The climate of Europe: past, present and future: natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht u.a.
Reindel
1984
|
| Series: | Atmospheric sciences library
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | X, 356 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9027717451 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: The climate of Europe: past, present and future
Autor: Flohn, Hermann
Jahr: 1984
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editors Preface ix
General Summary 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 15
CHAPTER 2: CLIMATE IN THE LAST THOUSAND YEARS: NATURAL
CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS AND CHANGE 25
2.1. Introduction 25
2.2. Data 27
2.3. The climatic record so far as known 33
2.3.1. The Medieval Warm epoch 35
2.3.2. The unsettled and deteriorating climate in the
Late Middle Ages 38
2.3.3. The climax of the Little Ice Age 44
2.3.3.1. Temperature considerations and snow-
cover, glacier advance etc. 45
2.3.3.2. Rainfall, wetness of ground, floods,
landslips, etc. 51
2.3.3.3. Storms and sea-floods, etc. 53
2.3.4. The recovery from the Little Age Ice to the
twentieth century climate 53
2.4. Conclusions 61
2.5. Summary 63
CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND ITS TIME CHANGES IN
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, BASED ON INSTRUMENTAL
OBSERVATIONS 65
3.1. Temperature 65
3.1.1. Changes of temperature level 65
3.1.1.1. Normal , changes and fluctuations 65
3.1.1.2. Range of 30-year mean temperatures 67
3.1.1.3. Coherence between seasons 72
3.1.1.4. Spatial coherence 73
3.1.1.5. Present temperature trends 74
3.1.2. Changes in variability 78
3.1.2.1. Temperature variability 78
3.1.2.2. Time changes of temperature variability 79
3.1.2.3. Coherence over Europe and between
seasons 81
3.1.2.4. Present trend in temperature variability 82
3.1.3. Other aspects of temperature changes 88
3.1.3.1. Temperature extremes 88
3.1.3.2. Spectral distribution of temperature
variance 90
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.1.3.3. Duration and shift of seasons 92
3.1.3.4. Yearly amplitude of temperature 96
3.1.3.5. The city-effect on temperature 98
3.1.4. Relation between temperature, winds and ocean
currents 99
3.1.5. Conclusions 100
3.1.5.1. Mean temperature level 100
3.1.5.2. Interannual variability 101
3.1.5.3. Other aspects 101
3.2. Rainfall and water budget 102
3.2.1. Definition and measurements 102
3.2.2. Time changes and variability of rainfall 103
3.2.3. Time changes and variability of runoff 110
3.2.4. City effects on precipitation 116
3.2.5. Conclusions 117
CHAPTER 4: CARBON CYCLE, GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND OTHER
ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON CLIMATE 118
4.1. The carbon cycle and the accuracy of its modelling 118
4.1.1. Introduction 118
4.1.2. The various carbon pools 121
4.1.2.1. The atmosphere 121
4.1.2.2. The terrestrial biosphere 124
4.1.2.3. The ocean 124
4.1.2.3.1. Marine biosphere 125
4.1.2.3.2. Dead organic matter 125
4.1.2.3.3. Dissolved inorganic carbon 125
4.1.2.3.4. Solid carbonate 130
4.1.3. Impact of human activities 131
4.1.3.1. What we know 131
4.1.3.2. What we do not know 131
4.1.3.3. What we know through proxy indicators
and models 133
4.1.4. Conclusion 133
4.2. Man s Impact on Climate 134
4.2.1. Introduction and energetics of man s impacts
on climate 135
4.2.2. Energy demand and climatic implications of
energy use 138
4.2.2.1. Energy demand 138
4.2.2.2. Energy release and climatic implica-
tions 143
4.2.3. The carbon dioxide problem 145
4.2.3.1. The Greenhouse effect 146
4.2.3.2. History and projection of CO2 produc-
tion from fossil fuel combustion 147
4.2.3.3. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and
the carbon cycle 149
4.2.3.4. Temperature changes from doubling
atmosphere CO_ 155
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
4.2.3.5. Precipitation changes from doubling
C02 162
4.2.3.6. Limitations of the models 164
4.2.3.7. Scenarios of temperature increase
from CO2 projections in the future 167
4.2.3.8. Other infrared absorbing gases 170
4.2.4. Aerosols 176
4.2.5. Water consumption 179
4.2.6. Land use 181
4.2.6.1. Urbanization 181
4.2.6.2. Deforestation 183
4.2.6.3. Overgrazing, bush fires and desertifi-
cation 185
4.2.7. Global effect on climate 187
4.2.7.1. Temperature 187
4.2.7.2. Precipitation 190
4.2.7.3. Cryosphere (ice and snow) 192
4.2.7.4. Possible feedback from large carbon
