The vegetation of Poland:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English Polish |
| Published: |
Oxford
Pergamon Press
1966
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology
Division Botany] ; 9 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The vegetation of Poland |c ed. by Władysław Szafer |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Pergamon Press |c 1966 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 738 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology : Division Botany] |v 9 | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Vegetatie |2 gtt | |
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| _version_ | 1804116703683018752 |
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| adam_text | Titel: The vegetation of Poland
Autor: Szafer, Wladyslaw
Jahr: 1966
CONTENTS
Page
Preface................................. xxi
CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT GEOGRAPHY
IN POLAND
By Wladyslaw Szafer
1. Introductory remarks.......................... 1
Humboldt and Wahi.enberg 1 — Pol and Lobarzewski 1
2. Floristic plant geography........................ 3
Floristic foundations 3 — Geographical distribution of trees 4 — Studies
on the distribution of herbaceous plants 5 — Further studies on the distri-
bution of trees 6 — Endemic species 6 — Economically important
plants 6 — Statistical-comparative studies 7
3. Ecological plant geography ....................... 8
Climate and phenology 8 — Light, temperature, humidity 8 — Wind 9 —
Edaphic factors 9 — Peat-bogs 10 — Aquatic habitats 10 — Competition
12 — Ecologic types 12 — Mycotrophism and parasitism 13 — Regional
monographs 13 — Phytosociology 14
4. Historical plant geography........................ 16
Two methods of research 16 — The palaeobotanical method 17—Pre-
history 17 — The epiontological method 18
5. Development of phytogeographical cartography.............. 19
Objectives 19 — Regional geobotanical maps 19 — Mapping of associations
19 — Geobotanical maps of Poland 20 — The statistical method in
cartography 20
6. Conclusion............................... 20
CHAPTER II
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS
IN POLAND
By Anna Medwecka-KornaS
1. Introductory remarks.......................... 21
2. Poland s position in Europe....................... 21
vii
viii
CONTENTS
Page
Geographical differentiation of Europe 21 — Boundary between western
and eastern Europe 22 — Poland on the geobotanical map of Europe 23
3. Poland s boundaries........................... 25
The sea boundary 25 — The mountain boundaries 26 — Character of the
eastern and western boundaries 27
4. Poland s land-relief.......................... 27
Influence of land-relief on vegetation 27 — Predominance of lowlands
and zoned configuration of land-relief in Poland 28 — Coastal low-
lands 30 — Lakelands 31 — Belt of the Great Valleys 32 — The Old Hills
and Highlands 33 — The Carpathians 38
5. Poland s hydrography.......................... 43
Rivers 43 — Lakes 45 — Ground-waters 46
6. Poland s climate............................ 47
a. General climate........................... 47
Principal features of the Polish climate 47 — Dynamics of the atmosphere
and the weather 48 — Temperature 49 — Precipitation 53 — Air humidity
56 — Winds 57 — Climatic and phenological seasons of the year 58 —¦
Sequence of phenological phenomena in Poland 60 — Climatic regions
in Poland 63 — Mountain climate 65
b. Microclimate............................. 68
Properties of the lowest layers of the atmosphere 68 — Microclimate of
depressions 68 — Microclimate of hillocks 69 — Mountain micro-
climate 70 — Microclimate of damp places 70 — Forest microclimate 72
7. Geology................................ 73
Features of the geological structure affecting the vegetation 73
a. Northern and central Poland..................... 75
Composition of the drift cover 75 — Clays and sands 75 — Erratic
blocks 76 — Arrangement of the deposits; moraines 76 — Fluvioglacial
and aeolian deposits 77 — Distribution and range of glacial deposits 77 —
Part played by rocks covered with glacial deposits 78
b. Southern Poland........................... 79
The most important rocks of southern Poland 79 — Crystalline rocks 79 —
Sedimentary rocks 80 — The Sudetic Mountains 82 — The Holy Cross
Mountains 83 — The Carpathians 83
8. Poland s soils.............................. 84
General characters of soils and their origin 84 — Influence of various
soil characters on vegetation 85 — Polish soil types 86 — Initial stages
of soils 86 — Rendzinas 88 — Chernozems 89 —• Swamp soils 89 —
Peat soils 90 — Humic-gley soils 90 — Black earths 90 — Alluvial
soils 91 — Brown soils 92 — Podsols 92 — Distribution of various soil
types in Poland 94 — Correlation between soil types and plant associa-
tions 95
CONTENTS
ix
CHAPTER III
INFLUENCE OF MAN AND HIS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ON THE
VEGETATION OF POLAND. THE SYNANTHROPIC FLORA
By Jan Kornas
Page
1. Changes of the landscape due to man.................. 97
The landscape as a biological whole 97 — Historical changes in the Polish
landscape 99 —¦ The present landscape of Poland 103
2. Destruction of the original vegetation...................104
