Surface crystallography: an introduction to low energy electron diffraction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
1985
|
| Schriftenreihe: | A Wiley-Interscience publication
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 329 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471905135 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Surface crystallography |b an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |c L. J. Clarke |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804116729970819072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Surface crystallography
Autor: Clarke, Lionel J
Jahr: 1985
Contents
Preface ...................................................... xi
Chapter 1: Surface structures and diffraction..................... 1
1.1 Historical development ................................... 1
1.2 Diffraction and the reciprocal lattice........................ 4
1.3 Interpretation of diffraction patterns........................ 9
1.3.1 Clean, unreconstructed surfaces ...................... 9
1.3.2 Overlayer structures................................ 11
1.3.3 Domains ......................................... 13
1.4 Diffraction from successive planes of a crystal ............... 18
1.4.1 Rationally related overlayers ........................ 18
1.4.2 Incommensurate overlayers ......................... 22
1.4.3 Symmetry in diffracted beam intensities .............. 26
1.5 Surface structures and notation ............................ 33
1.5.1 Crystal structures and Miller indices .................. 33
1.5.2 Cubic lattices ...................................... 35
1.5.3 Body-centred cubic crystal surfaces ................... 35
1.5.4 Face-centred cubic crystal surfaces ................... 39
1.5.5 Hexagonal close-packed crystal surfaces.............. 41
1.5.6 Diamond structure surfaces ......................... 43
1.5.7 The surface structures of some common binary compounds 45
1.5.8 Overlayer notation ................................. 49
1.5.9 Non-planar surfaces: steps and facets ................. 53
1.6 Labelling of diffraction beams and the incident beam direction 62
1.7 Space-group symmetry .................................... 64
Chapter 2: Experimental techniques ............................. 73
2.1 Basic elements of the standard LEED apparatus ............. 73
2.1.1 The vacuum chamber .............................. 73
2.1.2 The display system ................................. 74
2.1.3 Measurement of intensities .......................... 76
2.1.4 Electron guns ..................................... 79
2.1.5 Sample holders and manipulators .................... 84
2.2 Computerized data acquisition ............................. 88
2.3 Different types of LEED systems .......................... 91
2.3.1 Hemispherical, transmissive screen systems ............ 91
vii
vm
2.3.2 Magnetic deflection systems ......................... 93
2.3.3 Rat, transmissive screen systems...................... 93
2.3.4 MEMLEED ...................................... 95
2.3.5 High-resolution LEED ............................. 97
2.4 Detection limits of a diffractometer ........................ 99
2.5 Magnetic field cancellation ................................ 101
2.6 Determination of the incident beam angle ................... 105
2.7 Measurement of overlayer coverages ....................... 108
2.8 Spin-polarization of electrons: sources and detectors .......... 110
Chapter 3: Scattering of electrons by crystals ..................... 116
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 116
3.2 Ion-core potentials ....................................... 117
3.2.1 The muffin-tin approximation ....................... 117
3.2.2 Calculation of ion-core potentials .................... 118
3.2.3 Exchange and correlation terms ...................... 122
3.2.4 Relativistic contributions ............................ 127
3.3 Phase shifts .............................................. 129
3.3.1 Relationship between phase shifts and scattering potentials 129
3.3.2 t-matrices and the scattering cross-section ............. 132
3.3.3 Calculation of phase shifts .......................... 136
3.3.4 Interpretation of phase shift diagrams (Levinson s Theorem) 136
3.3.5 Variable-phase approach to phase shift calculations ..... 142
3.4 The inner potential ....................................... 143
Chapter 4: Multiple-scattering calculations ....................... 148
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 148
4.2 Representations in scattering theory ........................ 148
4.3 The development of multiple-scattering theories ............. 154
4.3.1 Terminology ...................................... 157
4.4 Treatment of infinite orders of multiple scattering ............ 158
4.5 Direct perturbation methods ............................... 159
4.6 Iterative methods ........................................ 161
4.6.1 Layer (or matrix) doubling ......................... 162
4.6.2 Renormalized forward scattering (RFS) ............... 164
4.6.3 Reverse scattering perturbation (RSP) ................ 166
4.6.4 Bootstrap acceleration method ....................... 167
4.6.5 Comparison of exact and perturbative iterative schemes . 168
4.7 Combined space method (CSM) ........................... 168
4.8 Chain method ........................................... 169
4.9 Specialized programs ..................................... 170
4.9.1 Two-atom per unit cell program (CAVLEED) ......... 170
IX
4.9.2 Reconstructed surfaces .............................. 171
4.10 Relativistic effects and spin-polarized LEED ................ 173
4.11 Treatment of molecular adsorbates ......................... 174
4.11.1 Approximation methods ............................ 176
4.11.2 Asymptotic cluster model ........................... 177
4.12 Treatment of disordered surfaces ........................... 180
4.13 Summary of program packages available .................... 181
Chapter 5: Temperature effects ................................. 182
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 182
5.2 Lattice vibration: phonon scattering and the Debye-Waller
