Statistical methods for comparative studies: techniques for bias reduction
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley
1980
|
| Series: | Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics.
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 289 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471048380 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Statistical methods for comparative studies |b techniques for bias reduction |c Sharon Anderson ... |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1. Introduction j
1.1 Problems of Comparative Studies: An Overview, 1
1.2 Plan of the Book, 4
1.3 Notes on Terminology, 5
2. Confounding Factors 7
2.1 Adjustment for a Confounding Factor, 8
2.2 Bias, Precision, and Statistical Significance, 10
2.3 Some Qualitative Considerations, 13
Appendix 2A Bias, Precision, and Mean Squared
Error
References, 17
3. Expressing the Treatment Effect !8
3.1 Measures of Treatment Effect, 19
3.2 What Happens when there is Confounding, 23
3.3 Treatment Effect Dependent on a Background Factor, 27
References, 30
4. Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies 31
4.1 Definition of Randomization, 32
4.2 Properties of Randomization, 32
4.3 Further Points on Randomization, 34
4.4 Reasons for the Use of Nonrandomized Studies, 35
4.5 Types of Comparative Studies, 37
4.6 Our Attitude toward Nonrandomized Studies, 43
ix
x CONTENTS
Appendix 4A The Odds Ratio and the Relative Risk in
Case-Control Studies, 43
References, 44
5. Some General Considerations in Controlling Bias 46
5.1 Omitted Confounding Variables, 47
5.2 Measurement Error, 52
5.3 The Regression Effect, 54
5.4 Specifying a Mathematical Model, 57
5.5 Sampling Error, 61
5.6 Separation of Groups on a Confounding Factor, 63
5.7 Summary, 66
References, 67
6. Matching 69
6.1 Effect of Noncomparability, 71
6.2 Factors Influencing Bias Reduction, 74
6.3 Assumptions, 77
6.4 Caliper Matching, 78
6.5 Nearest Available Matching, 84
6.6 Stratified Matching, 87
6.7 Frequency Matching, 88
6.8 Mean Matching, 91
6.9 Estimation and Tests of Significance, 93
6.10 Multivariate Matching, 94
6.11 Multiple Comparison Subjects, 103
6.12 Other Considerations, 105
6.13 Conclusions, 108
Appendix 6A Some Mathematical Details, 109
References, 111
7. Standardization and Stratification 113
7.1 Standardization—Example and Basic Information, 115
7.2 Choice of Standard Population, 118
7.3 Choice of Standardization Procedure, 119
7.4 Statistical Considerations for Standardization, 120
7.5 Extension of Standardization to Case-Control Studies, 121
7.6 Stratification, 122
CONTENTS xi
7.7 Standardization and Stratification for Numerical
Outcome Variables, 126
7.8 Extension to More Than One Confounding Factor, 127
7.9 Hypothesis Testing, 128
Appendix 7A Mathematical Details of Standardization, 128
Appendix 7B Stratified Estimators of the Odds Ratio, 134
References, 138
8. Analysis of Covariance 140
8.1 Background, 140
8.2 Example: Nutrition Study Comparing Urban and
Rural Children, 141
8.3 The General ANCOVA Model and Method, 144
8.4 Assumptions Underlying the Use of ANCOVA, 148
8.5 Dealing with Departures from the Assumptions, 151
Appendix 8A Formulas for Analysis of Covariance
Calculations, 157
References, 159
9. LOGIT ANALYSIS 161
9.1 Developing the Logit Analysis Model, 162
9.2 Use of Logit Analysis to Control for a Confounding
Variable, 165
9.3 Parameter Estimation by Maximum Likelihood, 167
9.4 Other Parameter Estimation Procedures, 167
9.5 Hypothesis Testing, 170
9.6 Case-Control Studies, 170
9.7 Checking the Model, 171
9.8 Multiple Confounding Factors, 172
Appendix 9A Details of the Maximum Likelihood
Approach to Logit Analysis, 174
References, 175
10. Log-Linear Analysis 178
10.1 Log-Linear Models for a Two-Dimensional Table, 180
10.2 Log-Linear Models for a Three-Dimensional Table, 184
10.3 Log-Linear Models for Multidimensional Tables, 187
10.4 Fitting a Log-Linear Model, 188
10.5 Ordered Categories, 194
xii CONTENTS
10.6 Relationship with Logit Analysis on Categorical
Variables, 194
10.7 Other Uses of Log-Linear Models, 197
References, 197
11. Survival Analysis 199
11.1 The Total Time at Risk, 202
11.2 Life Tables, 205
11.3 Comparison of Life Tables, 211
11.4 Inclusion of Background Factors, 216
11.5 Estimating the Distribution of Survival Time, 219
11.6 Testing the Proportional Hazards Model, 219
11.7 Allowance for Delay in Treatment, 222
11.8 Self-Censoring: Competing Risks, 224
11.9 Alternative Techniques, 226
Appendix 11A Survival Analysis in Continuous and
Discrete Time, 228
Appendix 1 IB The Kaplan-Meier (Product-Limit)
Estimator, 229
Appendix 11C Cox s Regression Model, 229
Appendix 1 ID Breslow s Estimator of the Survivor
Function in Cox s Model, 230
References, 231
12. Analyzing Data from Premeasure/Postmeasure
Designs 235
12.1 Review of Notation, 237
12.2 Traditional Approaches to Estimating Treatment
Effects in Premeasure/Postmeasure
Designs, 238
12.3 The Basic Problem, 240
12.4 Heuristic Model for Assessing Bias Reduction, 243
12.5 Examining the Behavior of Linear Adjustments, 247
12.6 Data Analytic Advice, 252
12.7 New Directions: Design and Analysis Strategies
Based on Individual Growth Curves, 254
12.8 Summary and Conclusions, 258
References, 259
CONTENTS xiii
13. Choice of Procedure 261
13.1 Categorical or Numerical Variables, 262
13.2 Comparison of Matching and Adjustment Procedures, 266
13.3 Combining Procedures, 270
References, 273
14. Considerations in Assessing Association and
Causality 275
14.1 Assessing the Quality of the Estimate of
the Treatment Effect, 276
14.2 Assessing Causality, 276
References, 279
Index
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)5893246 (DE-599)BVBBV003387386 |
| dewey-full | 519.5 001.4/22 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 519 - Probabilities and applied mathematics 001 - Knowledge |
| dewey-raw | 519.5 001.4/22 |
| dewey-search | 519.5 001.4/22 |
| dewey-sort | 3519.5 |
| dewey-tens | 510 - Mathematics 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Allgemeines Mathematik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:59:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471048380 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 289 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1980 |
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| spelling | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction Sharon Anderson ... New York [u.a.] Wiley 1980 XIII, 289 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics. Statistiek gtt Statistique mathématique Statistik Mathematical statistics Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd rswk-swf Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 s DE-604 Anderson, Sharon Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002140933&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction Statistiek gtt Statistique mathématique Statistik Mathematical statistics Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4196864-5 |
| title | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction |
| title_auth | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction |
| title_exact_search | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction |
| title_full | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction Sharon Anderson ... |
| title_fullStr | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction Sharon Anderson ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction Sharon Anderson ... |
| title_short | Statistical methods for comparative studies |
| title_sort | statistical methods for comparative studies techniques for bias reduction |
| title_sub | techniques for bias reduction |
| topic | Statistiek gtt Statistique mathématique Statistik Mathematical statistics Statistics Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Statistiek Statistique mathématique Statistik Mathematical statistics Statistics Anwendung |
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