Manual of remote sensing: 1 Theory, instruments and techniques
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Falls Church, Va.
American Soc. of Photogrammetry
1983
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1232 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0937294411 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Manual of remote sensing |n 1 |p Theory, instruments and techniques |c Robert G. Reeves, ed.-in-chief |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Falls Church, Va. |b American Soc. of Photogrammetry |c 1983 | |
| 300 | |a 1232 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Titel: Bd. 1. Manual of remote sensing. Theory, instruments and techniques
Autor:
Jahr: 1983
XV
CONTENTS
VOLUME I (THEORY, INSTRUMENTS
AND TECHNIQUES)
Frontispiece Figures. v
Foreword. xm
Editor's Preface to the Second Edition.
Preface to Volume I.
Chapter 1. The Development and Principles of
Remote Sensing
Introduction. 1
The Development of Remote Sensing. 2
Remote Sensing Prior to 1960; Remote Sensing since 1960
Systems of the Near Future . 11
SPOT; MOS 1; Spacelab
Other National Systems Under Consideration. 13
Geographic Information Systems . 13
Making Remote Sensing Work . 14
Technology Transfer. 14
Political and Legal Implications of Remote Sensing . 16
A Systems View of Remote Sensing. 19
Resolution; Spatial Resolution—Technical Aspects; Broader Aspects of Spatial
Resolution; Spectral and Radiometrie Resolution; Temporal Resolution; Scale;
Information as a Scale-Dependent Phenomenon; Consistency; Scale and
Aggregation; Artifact ing
The Multi Concept. 30
Multistage; Multiband and Multispectral; mult ¡polarization; Multidirectional;
Multienhancement
References. 32
Chapter 2. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
Nomenclature . 37
Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation . 37
Wave Properties; Electromagnetic Spectrum; Quantum Properties of
Electromagnetic Radiation; Polarization of Electromagnetic Radiation; Coherent and
Incoherent Radiation; Doppler Effect
Nomenclature Relating to Electromagnetic Radiation. 45
Radiation Quantities; Spectral Quantities, Luminous Quantities; Use of Subscripts,
Superscripts, and Functional Notations; Relationship between Luminous and Radiant
Quantities; Hemispherical Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance; Factors of
Ten Nomenclature
Measurement of Electromagnetic Radiation.:. 52
Responsivity, R; Normalization
Production of Electromagnetic Radiation. ^4
Radiating Structures; Thermal Emission; Fluorescent and Laser Emission
References. 60
Chapter 3. Matter-Energy Interaction in the
Optical Region
Nomenclature . 62
Introduction. 63
Overview; The Energy Flow Process; Relating Remote Sensing Observables to
Scene Phenomena; The Dynamic Nature of Remote Sensing Measurements and
Sources of Variation
Mathematical Framework. 66
Approaches; Radiative Transfer and Energy Budget Equations; Direct Solution and
Difficulties in Specifying the Terrain Parameters; Modeling Approximations;
Modeling Summary
Indirect Sensing of Terrain Characteristics . 87
Feature Selection—Smith and Oliver (1974); Biomass Estimation—Park and Derring
(1982); Row Crop Characteristics—Kimes (1982); Forest canopy
characteristics—Strahler and Xiaowen (1981); Snow Properties—Dozier (1981)
Overview of Measured Terrain Feature Response Parameters. 91
Cautionary Note in the Interpretation of Data from the Literature; Vegetation;
Non-vegetation; Other sources of Data
Future Research Directions. 105
References. 110
Chapter 4. Matter-Energy Interaction in the
Microwave Region
Nomenclature . 115
Introduction. 115
The Radar Equation. 115
Basic Characteristics of Radar Return . 116
Facets; Spheres; Cylinders; Dihedral Corner Reflectors; Trihedral Corner
Reflectors; Luneberg Lens Reflector
Dielectric Properties . 120
Liquid Water; Fresh-water Ice; Sea Ice; Snow; Rocks and Powders; Soils;
Vegetation Material
Scattering Models. 124
Surface Scattering Models; Volume Scattering Models
Summary of Surface- and Volume-Backscattering Mechanisms 130
Imagery Gray Tones . I jq
Influence of Polarization; Influence of Multiple Volume Scattering; Influence of
Look Angle; Influence of Resolution Cell Size; Influence of Complex Dielectric
Constant; Effects of Wavelength, Surface Roughness, and Penetration; Summary
Radar Backscattering from Water Surfaces. 137
Radar Backscattering from Land Surfaces and Sea Ice 140
Bare and Vegetation-Covered Soil; Snow; Sea Ice; Vegetation
Passive Microwave Radiation . .44