factor ................................................... 182
5.3 Lattice expansion: dynamic displacements ................... 186
5.4 The calculation of vibrational amplitudes.................... 189
5.5 Experimental measurements using kinematical analysis ....... 192
5.6 Multiple-scattering theory ................................. 196
5.7 Anisotropic vibrations .................................... 198
5.8 Adsorbate atom vibration ................................ 201
5.9 Correlation and adsorbed molecules ........................ 206
Chapter 6: Applications of kinematic theory ...................... 209
6.1 Kinematic theory......................................... 209
6.2 Point defect structures: random mixing and vacancies ......... 215
6.3 Steps and facets .......................................... 218
6.4 Antiphase domains ....................................... 230
6.5 Order-disorder phenomena ............................... 234
6.6 Data averaging .......................................... 239
Chapter 7: Comparison of theoretical and experimental results ..... 244
7.1 Reproducibility of experimental data ....................... 244
7.2 Comparison of theoretical methods.......................... 247
7.3 Quantitative comparisons of theory and experiment........... 248
7.3.1 Zanazzi-Jona r-factors ............................. 249
7.3.2 Penary r-factors ................................... 252
7.3.3 Metric distances ................................... 254
7.3.4 The 1(g) method.................................... 258
7.3.5 Comparison of r-factor methods ..................... 262
7.4 Refinement of the structural model ......................... 266
7.5 A systematic approach to the refinement of structural analyses 274
Chapter 8: Comparison of LEED with related surface analysis
techniques ......................................... 282
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 282
8.2 Electron and positron diffraction methods ................... 283
8.2.1 Low-energy positron diffraction (LEPD) ............. 283
8.2.2 Medium-energy electron diffraction (MEED) .......... 284
8.2.3 Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) .. 286
8.3 Surface crystallographic methods using electrons or radiation .. 287
8.3.1 Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
(ARUPS), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (ARXPS)
and Auger emission spectroscopy (ARAES)............ 287
8.3.2 Surface extended X-ray adsorption fine structure (SEXAFS)
and X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) .... 289
8.3.3 High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
(HREELS) ....................................... 291
8.3.4 Infra-red spectroscopy............................... 293
8.4 Surface crystallographic methods using ion- and atom-scattering
methods ................................................ 294
8.4.1 Low-, medium-, and high-energy ion scattering ........ 294
8.4.2 Atom scattering .................................... 297
8.5 Desorption methods ...................................... 300
8.5.1 Angular distribution of ions produced by electron-
stimulated desorption (ESDIAD) .................... 300
8.5.2 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ............. 302
8.6 Other methods providing surface crystallographic data ........ 302
8.7 Summary ................................................ 305
Questions .................................................... 306
Appendix 1 ................................................... 311
General references ............................................ 313
References ................................................... 315
Index ........................................................ 325
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:43:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471905135 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 329 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1985 |
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| spelling | Clarke, Lionel J. Verfasser aut Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction L. J. Clarke Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1985 XIII, 329 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Wiley-Interscience publication Literaturangaben Festkörperoberfläche (DE-588)4127823-9 gnd rswk-swf LEED (DE-588)4074082-1 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd rswk-swf Elektronenstreuung (DE-588)4151903-6 gnd rswk-swf LEED (DE-588)4074082-1 s DE-604 Festkörperoberfläche (DE-588)4127823-9 s Elektronenstreuung (DE-588)4151903-6 s Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001492884&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Clarke, Lionel J. Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction Festkörperoberfläche (DE-588)4127823-9 gnd LEED (DE-588)4074082-1 gnd Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd Elektronenstreuung (DE-588)4151903-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4127823-9 (DE-588)4074082-1 (DE-588)4126166-5 (DE-588)4151903-6 |
| title | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |
| title_auth | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |
| title_exact_search | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |
| title_full | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction L. J. Clarke |
| title_fullStr | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction L. J. Clarke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction L. J. Clarke |
| title_short | Surface crystallography |
| title_sort | surface crystallography an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |
| title_sub | an introduction to low energy electron diffraction |
| topic | Festkörperoberfläche (DE-588)4127823-9 gnd LEED (DE-588)4074082-1 gnd Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd Elektronenstreuung (DE-588)4151903-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festkörperoberfläche LEED Oberflächenchemie Elektronenstreuung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001492884&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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