Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam
Elsevier
1980
|
| Series: | Methods and phenomena.
4. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 404 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444418687 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | EDITED BY A.W. CZANDERNA EDITOR, METHODS AND PHENOMENA P.O. BOX 27209,
DENVER, CO 80227, U.S.A. S.P. WOLSKY VICE PRESIDENT, RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT P.R. MALLORY AND CO., INC. BURLINGTON, MA 01803, U.S.A.
VOLUME 4 OF METHODS AND PHENOMENA THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM * OXFORD *
NEW YORK 1980 IX CONTENTS PREFACE VII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND
MICROBALANCE REVIEW, A.W. CZANDERNA AND S.P. WOLSKY 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1
*. HISTORY 4 *. DEFINITIONS 5 IV. CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
MICROBALANCES 7 A. INTRODUCTION: THE IDEAL MICROBALANCE 7 *. TYPES OF
INSTRUMENTS 8 1. CANTILEVER MICROBALANCES, 8 * 2. SPRING MICROBALANCES,
9 * 3. BEAM MICROBALANCES, 12 C. METHODS OF MONITORING MASS CHANGES 17
1. DEFLECTION OPERATION, MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC, 17 * 2. NULL OPERATION,
MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC COMPENSATION, 17 D. METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC SENSING OF
MOVEMENT FROM THE NULL POINT 19 1. INTRODUCTION: AUTOMATIC RECORDING
MICROBALANCES, 19 * 2. CAPACITANCE, 23 * 3. MAGNETIC INDUCTION, 24 *4.
PHOTOELECTRIC, 24 E. MATERIALS FOR MICROBALANCE FABRICATION 24 F.
CONCLUSION: THE ULTIMATE MICROBALANCE 25 V. CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES 26
VI. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATION OF A VACUUM MICROBALANCE 27 A.
INTRODUCTION 27 B. VACUUM OPERATION 28 1. BALANCE HOUSING, 28 * 2.
HANGDOWN TUBES, 28 * 3. SAMPLE SUSPENSION FIBERS, 29 4. VACUUM
TECHNIQUE, 30 C. VIBRATIONAL MOUNTS 30 D. THERMOSTATIC OPERATION 32 E.
AUTOMATIC OPERATION 32 F. MANUAL OPERATION 32 G. HIGH TEMPERATURE
OPERATION 32 H. LOW TEMPERATURE OPERATION 34 VII. UNDESIRABLE
DISTURBANCES OR FORCES 34 A. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION EFFECTS 34 B.
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS 35 C. STATIC CHARGE FORCES 36 D. CONVECTION
CURRENTS 36 E. BUOYANCY FORCES 37 F. RADIOMETRIC FORCES THAT RESULT FROM
THE THERMOMOLECULAR FLOW OF GASES . 38 G. WATER VAPOR EFFECTS 42 VIII.
APPLICATIONS 43 A. CLASSIC OPERATION 43 B. SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF
MASS AND OTHER PHYSICAL PARAMETERS . . . . 46 C. FUTURE 49 D.
THERMOGRAVIMETRY 50 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 50 REFERENCES 51 X CHAPTER 2. BEAM
MICROBALANCE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION, R.L. SCHWOEBEL 59 I.
INTRODUCTION 59 *. SOME GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BEAM
MICROBALANCE DESIGN . . . . 60 *. MICROBALANCE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
69 A. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 69 B. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS BEAM MICROBALANCES 70 1. HORIZONTAL
SUSPENSIONS, 70 * 2. PIVOTAL SUSPENSIONS, 71 3. VERTICAL SUSPENSIONS, 71
IV. MICROBALANCE CONSTRUCTION 74 A. MATERIALS CONSIDERATIONS 74 B. BEAM
AND SUSPENSION CONSTRUCTION 76 V. MICROBALANCE OPERATION 81 A.
DEFLECTION DETECTORS 81 B. COMPENSATION AND NULL TECHNIQUES 82 C.