reservoirs 193
4.2.8. Precursor indicators of a CXK warming and
detection strategies 194
4.2.9. Summary and conclusions 195
CHAPTER 5: SELECTED CLIMATES FROM THE PAST AND THEIR
RELEVANCE TO POSSIBLE FUTURE CLIMATE 198
5.1. Introduction 198
5.2. The Holocene warm phase 201
5.3. The Eemian interglacial and its termination 208
5.3.1. Introduction 208
5.3.2. Methods 209
5.3.2.1. Deep-sea cores 209
5.3.2.2. Pollen 213
5.3.2.3. Sea level and coast lines 213
5.3.2.4. Ice cores 215
5.3.3. The Eemian interglacial 216
5.3.4. The termination of the Eemian interglacial 222
5.3.5. Summary and conclusion 224
5.4. The future degree of glaciation 225
5.4.1. Introduction 225
5.4.2. Natural changes 226
5.4.2.1. The Little Ice Age 227
5.4.2.2. Possible causes of long-term glacia-
tions 23C
5.4.2.3. The last million years 231
5.4.2.4. The astronomical hypothesis 233
5.4.2.5. Future trends 237
5.4.3. Anthropogenic impacts 24C
5.4.4. Summary and conclusions 247
5.5. Ice-free Arctic and glaciated Antarctic 248
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.5.1. Causes and time-scale of a possible dis-
appearance of the Arctic drift-ice 248
5.5.2. Coexistence of an open Arctic Ocean and a
glaciated Antarctic Continent during the Late
Tertiary 253
5.5.3. Implications of a hemispheric circulation
asymmetry 260
5.5.4. Summary and conclusions 265
CHAPTER 6: IMPACT OF CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS ON EUROPEAN
AGRICULTURE 269
6.1. Introduction 269
6.2. Northern Europe
6.2.1. Temperature fluctuations and Nordic farming 271
6.2.2.. The thermal growing season 272
6.3. Central Europe 274
6.3.1. The general climatic scene 274
6.3.2. Temperature 274
6.3.3. Deficit or surplus of water 277
6.3.4. Other significant weather factors 281
6.3.4.1. Snow 281
6.3.4.2. Winds 282
6.3.5. Wheat and potato crops as affected by climate 283
6.3.5.1. Wheat 283
6.3.5.2. Potatoes 285
6.3.6. Climate and the incidence of argicultural
diseases and pests 286
6.3.6.1. Black and yellow rusts of wheat 287
6.3.6.2. Potato blight 288
6.3.7. European food production and the weather:
the lessons of history 290
6.4. Mediterranean Europe 296
6.4.1. The climatic and agricultural scene 296
6.4.2. Water deficit 297
6.4.3. Solar radiation and temperature 299
6.4.4. Weather and the vine 300
6.4.5. Interannual climatic fluctuations and
Mediterranean agriculture 302
6.4.6. Hail 305
6.4.7. Conclusions 307
6.5. Looking to the future 307
6.5.1. The recurrence of years of extreme weather 308
6.5.2. Modern agriculture and its vulnerability to
weather 309
6.5.3. The consequences of crop losses in the socio-
economic circumstances of the Europe of today 312
6.6. Summary 313
References 315
Index 351
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| spelling | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective ed. by Hermann Flohn ... . Commission of the European Communities Dordrecht u.a. Reindel 1984 X, 356 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Atmospheric sciences library Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 s DE-604 Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s Flohn, Hermann 1912-1997 Sonstige (DE-588)118691872 oth Europäische Kommission Sonstige (DE-588)1024466-9 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002190238&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4031170-3 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective |
| title_auth | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective |
| title_exact_search | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective |
| title_full | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective ed. by Hermann Flohn ... . Commission of the European Communities |
| title_fullStr | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective ed. by Hermann Flohn ... . Commission of the European Communities |
| title_full_unstemmed | The climate of Europe: past, present and future natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective ed. by Hermann Flohn ... . Commission of the European Communities |
| title_short | The climate of Europe: past, present and future |
| title_sort | the climate of europe past present and future natural and man induced climatic changes a european perspective |
| title_sub | natural and man-induced climatic changes: a European perspective |
| topic | Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Klima Europa Aufsatzsammlung |
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