The meaning of meaning: a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Routledge & Kegan Paul
1969
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| Ausgabe: | 10. ed., 7. impr. |
| Schriftenreihe: | International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 363 S. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The meaning of meaning |b a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |c by C. K. Odgen and I. A. Richards |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804117178240204801 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The meaning of meaning
Autor: Ogden, Charles K.
Jahr: 1969
CONTENTS
MGE
Preface to the First Edition . . . v
Preface to the Second Edition . . . xii
Preface to the Third Edition . . . xiii
Preface to the Fourth Edition . . . xiv
Preface to the Eighth Edition . . .xiv
Chapter I
THOUGHTS, WORDS AND THINGS
Meaning, the central problem of Language, neglected by the
sciences most concerned, 1. Its treatment by philosophers to
be considered in detail as the analysis proceeds, particularly in
Chapter VIII. The philological approach.—Professor Post-
gates clear formulation, 2. The failure of Semantics ; Breal, 2.
F. de Saussure and la langue, 4. The ethnologists; Boas, 6.
The development of psychology makes a scientific treatment of
symbols possible, 8.
The importance of Symbols in all discussion and inquiry.—
Symbolism the study of their influence on thought, 8. The
many functions of symbols.—Their function as organizing and
communicating reference to be first considered, 9. Their emotive
functions postponed till Chapter VII. A convenient diagram of
Symbol, Reference and Referent, 10. The relation of words to
things indirect; through Interpretation, 11. The dangers of
verbal shorthand, 12. Advance in Science through its rejection.—
Relativity; Psycho-analysis, 13.
Misinterpretation, 14. Complexities due to misdirection;
Lying, 16. Such derivative problems of secondary importance, 19.
The necessity for a theory of Interpretation based on our
observation of others, 19. The dubiety of Introspection.—
Impossibility of a solipsistic account of communication ; Baldwin,
20. The variety and omnipresence of Sign-situations, 21. The
peculiar place of Symbols, 23.
Chapter II
THE POWER OF WORDS
Symbols as a perennial source of wonder and illusion. The
prevalence of symbol-worship among the uneducated, 24.
Language a vehicle of the most primitive ideas and emotions of
mankind, 25. The name as soul.—Secret names, 27,
xv
xvi CONTENTS
Verbal superstition still rife.—Reasons for its wide diffusion.—
Purely verbal constructions in modern philosophy, 29. The
alleged world of Being ; Bertrand Russell as a neo-Platonist, 30.
The Greek view of language.—Platonism as the product of
primitive word-magic, 31. Heracleitus, Pythagoras, 32. Par-
menides.—Plato s ideas developed from the Pythagorean
name-soul.—Neglect of Plato s Cratylus, 33. Aristotle s depend¬
ence on words; his logic based on grammar.—Testimony of
Whewell and Gomperz.—Linguistic tricks characteristic of
Greek dialectic, 34. Mauthner s critique of Aristotelian ver¬
balism.—The De Interpretatione, 35. Verbal superstitions in
Rome, 36. Evidence that the Greeks realized the misleading
influence of language, 37. Buddhism even more explicit.—5ut
Aenesidemus and the Sceptics alone in antiquity approached the
problem of signs scientifically, 38.
The East the true home of verbal superstition.—Spells : verbal
magic and verbal medicine, 39. Verbal magic still practised
freely to-day.—But in new forms.—Logicians as mystics, 40.
Rignano on the verbal carapace.—Affective resonance in meta¬
physics, 42. Word-magic in modern medicine, 43.
Only by an analysis of sign and symbol situations can we
escape such influences.—The existence of the problem only
realized in recent times.—Forerunners of a scientific treatment
from William of Occam to Mauthner, 43.
The next step. A theory of signs indispensable to an analysis
of the meaning of symbols.—Light thrown on verbal magic by
this theory, 47.
Chapter III
SIGN-SITUATIONS
The theory of Meaning dependent upon the theory of Signs.—
Reference, i.e., the relation between a thought and what it is
of, not unique, 48. The alleged direct relation of acquaintance
with propositions ; Keynes, Lipps, Husserl, van Ginneken, 49.
Previous psychological accounts of Knowledge—in terms of
association, apperception and suggestion—insufficiently dynamic.
—Development in terms of mnemic causation; Semon, 51.
Illustrations and explanations; Lloyd Morgan s caterpillar, 52.
The defects of causal language, 54. Restatement in terms of
recurrent contexts, 55. Examples of contexts psychological and
external, 56. Definition of a Context, 58. How contexts recur.—
Generality of contexts and their probability, 59.
Defects of accounts based on imagery.—Images as luxuries of
mental life, 59. Their dangers, 61. Russell.—The context
theory of reference illustrated in the difficult case of expectation.—
The truth or falsity of a reference merely a question of the recur¬
rence or non-recurrence of a context.—Extension of this view to
CONTENTS xvii
expectations whose signs are themselves beliefs, and further to
all cases of interpretation from particular to particular, 62.