AUTOMATIC DAMPING AND NULLING SYSTEMS 84 D. SYSTEM SENSIBILITY OR
RESOLUTION 87 E. MICROBALANCE CALIBRATION 89 VI. SUMMARY 91 REFERENCES
92 CHAPTER 3. SOURCES OF ERROR IN MICROWEIGHING IN CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENTS, C.H. MASSEN AND J.A. POULIS 95 I. INTRODUCTION 95 *.
BROWNIAN MOTION 96 A. THE UNDAMPED BALANCE WITHOUT FEEDBACK 96 B. THE
CRITICALLY DAMPED BALANCE WITHOUT FEEDBACK 97 C. THE AUTOMATED BALANCE
98 *. KNUDSEN FORCES 100 IV. CAVITY FORCES ILL V. ARMLENGTH EFFECT 113
VI. RADIATION PRESSURE 116 VII. GRAVITATIONAL FORCES 117 VIII.
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES 118 IX. MAGNETOSTATIC FORCES 120 X. BUILDING
VIBRATIONS 124 REFERENCES 124 CHAPTER 4. PHYSICAL ADSORPTION STUDIES
WITH THE VACUUM MICROBALANCE, E. ROBENS 127 I. INTRODUCTION 127 *.
INSTRUMENTATION 129 A. SORPTION BALANCES . . . * 129 B. INSTRUMENTS FOR
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL 131 * INSTRUMENTS FOR TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL 132 D. DETERMINATION OF THE SATURATION VAPOR
PRESSURE 135 E. GRAVIMETRIC SORPTION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 135 1.
MOISTURE METERS, 135 - 2. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC INSTRUMENTS, 135 * 3.
SORPTION METERS, 135 *4. COMPOSITE INSTRUMENTS, 136 *. MEASURING
TECHNIQUES 137 A. MEASURING PROCEDURE 137 1. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS,
138 * 2. NITROGEN SORPTION ISOTHERM, 138 B. PRETREATMENT OF THE
MATERIALS 139 1. SAMPLE PREPARATION, 139 2. ADSORPTIVES, 140 C.
PRETREATMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT 141 1. BALANCE, 141 - 2. THERMOSTATTING,
141 * 3. BUOYANCY COMPENSATION, 141 4. GAS SUPPLY, 141 XI D. SPECIAL
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENTS 143 1. SAFETY MEASURES, 143 * 2.
ERRORS, 143 * 3. BUOYANCY, 143 * 4. DEGASSING, 146 * 5. ZERO POINT
DETERMINATION, 147 * 6. CONDENSATION VALUE DETERMINATION, 148 * 7.
KNUDSEN FORCES AND CONVECTION, 149 * 8. ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE, 149 * 9.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, 150 * 10. TEMPERATURE FAILURES, 150 E. REDUCING
THE MEASURING TIME 151 IV. EXAMPLES OF PHYSISORPTION MEASUREMENTS AND
THEIR EVALUATION 153 A. EVALUATION OF ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS 153 1.
REPRESENTATION OF SORPTION ISOTHERMS, 153 * 2. PHENOMENOLOGY,
CLASSIFICATION OF ISOTHERMS, 153 * 3. INTERPRETATION OF PHYSISORPTION
ISOTHERMS, 155 *4. CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF ADSORBED MOLECULES, 155 * 5.
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SURFACE AREA AND PORE SIZE ANALYSIS, 156 B.
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA, PARTICLE SIZE AND ROUGHNESS . .
. . 156 1. * POINT, 158 * 2. BET METHOD, 159 * 3. COMPARISON METHODS,
160 * 4. CUMULATIVE METHOD, 162 C. ISOTHERMS OF POROUS MATERIALS 163 1.
PORE WIDTH, 163 * 2. POROSITY AND MEAN PORE RADIUS, 164 D. MCSOPORC
ANALYSIS 164 1. ASSESSMENT OF PORE STRUCTURE FROM ISOTHERM SHAPE, 164 *
2. KELVIN EQUATION, 165 * 3. COMPARISON METHODS, 166 * 4. THICKNESS OF
ADSORBED LAYERS, 166 * 5. THE MODELLESS METHOD, 167 E. MICROPORE
ANALYSIS 169 F. DETERMINATION OF THE ISOSTERIC HEAT 170 REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 5. CHEMISORPTION STUDIES WITH THE VACUUM MICROBALANCE, A.W.