Ways in which man destroys vegetation 104 — Destruction of primeval
forests 105 — Destruction of the aquatic and swamp vegetation 111 —
Destruction of the natural grassland communities 114 — Destruction
of the flora 115 — Linkola s classification 115
3. Formation of new plant communities under the influence of man.......116
Primeval and natural communities 116 — Semi-natural communities 117 —
Synanthropic communities 118
4. Synanthropic flora............................119
Classification of synanthropic plants according to Thellung 119—Present-
day migrations of synanthropes 122 — Factors affecting the present-day
migrations of synanthropes 126 — Geographical characteristics of the
synanthropic flora of Poland 129
5. General appraisal of man s activity in nature...............135
chapter IV
FLORISTIC STATISTICS AND THE ELEMENTS OF THE POLISH FLORA
By Stanislawa Pawiowska
a. FLORISTIC STATISTICS OF POLAND....................138
B. ELEMENTS OF THE POLISH FLORA....................140
I. Geographical elements......................141
1. Transgressive species and those reaching in Poland the limits of their
distributional areas..........................141
Transgressive species 141 — Species with a northern limit 142 —
Species with an eastern limit 143 — Species with a western and north-
western limit 143 — Species with a north-eastern limit 144 —¦ Species
with a southern and south-western limit 144 — Species with a south-
eastern limit 145 — Locally circumscribed areas 145
2. Geographical elements sensit stricto ..................146
a. The Holarctic element.......................147
The Circum-Boreal sub-element...................148
The Circum-Boreal group proper 148 — The Circum-Boreal-Oceanic
group 150 — The Arctic-Boreal group 151
X
CONTENTS
Paoe
The Euro-Siberian sub-element...................152
The Arctic sub-element.......................156
The Arctic-Alpine sub-element...................156
The Amphi-Arctic-Alpine group 156 — The Arctic-Alpine Eurasian
group 158—The Arctic-Alpin£ Europeo-American group 158 —
The Arctic-Alpine Amphi-Atlantic-European group 158
The Altaic-Alpine sub-element...................160
The Central-European sub-element..................162
The lowland group 162 — The montane group 164 — The high-
mountain group (or Alpine-Central-European group sensu stricto) 166
The Atlantic (Europeo-Atlantic) sub-element.............173
The Amphi-Atlantic sub-element..................178
The Pontic sub-element.......................178
b. The Mediterranean element.....................183
c. The Irano-Turanian element....................185
d. Connective elements........................186
The Holarctic-Mediterranean connective element 187 — The Medi-
terraneo-Irano-Turanian connective element 189 — The Holarctic-
Mediterraneo-Irano-Turanian connective element 189 — The cosmo-
politan connective element 190
3. Altitudinal ranges of plants......................191
a. Non-mountain ( lowland ) plants..................191
b. Mountain plants..........................193
Montane species 193 — Subalpine species 194 — Alpine species 194 —
Multizonal mountain species 196
c. Relation of altitudinal to horizontal range..............197
d. Mountain plants in the lowlands..................198
4. Endemics..............................201
Carpathian endemics 202 — Endemics in the lowlands 205
II. Genetic elements.........................210
1. The Arctic-Tertiary family tree....................212
The Central-European genetic group 213 — The Arctic genetic
group 216 —The mountain Altaic-Himalayan genetic group 218 —
The East-Asian genetic group 218 — The North-American genetic
group 219
2. The Mediterranean family tree.....................219
3. The Irano-Turanian family tree....................222
4. The Palaeo-African family tree....................224
III. Historical elements........................225
1. The Tertiary historical element....................226
2. The Pleistocene historical element...................229
The glacial group 229— The interglacial group 231
3. The Holocene historical element....................232
IV. Migratory elements........................233
V. Ecological elements........................239
CONTENTS
XI
CHAPTER V
REVIEW OF TERRESTRIAL AND FRESH-WATER PLANT COMMUNITIES
By Bogumil Pawlowski, Anna MedwecKa-KornaS and Jan KornaA
Paoe
A. COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF PLANT COMMUNITIES AND METHODS OF
THEIR STUDY (By Bogumil PAWLOWSKI)..................241
1. Introductory remarks.........................241
2. Plant communities, associations and formations.............242
3. Stand of an association .......................243
4. Fragmentary association.......................245
5. Habitat, biotope, biocenosis......................245
6. Fundamental factors in the grouping of plants into communities. Degree of
organization in communities......................246
7. Methods of investigating plant communities...............250
8. Layering..............................250
9. Abundance (quantitative relations)...................252
10. Sociability..............................256
11. Vitality...............................257
12. Periodicity; seasonal stages of development and aspects.........258