Fundamentals of Microwave Radiometry; Emissivity and Reflectivity; Radiometrìe
Temperature Models, Emissivity Model of a Specular Surface; Emissivity Model of
a Perfectly Rough Surface; Effects of Surface Roughness and Inhomogeneities on
Emission
Microwave Emission from Land Surfaces. 151
Bare and Vegetation-Covered Soil; Snow; Sea Ice
Microwave Radiometrie Characteristics of Oceans . 156
Effects of Surface Roughness; Effects of Ocean Foam; Effects of Salinity; Effect of
Oil Slick
References. 161
Chapter 5. Interaction Mechanisms
Within the Atmosphere
Nomenclature . 165
Introduction. 167
Atmospheric Effects on Remote Sensing. 167
Atmospheric Characteristics . 167
Interaction Mechanisms; Composition; Clouds
Characteristics of Solar Radiant Energy . 171
Spectral Irradiance; Solar Constant
Radiant Energy Interactions with Atmospheres . 172
Radiative Transfer in a Scattering and Absorbing Medium; Theory of Atmospheric
Radiant Energy Interaction; Methods of Solution
Particulates. 174
Physical Characteristics; Effect of Particulates on Remote Sensing; Particulate
Scattering Characteristics
Optical Thickness. 179
Lambert-Bouguer Law of Transmission; Reference Standard for Atmospheric
Particulates; Turbidity Factor as Measure of Optical Thickness
Downwelling Radiation at the Ground . 181
Spectral Irradiance of Sunlight and Skylight; Spectral Composition of Sunlight and
Skylight; Pattern of Sky Radiance; Scattering Back from Up welling Radiation
Upwelling Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere. 183
Shortwave Radiation; Longwave Radiation; Contrast and Contrast Transmittance
Turbulence. 189
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Processes in the Infrared . 190
Line Absorption; Continuum Absorption; Scattering, Extinction and Absorption by
Clouds
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Process in the Microwave. 198
Spectral Line Absorption; The Dielectric Properties of Moist Air
Interactions Between Microwave Radiation and Haze, Clouds and Precipitation Particles 203
Interaction of Individual Water Droplets with Microwave Radiation; Unit Volume
Radiative Transfer Properties of Clouds; Propogation of Microwave Radiation in the
Earth's Atmosphere
Remote Sensing in the Infrared . 209
Mathematical Formulation; Remote Sensing of Temperature Profiles; Remote
Sensing of Composition Profiles; Corrections for the Effects of Clouds; Corrections
for Atmospheric Particulates; Simultaneous Determination of Atmospheric and
Surface Parameters
Remote Sensing in the Microwave. 21 '
Atmospheric Absorption and Emission from 1 to 300 GHz; Weighting Functions in
the Microwave; Observations of Atmospheric Phenomena
References. 224
Chapter 6. Photographic Systems for Remote Sensing
Nomenclature . 231
Introduction. 231
Fundamental Considerations . 232
Camera Spectroradiometry; The Optics of Aerial Cameras; Atmospheric Effects;
Spectral Signatures
Aerial Photographic Film. 253
Aerial Black-and-White Film; Aerial Color Films
Filters . 269
Antivignetting Filters; Spectral Filters; Polarization Filters
Cameras . 272
Conventional cameras; Multiband Cameras
References. 289
Chapter 7. Electro-Optical Non-Imaging Sensors
Nomenclature . 293
Introduction. 294
Radiometrie Measurement System. 294
The Measurement Equation; Field-of-View Relationships; Detectors and Spectral
Response; Referencing; Electronic Signal Processing
Signal-To-Noise-Ratio. 305
Random Noise; Preamplifier and Input Circuit Noise; Noise Figure; Signal-To-Noise
Radio AC Radiometer; System Filters; System Noise Passbands; Equivalent Input
Signal; Signal-To-Noise Ratio; Combined Random and Nonrandom Noise; Linearity
Radiometrie Instruments. 316
Broadband-Infrared; Broadband—Visible/Near Infrared; Direct Solar Radiation;
Radiation Thermometers; Multiband Radiometers; Spectroradiometers
Detection Mechanisms, Noise, and Figures of Merit . 325
Photon Detection Mechanisms; Thermal Detection Mechanisms; Detector Noise;
Figures of Merit
References. 332
Chapter 8. Electro-Optical Imaging Sensors
Nomenclature . 335
Introduction. 335
Styles of Sensors . 336
Frame Sensor; Pushbroom Sensor; Mechanical Scanners
Selecting a Sensor Design . 339
Design Procedure; Resolution and Optical Transfer Function; Establishing
Signal-To-Noise Requirements; Signal-To-Noise Performance; Other Sources of
Radiometrie Error; Separation of Spectral Energy
Detectors and Image Devices. 350
Detectors; Noise Sources; Figures of Merit
Radiometrie Calibration . 364
Amplitude Calibration; Spectral Calibration; Spatial Calibration; Transfer Methods;