CZANDERNA 175 I. INTRODUCTION 175 *. PROBING THE SURFACE PHASE 177 HI.
QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION 181 A.
ADSORPTION PARAMETERS 181 B. ISOSTERIC HEAT OF ADSORPTION 182 C.
ACTIVATION ENERGY OF ADSORPTION 183 D. DESORPTION KINETICS 185 IV.
EXPERIMENTAL 187 A. OVERVIEW 187 *. APPARATUS 189 C, TECHNIQUE 190 1.
GENERAL COMMENTS ON BUOYANCY, 190 * 2. MEASUREMENT OF THE SURFACE AREA
BY THE BET METHOD, 194 * 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE AND AMOUNT OF
CHEMISORPTION, 197 * 4. MEASUREMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF OUTGASSING,
DESORPTION, AND THERMAL DESORPTION, 198 V. CHEMISORPTION RESULTS
OBTAINED ON SILVER POWDERS 201 A. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUTGASSING,
OXYGEN ADSORPTION, AND CHEMICAL REDUC TION FOR CLEANING THE SURFACE AND
PRODUCING REPRODUCIBLE CHEMISORPTIVE BEHAVIOR 201 1. OUTGASSING
PROPERTIES, 202 * 2. PURIFICATION OF THE SURFACE, 203 * 3. CHANGES IN
THE SURFACE AREA, 204 * 4. CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF ADSORPTION,
DESORPTION, REDUCTION, AND SAMPLE MASS, 204 * 5. CHANGES IN THE INITIAL
RATE OF REDUCTION, 205 * 6. ON THE CHEMISORPTION OF REDUCING GASES OR
PRODUCT GASES OF THE REDUCTION, 206 * 7. ON THE POISONING OF THE CLEANED
SURFACE BY BULK DIFFUSION, 207 B. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF OXYGEN ON
SILVER 208 1. EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION, 208 * 2. ADSORPTION KINETICS, 211
* 3. DESORPTION KINETICS, 212 * 4. NATURE OF ADSORBED SPECIES, 216 C.
ADSORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON OXYGEN COVERED SILVER 217 VI.
CHEMISORPTION RESULTS OBTAINED ON OTHER SOLIDS 220 VII. CONCLUDING
REMARKS 228 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 229 REFERENCES 230 XII CHAPTER 6.
SIMULTANEOUS MICROGRAVIMETRIC AND RESIDUAL GAS ANALYZER MEASURE MENTS,
W. KOLLEN AND R. VASOFSKY * 233 I. INTRODUCTION 233 *. INSTRUMENTATION
234 A. MASS SPECTROMETERS 234 1. RESIDUAL GAS ANALYZERS, 234 * 2. MEDIUM
AND HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRU MENTS, 236 *. MICROBALANCES 236 III.
EXPERIMENTAL 237 A. SYSTEM DESIGN 237 1. ULTIMATE PRESSURE, 238 - 2.
LOCATION OF THE RESIDUAL GAS ANALYZER, 239 - 3. VACUUM, 242 *4. DATA
HANDLING, 244 B. METHODS 244 1. RESIDUAL GAS ANALYZER MEASUREMENTS, 244
* 2. SIMULTANEOUS GRAVI METRIC-RESIDUAL GAS MEASUREMENTS, 249 IV.
APPLICATIONS 254 A. REVIEW 255 1. GAS COMPOSITION, 255 * 2. DESORPTION
AND OUTGASSING, 255 * 3. CATALYSIS, 256 * 4. THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC-MASS
SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS, 257 *. FUTURE APPLICATIONS 258 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
259 REFERENCES 259 CHAPTER 7. THE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF MASS
CHANGE AND INFRARED SPECTRA, C.L. ANGELL 261 I. INTRODUCTION 261 II.