Extension to general references, 63. The generality and par¬
ticularity of primitive references not the symbolic generality
and particularity of logic.—The conditions for general refer¬
ences, 64. Inclusive and non-inclusive references, i.e., references
to all and some, 65. The detailed investigation of contexts a
future task of psychology, 66.
The referents of false beliefs, 66. Propositions as references,
i.e., relational characters of mental processes. Logical form,
as the structure of references.—Inclusion of references in com¬
pound references, 68. All complex references analysable into
simple references, i.e., ideas or concepts which are indefinite and
true, 69. Ideas and beliefs different only in complexity and in
affective-volitional characters.—Definiteness of reference obtained
only through complexity, 70. A false reference composed of
true simple references, 71. Illustrations of compound false
beliefs, 72.
The conformity of the contextual theory of reference with
modern scientific attitudes.—Its dependence upon some theory
of probability, 73. Suggestions towards a theory of probability,
74. Misinterpretation, relevance, emotional interference, 75.
Chapter IV
SIGNS IN PERCEPTION
The theory of interpretation applied to perception, 77. The
difficulties of the question What do we see ? due to the neglect
of the sign-situations involved; Helmholtz, 78. And to bad
symbolic procedure, 80.
Modifications of our sense organs as the initial signs which we
interpret, 80. Direct apprehending as a happening in the
nerves.—Dismissal of the charge of materialism, 81. This view
merely a rounding off of the most comprehensive system of
verified references yet obtained. As such at present unassailable,
82. Some notorious paradoxes removed by the exhibition of
the sign-situations present, 83. Such expansion of symbols as
a general anti-metaphysical method, 85.
Chapter V
THE CANONS OF SYMBOLISM
The postulates of communication.—Logic as the science of
systematic symbolization, 87.
The Canon of Singularity. The symbols of mathematics
peculiar.—The nature of mathematics, 88. Wittgenstein, Rig-
xvui CONTENTS
nano, James Mill, 89. The sameness of references, 90. Symbol
substitution, 91.
The Canon of Definition. Identity of reference and identity of
referent.—Difficulties in discussion, 92.
The Canon of Expansion. The source of philosophy. —
Levels of reference.—-Expansion must show the sign-situations
involved, 98. Symbolic overgrowths and contractions.— Uni-
versals symbolic conveniences.—The illusion of a world of
being, 94. Russell, 96. Language as an instrument, 98.
Incorrect distinguished from fake symbols.—The Universe of
discourse, 102.
The Canon of Actuality. The discovery of the referent.
Bogus referents, 103. Examples of procedure, 104.
The Canon of Compatibility. The avoidance of nonsense and
antinomies. The Laws of Thought, 105.
The Canon of Individuality. The place of a referent.
Place as a symbolic accessory, 106. Translation and expan¬
sion of false propositions.—Importance of expansion in education !
and controversy, 107.
Chapter VI
DEFINITION i
Four difficulties confronting a theory of definition, 109. (i)
Verbal and real definitions, 110. (ii) Definitions and state¬
ments, (iii) Definitions ad hoc.—The universe of discourse.
(iv) Intensive and extensive definition, 111.
The technique of definition.—The selection of starting-points
with which to connect doubtful referents.—Types of fundamental
connection few in number. — Reasons for this, 113. Criteria
of starting-points, 114. The merits of gesture-language, 115.
Complex and indirect relations, 116. Enumeration of common
routes of definition, 117.
Application of this technique to discussion.—Fallacy of seeking
the definition of a symbol.—-Systematic and occasional definitions,
121. Non-symbolic, i.e., indefinable terms, 123. Example of
good, 124. Influence of purpose on vocabulary, 126. Error
of seeking common element in various uses. Reasons for this
habit, 128. Difficulty of introducing new terms, 130. The
Method of Separation, 181. Rules of thumb.—The naming of
controversial tricks.—Schopenhauer s suggestion, 132. Three
subterfuges distinguished : the phonetic (Mill s case); the hypo-
static ; the utraquistic, 133. Further safeguards against con¬
troversial malpractices. Dangerous words: Irritants, Degener¬
ates, Mendicants (Matthew Arnold), Nomads (Locke), 184.
The value of a transferable technique, 138.
»
CONTENTS xix
Chapter VII
THE MEANING OF BEAUTY
The perennial discussion of Beauty a suitable field in which
to test the theory of definition.—The chaos in aesthetics, 187.
Rupert Brooke ; Benedetto Croce, 140. Separation of the uses
of the word, 141. Interrelations of these uses, 144. Cognate
and allied terms, 145.