Calibration Categories; Calibration Errors
References. 367
Chapter 9. Radar Fundamentals and Scatterometers
Nomenclature . 369
Introduction. 370
Basic Radar System Ideas. 371
Resolution Concepts; Angle Discrimination; Range Discrimination; Speed
Measurement; Ambiguity and Resolution; Sensitivity, Amplitude, Measurement,
Fading and Noise
Calibration of Radars. 402
Calibration of Receivers; Techniques for CW radar Calibration; Accuracy of
Measurement; Noise Measurement and Removal
Scatterometers. 407
Scatterometer System Descriptions; System Choice; Precision of Measurement in
the Presence of Noise: Pulse Scatterometers; Frequency-Modulated Systems;
Velocity-Angle Systems; Fading Rate Limitations and the Radar Uncertainty
Principle; Ground-Based Scatterometers
References. 426
Chapter 10. Imaging Radar Systems
Nomenclature . 429
Radar Imaging Systems. 429
PPI- and B-Scan Airborne Radar. 430
Real Aperture SLAR. 431
Basic Idea of SLAR; Systems and Equipment; Speckle and Its Reduction; Profiling;
Distortions
Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR). 443
Review of SLAR Concepts; The Synthetic-Aperture Concept; Basic SAR
Configurations; Error Sources in SAR Systems
SAR Signal Processing. 457
Concept Summation; SAR Processor Descriptions; Speckle Reduction in SAR;
Multipolarization and Multispectral SAR; Some Representative SAR Systems and
Results
References. 473
Chapter 11. Passive Microwave Radiometry
Nomenclature . 475
Introduction. 477
Antenna Fundamentals. 477
Antenna Patterns; Radiometer Antenna Polarization; Gain, Directivity and Effective
Aperture; Input Impedance and Mismatch
Radiative Transfer Fundamentals. 480
Brightness Concepts; Blackbody Radiation; Thermal Noise From a Resistor;
Thermal Noise from an Antenna; Antenna Temperature, Brightness Temperature
and Emissivity; Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
Radiometer Receivers. 4g9
Noise Representation; Basic Receiver Operation; Modulation Techniques; Noise
Sources; Advances in Receiver Performance
Radiometer Calibration. 501
Power Transfer Through Microwave Radiometer Networks; Receiver Calibration;
Radiometer Radiative Transfer Equation; Antenna Loss Correction Factors;
Antenna Loss Calibration Techniques
Imaging Considerations. 510
Moving Platform Parameters
References. 515
Chapter 12. Landsat Satellites
Introduction. 517
Landsat Spacecraft. 519
Observatory: General Configuration; Subsystems; Landsat Payload
Launch and Orbital Operations. 537
Landsat Launches; Landsat Orbit; Worldwide Refrence System
Ground Systems. 541
Ground Communication Stations; Operations Control Center; NASA Data
Processing Facility; Image Processing Facility; EROS Data Center
Landsat-D Satellites. 547
General; Landsat-D Instrument Systems; Landsat-D Flight Segment; Thematic
Mapper; Ground Processing
Landsat-D Becomes Landsat-4. 565
References. 570
Chapter 13. Microwave and Infrared Satellite
Remote Sensors
Nomenclature . 571
Introduction. 571
Active Microwave Sensors. 571
Altimeters; Sounders; Future Systems
Passive Microwave Sensors. 601
Background; Spaceborne Radiometer System Concepts; Spaceborne Radiometrie
Sensors; Future Developments
Infrared Sensors. 630
Background; HCMM System; SMIRR System; Future Systems
Summary . 646
References. 547
Chapter 14. Meteorological Satellites
Introduction. 651
Polar Orbiting and Low Earth-Orbiting Satellites. 651
TIROS; ESSA: ITOS: TIROS-N; The Advanced TIROS-N Spacecraft; NIMBUS
The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). 664
Evolution: Block 3D Instruments; Special Sensors
Geostationary Meteorological Satellites . 670
ATS, Applications Technology Satellite; SMS/GOES (Operational Geostationary
Satellite); GOES D, E, and F; The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE)
International Weather Satellites . 674
Océanographie Satellites. 675
Seasat-A
Space Shuttle. 675
References. 678
Chapter 15. Communication and Data
Transmission Systems
Nomenclature . 681
Introduction. 681
The Communication Process. 682
Information Input; Radio Circuits; Modulation Function; Receiving
The Radio/Optical Spectrum . 685
Historical Perspective; Optical Communication
Communication System Design. 687
Free-Space Propagation; Atmospheric Effects
Lenses and Antennas. 692
Optical Resolution; Antennas; Noise
System Power Budget. 697
References. 698
Chapter 16. Orbital Mechanics for Remote Sensing
Nomenclature . 699
Introduction. 700
The Circular Orbit. 700
Basic Description; Orientation; Geosynchronous Orbits; Orbit Precession;