13. Phytosociological record........................260
14. Study of the habitat factors......................263
15. Study of life phenomena of plants in plant communities.........264
16. Phytosociological constancy (presence).................264
17. Phytosociological fidelity.......................267
Definition 267 — Degrees of fidelity 267 — Local, territorial and
general fidelity 268 — Determination of fidelity 270 — Causes of
fidelity 271 — Characteristic species and the age and richness of
a flora 275 — Significance of fidelity 276
18. Characteristic combination of species..................278
19. Association table...........................278
20. Analytical determination of abundance.................280
21. Taxonomic value of a group of species................281
B. SYSTEMATICS OF POLISH PLANT COMMUNITIES (By Bogumil PAWLOWSKI) . . 282
1. Foundations of the system......................282
2. Systematic-phytosociological units...................283
Association 283 — Sub-association 284 — Variants of associa-
tions 284 — Facies 286 — Alliance of associations 286 — Orders of
associations 287 — Classes of associations 287 — Circle of vege-
tation 287
3. Methods of determining phytosociological units in research practice .... 289
Observational-comparative method 289 — The method of Czeka-
nowski and Kulczynski 290 — Application of the taxonomic value
of groups of species 292
xii
CONTENTS
Page
C. SURVEY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN POLAND fl)y Anna
MEDWECKA-KORNAS, Jan KORNAS and Bogumil PAWLOWSK1)........294
I. List of the higher phytosociological units............294
II. Associations of coastal and inland dunes............309
1. Associations of coastal dunes.....................309
Formation of coastal dunes 309 — Elymeto-Ammophiletum 311 —
Association of Helichrysum arenarium and Jasione montana var. lilo-
ralis 314 — Wandering dunes 316
2. Associations of inland dunes.....................317
Inland sands 317 — Corynephoretum 318 — Festuceto-Thymetum ser-
pylli 321 — Association of Festuca psammophila and Koeleria glauca 323
III. Associations of saline soils....................324
Composition of the flora of saline soils 324 — Water balance of halo-
pbytes 324 — Coastal saline soils 325 — Inland saline soils 327 —
Taxonomy of associations of saline soils 328 —¦ History of the halo-
phytes in Poland 329
IV. Aquatic and swamp associations.................330
1. Aquatic associations.........................332
Myriophyllo-Nupharetum 332 — Other associations 334
2. Swamp associations (reedswamp)...................335
Scirpo-Phragmitetum 335 — Glycerio-Sparganietum 336 — Magnocari-
cion elatae 337 —¦ Distribution and economic value 337
3. Associations of more or less oligotrophic waters............338
4. Other associations connected spatially with waters............339
V. Peat-bog associations.......................340
1. Raised bogs.............................341
Complex structure 341 — Hummock associations 341 — Hollow asso-
ciations 342 —• Baltic raised bogs 343 — Continental raised bogs 345
2. Fens................................347
VI. Meadow and heathland associations...............349
1. Periodically wet meadows.......................351
General characteristics 351 — Molinietum 353 — Other associations 354
2. Fresh meadows ...........................355
General characteristics 355 — Arrhenatheretum 356 — Glatliolo-Agro-
stetum 356 — LoHo-Cynosuretum 359
3. Associations of infertile meadows and of heathlands..........360
VII. Associations of steppes and dry grasslands...........361
1. General characteristics of xerothermic grasslands............361
Habitat requirements 362 — Phenology 362 — Geographical distri-
bution 364 —• Steppe associations 364 - Origin of the steppe vege-
tation in Poland 365 — Taxonomy of xerothermic grassland 366
2. Steppe grasslands..........................366
The Little Poland Highland 367 — Sisymbrio-Stipetum capillatae 368 —
Thalictro-Salvietum pratensis 369 — Sesleria uliginosa-Scorzonera pur-
purea association 370 — Inuletum ensifoliae 370 — Koelerieto-Festuce-
CONTENTS
xiii
Page
turn sulcatae 372 — The Lublin Highland and Western Volhynia 372 —
Pomerania 372 — Secondary xerothermic grasslands 374
3. Epilithic grasslands..........................375
Festucetum patient is 375
VIII. High-mountain associations...................37g
1. Vegetation of rock-crevices......................379
2. Scree vegetation...........................380
3. High-mountain calcareous epilithic grasslands and alps..........382
Firmetum (carpaticum) 383 — Versicoloretum tatricum 384 — Carici-
Festucetum Tatrae 386 —• Versicolori-Agrostetum 386 — Versicoloretum
babiogorense 388 — Seslerion Tatrae 388 — Grasslands in the Pienin
Mountains 388
4. High-mountain granitic epilithic grasslands and alps...........388
Trifido-Distichetum 388 — Distichetum subnivale 391 — Caricion cur-
vulae 391 — Trifido-Supinetum 392 — Deschampsieto-Luzuhtum 392
5. Calamagrostion and Adenostylion ...................393
Festucetum carpaticae 393 — Calamagrostetum 394 — Adenostylion
396 — Calamagrostetalia villosae 398
6. Snow patches............................398
7. Flush associations..........................400