The multiple functions of language.—Frequency of apparent
nonsense in the best critics; Longinus, Coleridge, Bradley,
Mackail, 147. The symbolic and the emotive use of words.—
Statements and appeals.—The speaker and the listener, 149.
The symbolic and emotive functions distinct.—Claim to truth
as the test.—Dangers in applying the test, 150.
Neglect of this multiplicity by grammarians; von der
Gabelentz, Vendryes, 151. The speculative approach, 158.
Bergson, Stephen, 154. Solution of the intellect versus intuition
problem, 155. Virtual knowledge as aesthetic appreciation,
156. Repose and satisfaction in Synaesthesis.—Interferences
between language uses, 157. D. H. Lawrence and the sun, 159.
Chapter VIII
THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHERS
1 Lack of attention to Meaning on the part of philosophers,
160. Summary of the 1920-21 Symposium in Mind; Schiller,
Russell, Joachim, Sidgwick, Strong, 161. Contemporaneous dis¬
cussion of aphasia in Brain.—Inability of current psychology to
assist neurologists ; Parsons, 162.
Recent American contributions.—The Critical Realists, 168.
The ubiquity of the term meaning in their discussions.—
Drake, Lovejoy, Pratt, Rogers, Santayana, Sellars, Strong.
Uncritical use of the word meaning their chief bond of union,
164. Particularly reprehensible display by Munsterberg, 169.
Appreciation of Munsterberg; Professor Moore, 178, Vocabulary
of the latter, 174.
Further typical examples; Broad, Nettleship, Haldane, Royce,
177. Keynes, 178. Official psychology; seven professors, 179.
Psycho-analysis; Putnam. Pragmatists, 180. Historians.
Even the clearest thinkers; G. E. Moore, 181. Artists, theo¬
logians and others, 182. A crescendo of emotional asseveration,
188.
Chapter IX
THE MEANING OF MEANING
Desirability of improving on the linguistic practice of philo¬
sophers.—The framing of a list of definitions as in Chapter VII,
xx CONTENTS
185. Sixteen main definitions elicited, 186. Discussion of these
seriatim. Meaning as an intrinsic property of words (I) and as
an unanalysable relation (II) dismissed. Consideration of- dic¬
tionary meaning (III) postponed. Connotation (IV) and Denota¬
tion as logical artifacts ; Johnson, Russell, Mill, 187. Essences
(V) as connotations hypostatized, 188. Meaning as projected
activity (VI) a metaphor, Schiller. Meaning as intention (VII)
analysed ; Joseph, Gardiner, 191. Complications due to mis¬
direction, 194. Affective-volitional aspects, 195. Meaning as
place in a system (VIII), 196. A vague usage. This sometimes
narrowed down to meaning as practical consequences (IX),
197. William James and the pragmatists. Or to meaning as
what is implied (X). Meaning as emotional accompaniments
(XI), 198. Urban, 199.
The doctrine of Natural Signs (XII).—Examples, 199. The
psycho-analyst s meaning as cause of. Meaning as psycho¬
logical context (XIIIa) in the contextual theory of reference.
Further explanations of this theory, 201. Instances and objec- :
tions. Necessity of checking the evidence of introspection, 201.
The inconclusiveness of immediate conviction, 202. Why we
must rely on symbols in abstract thinking, 208. Meaning as
referent (XIIIb) in the contextual theory of reference. Corre¬
spondence theory of truth unnecessary. Speaker and listener
again, 205. Delimitation of contexts the problem for the theory
of communication. Meaning as what the speaker ought to be
referring to (XIV) ; Good Use, 206. Dictionaries as marking
overlaps between references of symbols, 207. Complications in
meaning due to symbol situations (XV and XVI), 208.
Chapter X
SYMBOL SITUATIONS
The context theory of reference applied to the use of words.—
The case of the hearer to be considered first, 209. The recogni¬
tion of sounds as words a preliminary stage. This not necessarily
a conscious performance. These processes in infancy, 210.
Levels of interpretation, 211.
No strict correlation between complexity of symbols and com¬
plexity of references, 211. The contexts required for the use
of proper names simpler than those for descriptive phrases.—
Reasons and illustrations, 212. The use of symbols to facilitate
abstraction.—Words acquired through other words. Metaphor
as the primitive symbolization of abstraction, 218.
The processes of symbolization in the speaker. Marked
differences between individuals in this respect, 214. Varied j
degrees of dependence of reference upon symbol, 215. Great I
practical importance of these differences, 216. The speaker !
I
CONTENTS xxi
sometimes word-free, sometimes word-dependent, 217. Light
thrown upon these processes by pathology.—Aphasia, 218.
Different levels at which failure may occur.—The bearing of this
upon Grammar.—Grammar as Natural History of symbol systems.
—Good use as dependent upon Universes of discourse, 220.
The real task of Grammar as a normative science, 221. The
study of symbols apart from the referential and emotive functions
a mere pastime, 222.