Sun-Synchronous Orbits; Asynchronous Orbits and Lighting Variations
Coverage. 702
Nadir Trace; Nadir Trace Pattern Formation; General Pattern Features; Pass
Sequencing; Off-Nadir Points and Traces
Elliptic and Other Conic Orbits . 706
Background; Historical Development; Dynamics of Conic Orbits; Applications to
Earth Satellite Orbits
Maneuvers. 709
Impulsive Maneuvers; Continuous Thrust Maneuvers; Orbit Trim Maneuvers
Propulsion Systems . 713
Maintenance of Remote Sensing Orbits . 714
Geosynchronous Orbits; Sun Synchronous Orbits
References. 717
Chapter 17. Data Processing and Reprocessing
Introduction. 719
The Systems Milieu—An Overview. 719
Historical Situation; Technical Data Attributes; Impact of Sensor Characteristics on
Processing Requirements
Image and Data Conversion. ^22
The Basic Imaging Process
Image Sampling and Reconstruction . '2"
Information and Redundancy; Effect of the Sampling Aperture; Image
Reconstruction; Interpolation or Resampling
Information and Encoding . '37
The Model is the Message; Coding, Compression and Restoration; Direct Encoding
in the Spatial Domain; Monochromatic Transform Encoding; Multispectral
Encoding; Comparisons and Conclusions
The Global Situation—Geometric Distortions. 753
Geometric Modifications; Methods of Correction; Map Projections for Landsat-D;
Landsat-D System Processing Considerations
Spatial Frequency Modifications. 767
The Fundamental Restoration Problem; Linear Restoration; Non-Linear Restoration
Coherent Noise. 774
Cosmetic Cleanup; Convolution Filtering
Optical Image Processing. 777
Fourier Optics and Coherent Optical Processing; Incoherent Optical Processing;
Remote Sensing Applications of Optical Processing
References. 788
Chapter 18. Pattern Recognition and Classification
Introduction. 793
Basic Pattern Recognition Concepts: Literature Dealing With Pattern Recognition
Concepts; Summary Relative to Pattern Recognition Concepts
Principles of Spectral Discrimination. 795
Economic Consequences of Decisions . 798
The Bayes Decision Rule Maximizes Expected Gain; Bayes Decision Rules and
Category Prior Probabilities; Maximin Decision Rule, The Gaussian Assumption
Feature Selection. 801
Principal Components; Bhattacharyya Distance
Syntactic Pattern Recognition Applied to Remote Sensing Problems . 801
General Approach; Recognition of Clouds and Shadows
References. 804
Chapter 19. Remote Sensing Software Systems
Introduction. 807
Evolution of Remote Sensing Software Systems . 807
Changing Needs; Software Requirements
Design of Remote Sensing Software Systems. 808
Current Software Trends; Batch Versus Interactive Processing; User-System
Interface; Software Structure
Present Large Scale Computer Software Systems. 813
ORSER Software System; LARSYS Software System; ERIPS Software System;
VICAR Software System
Present Minicomputer Software Systems. 824
IDIMS Software System; KANDIDATS Software System
Command Output Image Input Image(s) (FLAGS). 827
GIPSY Software System; Mini-VICAR Software System; AOIPS Software System
Future Trends. 834
Computer Technology Impacts; Impact of Evolving Sensors: Data Base
Management System Trends; Conflicting Software System Design Goals
Abbreviations and Acronyms . 837
References. 838
Chapter 20. Digital Hardware
Introduction. 841
Image Processing and Remote Sensing; General Computer Organization; Hardware
and Software
System Components . 843
General Purpose Processors; Mass Storage; Data Acquisition Devices; Data Display
Devices
System Configurations. 861
Small Systems; Medium Systems; Large Systems
Technology Development. 866
VLSI; Parallel Processing; Data Base Machines; Optical Mass Storage
References. 870
Chapter 21. Image Geometry and Rectification
Introduction. 873
Definitions
Need for Image Correction . 875
Sources of Image Radiometry and Geometry Errors. 875
Overview; Sources of Image Radiometry Errors; Sources of Image Geometry Errors
Techniques for Image Correction. 877
Method to Determine Image Errors. 878
Radiometrie Calibration Sources; Ground Control Points; Relative Control Points;
Attitude/Altitude/Position Information
Mathematical Techniques Used . 879
Radiometrie Modification; Automatic Location of Ground Control Points; Mapping
Functions; Resampling Methods; Image Enhancement to Support Preprocessing;
Contrast Stretching
Image Processing Operations. 889
Radiometrie Correction; Geometric Correction; Registration; Mosaicking
Map Projections Suitable for Large-Scale Mapping and for Use With Satellite Images . 901
Types of Projection; The Earth as an Ellipsoid; Principal Projections