EXPERIMENTAL 266 *. RESULTS 269 IV. CONCLUSION 279 REFERENCES 279
CHAPTER 8. MICROGRAVIMETRIC STUDIES OF CATALYSTS AND CATALYTIC
PROCESSES, E.L. FULLER, JR 281 I. INTRODUCTION 281 *. VACUUM
MICROBALANCES 282 A. EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 282 B. ASSEMBLY AND
OPERATION 285 III. SELECTED EXAMPLES 288 A. SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION:
VARIATION WITH PRETREATMENT 289 B. SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION: MIXED
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ADSORPTION . . . 295 C. CHEMISORPTION: REHYDRATION
297 D. SUPPORT INFORMATION: HEAT OF ADSORPTION FROM HEAT OF WETTING 299
E. SORPTION ENERGETICS AND MECHANISM: LUNAR SOILS 300 IV. AREAS OF
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH 305 V. CONCLUSIONS * 306 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 306
REFERENCES 307 CHAPTER 9. HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTION STUDIES, E.A.
GULBRANSEN AND F.A. BRASSART 309 I. INTRODUCTION 309 A. TYPES OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS 309 *. PURPOSE OF CHAPTER 311 C. PRELIMINARY
THCRMOCHEMICAL ANALYSES 312 D. EXTENT OF REACTION 315 XIII E. UNITS 316
*. EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL RATE LAWS 316 *. GENERAL 316 *. APPARATUS
AND METHODS 317 A. STATIC REACTION SYSTEMS 319 B. FLOW REACTION SYSTEMS
3 22 C. SPECIAL PROBLEMS 322 1. TEMPERATURE, 322 * 2. GAS FLOW, 324 * 3.
PRESSURE, 324 4. CONCLUSIONS, 324 IV. APPLICATIONS 3 24 A. VAPOR
PRESSURE OF SILICON 3 24 1. EXPERIMENTAL, 325 * 2. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION, 325 B. OXIDATION OF GRAPHITE USING THE STATIC REACTION
SYSTEM 527 1. EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE, 327 - 2. CHEMICALLY
CONTROLLED REGION OF OXIDATION, 329 - 3. GAS DIFFUSION REGION OF
OXIDATION, 329 4. CAPABILITY FACTOR FOR REACTION SYSTEMS, 334 * 5.
EXPLANATION OF SURFACE AREA EFFECT, 335 C. OXIDATION OF GRAPHITE USING
THE FLOW REACTION SYSTEM 336 1. EFFECT OF GAS FLOW, 336 * 2. EFFICIENCY
CALCULATIONS, 337 * 3. ACTIVATED STATE THEORY OF SURFACE REACTIONS, 338
D. OXIDATION OF MOLYBDENUM-STATIC REACTION SYSTEM 340 1. OXIDATION
PROCESSES, 340 * 2. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, 344 - 3. EFFECT OF PRESSURE,
346 * 4. CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDATION PHENOMENA, 346 * 5. TRANSITION
BETWEEN CHEMICALLY CONTROLLED OXIDATION AND GAS DIFFUSION CONTROLLED
OXIDATION, 347 * 6. KINETIC EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS, 348 - 7.
CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION NUMBER, N, 349 * 8. MECHANISM OF
REACTION, 349 E. OXIDATION OF TUNGSTEN 351 V. GENERAL COMMENTS 352 VI.
APPENDIX 1: THEORY OF SURFACE INTERFACE REACTIONS WITH NO OXIDES PRESENT
. . 353 A. PROCESSES 3 53 *. KINETIC THEORY 3 53 C. ABSOLUTE REACTION
RATE THEORY 3 54 1. MOBILE ADSORPTION, 355 * 2. DESORPTION OF CO, 355 *
3. DESORPTION OF CO WITH DIFFUSION, 356 VII. APPENDIX 2: FURNACES FOR
TEMPERATURES UP TO 1650C 356 A. MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDC ELEMENTS . . 357 B. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
357 * USEFUL LIFE 357 D. ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS 3 57 E. FURNACE DESIGN:
REFRACTORIES 358 VIN. APPENDIX 3: FURNACE TUBES AND REACTION SYSTEMS 360
A. CRITERIA OF FURNACE TUBE PERFORMANCE 360 B. TYPES OF FURNACE TUBES
361 C. SPECIMEN SUPPORTING WIRES 362 REFERENCES 363 CHAPTER 10. UNUSUAL
APPLICATIONS OF THE VACUUM MICROBALANCE, TH. GAST 365 I. INTRODUCTION
365 II. PERMEATION OF WATE: VAPOR THROUGH PLASTIC MEMBRANES 365 A.
THEORY OF PERMEATION 365 B. MEASUREMENT OF PERMEATION 366 III.