The multiplicity of the language functions, (i) Strict sym-
bolization. (ii) Symbols as signs of the attitude of the Speaker
to his audience, 224. (iii) As signs of his attitude to his referent,
(iv) As instruments for the promotion of purposes, (v) As signs
of facility and difficulty in reference, 22S.
These functions probably exhaustive. Sentence-form as a
compromise between symbolization and the emotive factors,
226. Illustrations of their interplay, 227. The problems of
Translation, 228. Neglect of this multiplicity by grammarians.—
Two functions sometimes recognized, 230. The alleged neglect
of the listener. Wundt s use of Ausdruck. Dittrich, von
Humboldt, de Saussure, Martinak and others on the listener,
281. Brunot s method, 232.
Illustrations of compromises between language functions, 283.
Subordination.—Poetic language the chief instance of this.—
The verbal resources of the poet.—Lafcadio Hearn s description
of words, 235. Shelley and the skylark, 238. Rhythmic,
metrical and other effects of words, 239. Emotional use of
metaphor. The influence of these effects on strict symbolization,
240. Confusions due to misunderstanding of this influence,
241.
Sociological and scientific consequences of a better under¬
standing of language in general.—The urgency of further investi¬
gations, 241. The opportunity now open. The emergence of a
separate science.—Its scope and prospects, 242.
FAGE
SUMMARY 243
APPENDICES—
A. On Grammar ....... 251
B. On Contexts 268
C. Aenesidemus Theory of Signs .... 266
D. Some Moderns—
1. Husseri . . 268 4. Gomperz . 274
2. Russell . . 273 5. Baldwin . 277
8. Frege . . 278 6. Peirce . . 279
E. On Negative Facts 291
xxii CONTENTS
SUPPLEMENTS
FAG*
I. The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages, by
B. Malinowski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Reader in Social
Anthropology, London School of Economics . . 296
II. The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of
Language in the Study of Medicine, by F. G.
Crookshank, M.D., F.R.C.P 837
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 357
INDEX OF NAMES 861
t
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| author | Ogden, Charles K. 1889-1957 Richards, Ivor A. 1893-1980 |
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| edition | 10. ed., 7. impr. |
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| id | DE-604.BV002882837 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:50:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001804807 |
| oclc_num | 470382276 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-83 |
| physical | XXII, 363 S. |
| psigel | TUB-nveb |
| publishDate | 1969 |
| publishDateSearch | 1969 |
| publishDateSort | 1969 |
| publisher | Routledge & Kegan Paul |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method |
| spelling | Ogden, Charles K. 1889-1957 Verfasser (DE-588)118786881 aut The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism by C. K. Odgen and I. A. Richards 10. ed., 7. impr. London Routledge & Kegan Paul 1969 XXII, 363 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 gnd rswk-swf Bedeutung (DE-588)4005184-5 gnd rswk-swf Zeichen (DE-588)4067439-3 gnd rswk-swf Semiotik (DE-588)4054498-9 gnd rswk-swf Symbol (DE-588)4058716-2 gnd rswk-swf Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 gnd rswk-swf Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd rswk-swf Zeichen (DE-588)4067439-3 s DE-604 Semiotik (DE-588)4054498-9 s Symbol (DE-588)4058716-2 s Bedeutung (DE-588)4005184-5 s Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 s 1\p DE-604 Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 s Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 s 2\p DE-604 Richards, Ivor A. 1893-1980 Verfasser (DE-588)118788701 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001804807&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ogden, Charles K. 1889-1957 Richards, Ivor A. 1893-1980 The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 gnd Bedeutung (DE-588)4005184-5 gnd Zeichen (DE-588)4067439-3 gnd Semiotik (DE-588)4054498-9 gnd Symbol (DE-588)4058716-2 gnd Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 gnd Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4121708-1 (DE-588)4005184-5 (DE-588)4067439-3 (DE-588)4054498-9 (DE-588)4058716-2 (DE-588)4011450-8 (DE-588)4054490-4 |
| title | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |
| title_auth | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |
| title_exact_search | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |
| title_full | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism by C. K. Odgen and I. A. Richards |
| title_fullStr | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism by C. K. Odgen and I. A. Richards |
| title_full_unstemmed | The meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism by C. K. Odgen and I. A. Richards |
| title_short | The meaning of meaning |
| title_sort | the meaning of meaning a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |
| title_sub | a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism |
| topic | Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Sprachtheorie (DE-588)4121708-1 gnd Bedeutung (DE-588)4005184-5 gnd Zeichen (DE-588)4067439-3 gnd Semiotik (DE-588)4054498-9 gnd Symbol (DE-588)4058716-2 gnd Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 gnd Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sprache Sprachtheorie Bedeutung Zeichen Semiotik Symbol Denken Semantik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001804807&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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