Image Manipulation. 910
Systems to Implement Image Processing. 911
Flow of Data from Sensor to Users; Multispectral Scanner Preprocessor (MPP);
NASA Master Data Processor; Landsat-D Processing Considerations; USGS EDIPS;
A Generalized Digital Image Processing System
Future Technology Developments for Improved Geometric Correction. 918
Global Positioning System; Tracking and Data Relay Satellite; Massively Parallel
Processor
Conclusions. 919
References. 920
Chapter 22. Geographic Information Systems and
Remote Sensing
Introduction. 92^
Basic Concepts in Spatial Data Handling. 924
Digital Handling of Spatial Data. 924
Data Volume and Accuracy Considerations; Manipulation and Retrieval Operations;
Display of Spatial Data
The Geographic Information System: An Introduction . 926
An Operational Geographic Information System: The Canada Geographic
Information System (CGIS); Geographic Information System Design Methodology
The Geographic Informaton System: Technical Considerations . 937
Methods of Spatial Data Capture and Encoding; Data Management in the
Geographic Information System; Data Manipulation and Display in the GIS
Linking Remote Sensing Systems and Geographic Information Systems. 945
Remote Sensing Inputs to Geographic Information Systems; Geographic Information
System Inputs to Remote Sensing Systems; A Sample Linkage: IBIS, The Image
Based Information System
Concluding Remarks . 957
References. 957
Chapter 23. Ground Investigations in Support of
Remote Sensing
Nomenclature . 959
Introduction. 959
Uses of Ground Data; Test Sites
Common Measurements for Radiative Calibration. 960
The Need for Calibration; Topography; Solar and Satellite Geometry; Measurement
of Solar and Longwave Radiation; Reflectance Measurements; Temperature and
Emittance; Other Micrometeorological Measurements
Measurements for Interpretation of Surface Properties. 970
Geological Investigations; Agriculture and Forestry Investigations; Snow
Training. 980
Verification and Accuracy Assessment for Thematic Maps. 981
Sample Plans; Types of Errors
References. 984
Chapter 24. Fundamentals of Image Analysis: Analysis of
Visible and Thermal Infrared Data
Introduction. 987
An Image Analysis Paradigm. 987
Need for Framework; Mechanics of Human Vision; Visual Perception; Manual
Image Analysis; Computer-Assisted Image Interpretation
Basics of Manual Image Interpretation. 999
Image Interpretation Tasks; Elements of Manual Image Analysis; Aids and
Techniques for Manual Image Analysis; Manual Image Analysis Procedures;
Imagery Interpretation and Transfer Equipment; Viewing Equipment; Measuring
Equipment; Equipment for Transfer of Detail; Miscellaneous Equipment;
Selection of Equipment
Fundamentals of Computer-Assisted Image Interpretation 1026
Introduction and Summary; The Dimensions and Resolution of Environmental
Measurement; The Elements of Human- and Computer-Assisted Interpretation; The
Evolution and Status of Digital Image Processing; Supervised Multispectral Image
Interpretation
Interpretation of Photographic (Camera) Imagery . 1064
The Vertical Aerial Photograph; Oblique Photography; Interpretation of Visible and
Near Infrared Imagery in Various Photographic Forms
Interpretation of Thermal Infrared Imagery. 1090
Thermal Imagery and Energy Exchange Theory; Thermal Imagery and the
Atmosphere; Systems Factors Affecting Thermal Imagery; Environmental Factors
Affecting Thermal Images; Qualitative Image Interpretation; Quantitative Image
Interpretation
A Perspective on Image Analysis and Future Directions. 1114
References. 1118
Chapter 25. Image Analysis-Microwave Region
Factors Which Influence the Appearance and Interpretability of Radar
Images—Introduction. 1125
Radar Geometry
Radargrammetry. 1130
Review of the Geometric Errors in Radar Imagery; Radar Projection
Transformation; Radar Parallax and Stereoscopy; Transformations of Radar Images
for Mosaics; Optimum Radar Depression Angles
Areal Resolution. 1140
Number of Independent Samples. 1142
Image Resolution, Independent Samples, and Image Interpretation
Backscattering Cross-Secton: A Key Determinant of Image Tone. 1144
Wavelength; Incidence Angle; Aspect Angle; Polarization; Complex Dielectric
Constant; Surface Roughness; Sub-surface Roughness; Volume Scattering
Texture as a Discriminant on Radar Images. 1152
Pattern and Shape as Interpretive Elements on Radar Images
Radar Image Interpretation . 1154
Radar Imagery Merged with Other Imagery; Interpretation of Surface Water;
Natural Vegetation Mapping; Agricultural Surveys with Radar Imagery; Soil