MEASUREMENT OF DUST CONCENTRATION 368 A. THE BASIC CONCEPT OF THE DUST
BALANCE 368 B. COMBINATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC WEIGHING . 369 C. MASS DETERMINATION BY VIBRATIONS OF A
VERY THIN BAND 370 IV. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS BY
WEIGHING 373 A. THEORY OF SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS 373 B. GRAIN SIZE
DISTRIBUTION BY SEDIMENTATION IN LIQUIDS 374 XIV C. GRAIN SIZE
DISTRIBUTION BY SEDIMENTATION IN AIR 375 D. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY
SEDIMENTATION IN PARTIAL VACUUM 375 E. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 376 V.
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION 377 A. BASIC FACTS 377 B. MEASUREMENT OF
SURFACE TENSION WITH THE AID OF WIRE LOOPS AND RINGS . . . 377 C.
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION WITH THE AID OF AN IMMERSED SOLID PLATE .
378 D. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION WITH THE AID OF A CYLINDER OR OF A
SOLID PLATE TOUCHING THE SURFACE 380 E. ADAPTATION OF THE VACUUM
MICROBALANCE TO MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION 380 VI. MEASUREMENT OF
PERMITTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC LOSS FACTOR 381 A. THEORY OF ELECTROSTATIC
FORCES ON DIELECTRIC BODIES 381 B. MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC
PERMITTIVITY 382 C. MEASUREMENT OF THE DIELECTRIC LOSS FACTOR 383 VII.
PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE USING THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMATIC
COMPEN- SATION 386 A. OBJECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT 386 B. A SELF
COMPENSATING BODENSTEIN MANOMETER 386 1. COMPENSATION OF TORQUE, 386 *
2. TORSION MEASUREMENT FROM THE TORQUE ON A RIBBON, 387 VIII.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENTS OF FORCE AND COMBINATIONS OF
FORCE AND TORQUE 389 A. MEASUREMENT OF LIFT AND DRAG IN A GAS STREAM BY
A TWO COMPONENT MICROBALANCE 390 B. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF MASS
FLOW AND REACTION FORCE OF A VAPOR STREAM FROM A HEATED SAMPLE 391 C.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT AND TORQUE BY MAGNETIC SUSPENSION .
393 IX. CONCLUSION 394 REFERENCES 395 INDEX 397
|
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| id | DE-604.BV002265643 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:43:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444418687 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001488823 |
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| series | Methods and phenomena. |
| series2 | Methods and phenomena. |
| spelling | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments Hrsg. von Alvin W. Czanderna* Amsterdam Elsevier 1980 XIV, 404 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Methods and phenomena. 4. Mesures physiques Microbalances Physical measurements Mikrowaage (DE-588)4169866-6 gnd rswk-swf Mikrowaage (DE-588)4169866-6 s DE-604 Czanderna, Alvin W. Sonstige oth Methods and phenomena. 4. (DE-604)BV001891551 4. GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001488823&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments Methods and phenomena. Mesures physiques Microbalances Physical measurements Mikrowaage (DE-588)4169866-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169866-6 |
| title | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments |
| title_auth | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments |
| title_exact_search | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments |
| title_full | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments Hrsg. von Alvin W. Czanderna* |
| title_fullStr | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments Hrsg. von Alvin W. Czanderna* |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments Hrsg. von Alvin W. Czanderna* |
| title_short | Microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments |
| title_sort | microweighing in vacuum and controlled environments |
| topic | Mesures physiques Microbalances Physical measurements Mikrowaage (DE-588)4169866-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mesures physiques Microbalances Physical measurements Mikrowaage |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001488823&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001891551 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT czandernaalvinw microweighinginvacuumandcontrolledenvironments |