavior 65
The Skinner box, 65 I The contingencies of
reinforcement, 68 I Conclusion, 78
Radical Behaviorism: Extension to Humans 79
Verbal behavior, 79 I Scientific design of
cultures, 81
Critique of Radical Behaviorism 82
Beyond Radical Behaviorism: Recent Issues and
Theories 83
What is learned? 84 I Learning and survival,
91 I Recent theories of conditioning, 93
Suggested Readings 98
Part II Learning and Cognition 99
5 MEMORY AND INFORMATION
PROCESSING I: PERCEPTUAL AND
WORKING MEMORY PROCESSES 99
Introduction 99
An Overview of the Information-Processing
System 100
Sensory Memory 103
Attention 105
General issues, 106 I Selectivity in attention,
106 I Automaticity, 108 I Models of
attention, 109
Pattern Recognition 110
Template matching, 111 I Prototypes, 112 I
Feature analysis, 112 I Gestalt principles of
organization, 113 I Speech perception, 114
vi Contents
Working Memory 121
Limited capacity and rapid decay, 121 I
Rehearsal, 123 I Encoding, 125 I
Forgetting, 126 I Memory scanning, 128
Conclusion 129
Suggested Readings 129
6 MEMORY AND INFORMATION
PROCESSING II: LONG-TERM MEMORY 130
Taxonomies of Memory 130
The Question of Representation 132
Imagery, 133 I Network models of semantic
memory, 137 I Feature comparison model of
semantic memory, 138 I Parallel distributed
processing (PDP) models, 139
Encoding and Retrieval Processes 140
Ways of measuring memory, 141 I
Mnemonics, 143 I Contextual variables in
encoding and retrieval, 146
Forgetting 149
Failure to encode, 149 I Retrieval failure, 150 I
Decay and interference, 151 I Systematic partial
forgetting, 151
Alternative Conceptualizations of Memory 152
The levels (depth) metaphor, 152 I Spreading
activation, 155
Eyewitness Memory 155
What is eyewitness memory like? 156 I The question
matters, 159 I A rebuttal to Loftus, 160 I
Conclusion, 161
Memory as Construction and Reconstruction 161
Suggested Readings 164
7 LANGUAGE 165
Semantics 166
Word Meaning, 166
Syntax 172
Surface and deep structure, 173 I The given-new
contract, 175 I Style, 176 I Propositional
structure, 177
Contents vii
Pragmatics 179
Reading and Writing 185
Writing systems, 185 I Eye movements in reading,
186 I Essential prereading skills, 187 I
Perception in reading, 188 I Control of reading
rate, 191 I Sign language, 193 I
The process of writing, 194 I Types of
writing, 196
Suggested Readings 197
8 COMPREHENSION 198
The Role of Theme 199
The construction of memory representations, 199 I
Theme as an organizing top-down force, 200 I
Prior knowledge and point of view, 200
Schema Theory 201
What is a schema? 202 I Schemata and encoding,
202 I Scripts, 206 I The narrative
schema, 208 I Conclusion: What to call
knowledge representations, 211
Inference-Drawing in Comprehension 212
Basic processes, 212 I Inferences in social
cognition, 214 I Miscomprehension of
advertising, 216
Conclusion 223
Suggested Readings 224
9 THINKING 225
Problem Solving 226
Understanding the problem, 227 I Solving the
problem, 228
Reasoning 232
Inductive reasoning, 232 I Deductive reasoning,
235 I Scientific reasoning, 240
Decision Making 246
Rationality, 246 I Estimating likelihoods of
occurrence, 247 I The availability
heuristic, 249 I The anchoring adjustment
heuristic, 251 I Hindsight, 253
Conclusion 253
Suggested Readings 254
viii Contents
Part III Learning and Biology 255
10 LEARNING AND BIOLOGY 255
Introduction 255
Two kinds of biology, 255 I Into the empty
organism: The search for the engrain, 256
Proximate Causes: Learning, Memory, and the
Brain 261
Amnesia, 261 I Structures, 265 I
Circuits, 270 I Cells, 275
Ultimate Causes: Learning and Evolution 277
Principles of evolution, 277 I Constraints on
learning, 280 I Human evolution, 283 I The
evolution of human intelligence, 283
Conclusion 290
Suggested Readings 290
11 LEARNING AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 292
Introduction 292
The Biological Basis of Social Behavior 295
Altruism, 295 I Human altruism, 299 I
Aggression, 302 I Human aggression, 303 I
Sexual behavior, 307 I Human sexuality, 314 I
Parental care, 321 I Families, parents, and
children, 323
Conclusion 327
Genetics or learning1? 327 I Uniquely human:
Co-evolution, 328 I Sociobiology as science and
as interpretation, 330
Suggested Readings 331
Part IV Learning and Development 332
12 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF LANGUAGE 332
Introduction 332
Behaviorism and language, 332 I Could language
be innate? 333
Contents ix
Animal Communication 336
Patterns of animal communication, 336 I Two
examples: Honeybees and birds, 340
Can Chimps Read? 345
Ape language projects, 345 I Controversy, 346 I
Conclusion, 349
Human Language 350
Evolution of language, 350 I Acquisition of
language, 354
Conclusion: The Biological Basis of Language 359
Suggested Readings 360
13 DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND
COGNITION 361
Introduction 361
Defining development, 361 I Heinz Werner and
orthogenesis, 362
Cognitive Development 363
Genetic epistemology, 363 I Criticisms of genetic
epistemology, 377 I Alternatives to genetic
epistemology, 382
Personal and Moral Development 385
Personality development: Psychoanalysis, 386 I
Moral development: Lawrence Kohlberg, 391 I
Alternative: Social-learning theory, 397
Biology of Development 400
Proximate causes, 400 I Ultimate causes, 402
Conclusion: Constraints on Development 403
Suggested Readings 407
References 408
Index 446
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Leahey, Thomas Hardy Verfasser aut Human learning Thomas H. Leahey ; Richard J. Harris 2. ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall 1989 XII, 451 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Apprentissage - Aspect physiologique Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Cognition Mémoire Behavior Learning Physiological aspects Learning physiology Learning, Psychology of Memory Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd rswk-swf Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 s DE-604 Harris, Richard Jackson Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002584380&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Leahey, Thomas Hardy Harris, Richard Jackson Human learning Apprentissage - Aspect physiologique Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Cognition Mémoire Behavior Learning Physiological aspects Learning physiology Learning, Psychology of Memory Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074166-7 |
| title | Human learning |
| title_auth | Human learning |
| title_exact_search | Human learning |
| title_full | Human learning Thomas H. Leahey ; Richard J. Harris |
| title_fullStr | Human learning Thomas H. Leahey ; Richard J. Harris |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human learning Thomas H. Leahey ; Richard J. Harris |
| title_short | Human learning |
| title_sort | human learning |
| topic | Apprentissage - Aspect physiologique Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Cognition Mémoire Behavior Learning Physiological aspects Learning physiology Learning, Psychology of Memory Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Apprentissage - Aspect physiologique Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Cognition Mémoire Behavior Learning Physiological aspects Learning physiology Learning, Psychology of Memory Lernpsychologie |
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