Surveys with Radar Imagery; Interpretation of Snow and Ice; Interpretation of
Geologic Features; Integrated Landscape Analysis; Integrated Reconnaissance
Natural Resource Surveys with Radar Imagery; Trends in Satellite Radar Imagery
References. 1179
Glossary. //«
List of Contributors. nw
Combined Index to Volumes I and II. 1209
VOLUME II (INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATIONS)
Frontispiece figures. v
Foreword. ix
Editor's Preface to the Second Edition. *;
Preface to Volume II. xiii
Chapter 26. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Cultural
Resources Management
Introduction. 1233
A Brief Overview of Remote Sensing in Archaeological Methodology
Historical Overview. 1236
Balloons and Kites; Photoarchaeology
Archaeological Applications of Remote Sensing. 1241
Aerial Archaeological Discovery; Visual Interpretation of Cultural Resources;
Archaeological Survey and Sampling; Photogrammetry for Recording and Mapping
Cultural Resources; In the Laboratory: Remote Sensing and Artifactual Evidence
Anthropological Remote Sensing. 1291
Anthropological Remote Sensing Before 1972; The Impact of Landsat
Conclusions. 1299
References. 1300
Chapter 27. Remote Sensing of
Weather and Climate
Introduction. 1305
Remote Sensing of the Earth's Weather.;. 1305
Macroscale; Mesoscale
Remote Sensing of the Earth's Climate . 1324
Remote Sensing of Radiatively Active Atmospheric Constituents. 1326
Monitoring Climate Scale Variability in the Ocean from Space. 1337
Primary and Secondary Variables; Measurement Strategy; Data Sets; Conclusion
Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere and Hydrosphere. 1352
The Cryosphere; Hydrosphere
Land Surface Processes . 1358
Desertification; Deforestation; Urbanization
Future Trends. 1364
References. 1365
Chapter 28. The Marine Environment
Introduction. I37I
Oceanography. I373
Physical Oceanography; Chemical Oceanography; Biological Oceanography;
Geological Oceanography
Coastal Pollution and Water Quality Measurement. 1458
Point Source Pollution; Non-point Water Quality Variables; Water Quality and
Circulation Models
Current Status and Outlook. 1481
References. 1482
Chapter 29. Water Resources Assessment
Introduction. 1497
Subsurface Water. 1498
Shallow Sand and Gravel Aquifers; Other Aquifers
Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration. 1507
Approach and Data Assessment; Direct Observations of the Soil; Indirect Estimate
of Soil Moisture; Data Availability; Application Examples and Discussion
Snow and Ice Mapping and Monitoring . 1516
Approach/Data Assessment; Acquisition Methods and Alternatives; Analysis
Methods for Hydrology; Application Examples and Discussion
Surface Water. 1531
Data Assessment; Application Examples
Land/Surface Cover. 1540
Data Collection and Acquisition Considerations; Data Analysis
Application Examples. 1546
Floodplain Delineation; Hydrogeomorphic Analysis; Wetlands Mapping;
Irrigated Lands; Hydrologie Land Cover; Outlook for the Future and Conclusions
References. 1562
Chapter 30. Urbani Suburban Land Use Analysis
Introduction. 1571
The Spectral Nature of Urban Land Use. 1571
Urban Land Cover Analysis with Visible and Near Infrared Imagery; Urban Land
Cover Analysis with Radar Imagery
The Spatial Nature of Urban Land Use. 1595
Spatial Resolution Requirements for Urban Studies; Minimum Mapping Unit;
Summary
The Temporal Nature of Urban Land Use. 1598
Assumptions Concerning Temporal Resolution
Urban/Suburban Land Use and Land Cover Classification Systems and Accuracy
Assessment . 1601
Classification Systems; Land Use Classification Accuracy Assessment
Selected Urban Land Use Applications Using Remotely Sensed Data. 1605
The Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. 1606
Introduction; Land Use and Land Cover Map Update Procedures
U.S. Bureau of the Census Urbanized Area Program. 1609
Introduction; Urban Area Delineation Using Landsat Image Enhancements and
Classification Maps; Change Detection Overview; Change Detection Preprocessing
Procedures; Change Detection Approaches; The Interface of Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information Systems for Identifying Urbanizing Areas; The Use of
Sensors in Addition to Landsat MSS for Urban Area Delineation; Summary
Population Estimation. 1623
Introduction; Population Estimation Techniques; Conclusion
Housing Quality Data . I629
Introduction; Characteristics of Individual Units; Conclusion
Monitoring Energy Conservation, Utilization, and Production in Urban Areas. 1630
Introduction; Thermal Infrared Detection of Heat Loss; Modeling the Regional
Use of Electricity; Modeling the Conversion of Electricity from Solid Waste;
Modeling the Use of Photovoltaic Energy Sources
Urban and Suburban Land Use Information for Emergency Situations: the Three Mile
Island Example. 1650
Appendix A—A Classification System for Urban and Built-Up Land Use. 1651
References. 1660
Chapter 31. Geological Applications
Introduction. 1667
Definition of Geological Remote Sensing; Historical Considerations;
Interrelationships of Geologic Remote Sensing with Closely Related Disciplines and
Subdisciplines
Types and Availability of Remotely Sensed Data for Geological Investigations. 1678
Remotely Sensed Image Data from Airborne Platforms; Imaging Sensor Systems on
Spacecraft; Non-Imaging and/or High-Resolution Systems; Mini-Atlas of Image and
Related Data Coverage of Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Environs
Analysis Techniques . 1726
Photogeology and Geological Remote Sensing; Multispectral Data; Combined Data
Sets
Applications of Remote Sensing Technology to Geologic Subdisciplines. 1762
Introduction; Geologic Mapping; Economic Geology; Engineering Geology; Geologic
Hazards; Glaciology; Geomorphology; Marine Geology; Geobotany; Archaeology;
Astrogeology
Future Trends. 1910
Landsat 4; SPOT; Mapsat; Space Shuttle; Aircraft; Other Spacecraft (U.S. and
Non-U.S.)
References. 1916
Chapter 32. Engineering Applications
Introduction. 1955
Image Analysis. 1955
Analysis Procedure; The Key Approach; The Combined Technique Approach
Terrain Analysis. 1961
Engineering Soils Mapping; Construction Material Inventories; Regional Inventories;
Discussion of Procedures and Imagery
Comparison of Remote Sensing Systems. 1969
Site Investigations for Regional Planning. 1974
Integration of Remote Sensors; Dam Sites; Reservoir Investigations; River Crossing
Sites for Bridges and Pipe Lines; Airstrip Sites; Pipeline Staging and Tanker
Docking Sites in the Arctic; Industrial Sites; Urban Sites; Recreational Sites;
Regional Terrain Inventory and Planning Studies
Water Resources Engineering. 2019
Remote Sensing for Water Management, Planning and Operations in California;
Monitoring the Effects of Dam Construction; Remote Sensing-Aided Forecasts of
Water Yield; Methods of Water Quality Mapping and Monitoring; Landsat Imagery
Used in a Hydrologie Study; Surface and Near-Surface Thermal Infrared Applications
Landslide Studies. 2054
Regional Approach; Landforms Susceptible to Landslides; Uses of Aerial
Photography; Uses of Other Remote Sensing Systems; A Remote Sensing-Based
Study of Redwood National Park's Landslide and Erosion Conditions
Transport Facilities . 2070
Highway Planning; Highway Location Surveys; Construction Surveys; Maintenance
Surveys; Litigation and Claims
Additional Applications of Thermal Infrared Imagery. 2100
References. 2100
Chapter 33. Remote Sensing Applications In Agriculture
Introduction. 2111
Agricultural Resource Surveys . 2111
Soils Identification; Vegetation Identification; Agricultural Resource Surveys and
Information Systems
Agricultural Management and Production. 2162
Water Management; Identifying Irrigated Lands; High Water Tables; Salinity;
Insects and Disease; Arid and Semi Arid Land Monitoring; Wind and Water
Erosion; Agricultural Management and Planning; Changing Assessment and Yield
Estimates
Agricultural Identification Mechanisms. 2210
Introduction; Spectral Resolution; Spatial Resolution; Temporal Resolution
Future Agricultural Remote Sensing Surveys. 2217
References. 2218
Chapter 34. Forest Resources Assessments
Introduction. 2229
Inventory of Forest Lands. 2229
Temperate Zone: United States and Canada; Temperate Zone: Europe; Temperate
Zone: Southern Hemisphere; Tropical Zone
Damage Assessment . 2269
Fire Control; Insects; Disease; Air Pollution; Storm Damage
Forest Management. 2285
Timber Harvest Planning; Monitoring Logging and Reforestation
Forest Recreation. 2289
Recreation Resource Inventory; Recreation Resource Monitoring
Computer-Aided Processing of Digital Data. 2289
Background; Techniques for Analyzing Landsat MSS data; Landsat Analysis Results;
Comparison Studies and Refinements in Analysis Procedures; Summary on the
State-of-the-Art of Computer-Aided Analysis Techniques as Applied to Forest
Cover Mapping
References. 231°
Chapter 35. Rangeland Applications
Introduction. 2325
Basic Remote Sensing Considerations for Rangeland . 2326
Resource Assessment
Rangeland Resource Inventory. 2331
Objectives, Costs and Design; Mapping and Sampling; Rangeland Inventory Using
Panchromatic Aerial Photographs; Land Cover and Soil Surveys Using Color and
Color Infrared Aerial Photographs; Inventory Applications Using Landsat Imagery;
Rangeland Mapping Using Landsat MSS Digital Data; Sampling Applications Using
Remote Sensing Data
Rangeland Resource Monitoring. 2350
Monitoring Ecological Range Conditions; Monitoring Seasonal Range Conditions
Wildlife Habitat Assessment. 2361
Habitat Assessment with Aerial Photography; Habitat Assessment with Satellite
Imagery
Animal Census . 2366
Aerial Visual Observations; Aerial Photographs for Animal Census; Aerial Thermal
Infrared Scanning for Animal Census; Radio Telemetry for Studying Animal
Populations
Desertification of Rangelands . 2371
Future Outlook and Conclusions . 2373
References. 2374
Chapter 36. Terrestrial Moons and Planets
Introduction. 2385
Study of Planetary Surfaces. 2385
Scientific Objectives; Methods
Application of Remote Sensing to Lunar Stratigraphy and Surface Processes. 2389
Introduction; Lunar Stratigraphy; Spectrophotometric Observations; Thermal
Infrared Observations; Radar Observations; Apollo Alpha Particle, X-Ray,
Fluorescence and Gamma-Ray Observations; Lunar Consortium
Remote Sensing of Mars. 2397
Photogeologic Analyses; Observations in the Visible to Reflected IR; Observations
in the Thermal IR; Earth-Based Radar Studies; The Mars Consortium
Radar Observations of Venus. 2405
Earth-Based Observations; Pioneer Venus Radar Observations
Observations of the Larger Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn . 2406
Earth-Based Observations; Callisto and Ganymede; Europa and Io; Larger Satellites
of Saturn
The Future of Planetary Remote Sensing. 2410
Introduction; Jupiter; Venus; Other Possibilities
Sources of Lunar and Planetary Data. 2411
References. 2412
Combined Index to Volumes I and II. 24¡7 |
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| id | DE-604.BV004013014 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-16T07:00:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)4747-8 |
| isbn | 0937294411 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002516495 |
| oclc_num | 25172383 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | 1232 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1983 |
| publishDateSearch | 1983 |
| publishDateSort | 1983 |
| publisher | American Soc. of Photogrammetry |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Manual of remote sensing 1 Theory, instruments and techniques Robert G. Reeves, ed.-in-chief 2. ed. Falls Church, Va. American Soc. of Photogrammetry 1983 1232 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LANDSAT inriac Télédétection ram analyse image inriac capteur image inriac détection radar inriac photogrammétrie inriac reconnaissance forme inriac satellite météorologique inriac télédétection inriac Reeves, Robert G. edt Colwell, Robert N. edt Ryerson, Robert A. edt American Society of Photogrammetry Sonstige (DE-588)4747-8 oth (DE-604)BV005830879 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002516495&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Manual of remote sensing LANDSAT inriac Télédétection ram analyse image inriac capteur image inriac détection radar inriac photogrammétrie inriac reconnaissance forme inriac satellite météorologique inriac télédétection inriac |
| title | Manual of remote sensing |
| title_auth | Manual of remote sensing |
| title_exact_search | Manual of remote sensing |
| title_full | Manual of remote sensing 1 Theory, instruments and techniques Robert G. Reeves, ed.-in-chief |
| title_fullStr | Manual of remote sensing 1 Theory, instruments and techniques Robert G. Reeves, ed.-in-chief |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manual of remote sensing 1 Theory, instruments and techniques Robert G. Reeves, ed.-in-chief |
| title_short | Manual of remote sensing |
| title_sort | manual of remote sensing theory instruments and techniques |
| topic | LANDSAT inriac Télédétection ram analyse image inriac capteur image inriac détection radar inriac photogrammétrie inriac reconnaissance forme inriac satellite météorologique inriac télédétection inriac |
| topic_facet | LANDSAT Télédétection analyse image capteur image détection radar photogrammétrie reconnaissance forme satellite météorologique télédétection |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002516495&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV005830879 |
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