IX. Forest and scrub associations..................401
1. General remarks...........................401
The role of woodlands in the vegetation of Poland and the extent of
their preservation 401 —Differentiation of forest associations and the
role of various tree species 403 — Structure and renewal of forest
associations 405 — Relation to habitat conditions 406 — Advance-
ment of investigations in Poland 407
2. Characteristics of associations.....................408
Remarks on the taxonomy 408
Wet alderwoods...........................410
Sallow scrub...........................410
Floristic composition and structure 410 — Soil and distribution 411
Typical wet alderwood.......................411
Hummock structure 411—Character of the vegetation 412 —
Occurrence 413 — Taxonomic position 414
Riverside carrs............................415
Willow-poplar carr........................415
Floristic composition and structure 4J 5 — Ecology, succession and
occurrence 417
Alder, ash and elm carrs.....................418
Elm carr.............................419
Occurrence 419 — Floristic composition, ecology 420
Alder-ash carr..........................420
Floristic composition and structure 420 — Ecology and occurrence 423
Submontane carr.........................424
Occurrence 424 — Floristic composition and soils 424
xiv
CONTENTS
Page
Carpathian alderwood.......................425
Altitudinal limit and ecological requirements 425 — Floristic com-
position and succession 427
Oak-hornbeam forests........................427
Oak-hornbeam forest.......................428
Distribution in Poland 428 — Floristic composition and structure 429 —
Features of the habitat 430 — Lower units 431 — Literature 432
Beechwoods.............................432
Carpathian beechwood.......................434
Distribution, structure and floristic composition 434 — Habitat require-
ments and variability 436
Pomeranian beechwood......................438
Distribution and floristic composition 438 — Soils and differentiation
of the association 439 — Beechwoods of the Sudets 439 — Acidiphilous
beechwoods 440
Sycamore-maple forest on calcareous scree...............440
Ecology 440 —¦ Floristic composition and occurrence 441
Xerothermic scrub and forests.....................441
Xerothermic hazel scrub......................442
Dependence on exposure and substratum 442 —• Floristic composition
and structure 442 — Occurrence in Poland 445
Xerothermic oakwood.......................445
Physiognomy and floristic composition 445 — Occurrence and vari-
ability 446 — The oakwood at Bielinek 446 — Scrub associations of
hedges and forest edges 447
Acidiphilous oak-pine forests.....................447
Characteristic features and dependence on economic activities 447 —
Structure and floristic composition 448 — Occurrence and taxonomy 448
Pomeranian acidiphilous oak-pine forests..............449
Acidiphilous oak-pine forests of central Poland.............449
Floristic distinctness and variability 449 — Succession 451 — Litera-
ture 451 —The association Querceto-Piceetum 451
Coniferous forests..........................451
Pinewood.............................452
Economic significance and occurrence 452 — Description of the as-
sociation 452 — Ecology and variability 454 — Maritime pinewood 456
Bog pinewood..........................456
Habitat requirements 456 — Floristic composition and structure 457 —
Character of the soil, variability 457
Carpathian spruce forest......................457
Occurrence and physiognomy 457 — Floristic composition and
ecology 459 — Occurrence and variability 459 — Sub-association with
fir 460
Fir forests............................462
Occurrence 462 —• Floristic composition and structure 462 — Taxo-
nomic position 463
Mountain-pine scrub.........................463
CONTENTS
XV
Page
The Carpathian association of mountain-pine............463
Occurrence and floristic composition 463 — Ecology and practical
significance 465
3. Successions of forest associations...................465
Successions of mountain forests 466 — Successions in the lowlands 466
X. Synanthropic associations....................470
1. General characteristics of synanthropic vegetation............470
Pioneer character of synanthropic communities 470 — Synanthropic
communities as associations 471 — Present state of studies concerning
synanthropic vegetation in Poland 473 — The class Rudereto-Secali-
netea 474
2. Segetal associations..........................474
Significance of segetal associations 474 — Life forms 474 — Division
of the order Secalino-Violetalia 476 — Ecologic differentiation of as-
sociations 476 — Phenology 476 — Biology of dissemination 477 —
Mutual succession of cereal-crop and root-crop associations 479 -
History of field associations 479
;i. Segetal associations of cereal crops.................480
Spring and winter cereals 480 — Phenological aspects 480 — Ante-
sereto-Scleranthetum 481 — Vicietum tetraspermae 482 — Papaveretiim
argemonis 482 — CaucaUdeto-Scandicetitm 483 — Unarieto-Silenetum
gallicae 483
b. Segetal associations of root-crops..................485
Occurrence 485 — Nitrophily 486 — Structure and phenology 486 —
Dependence on soil 486 — EchinocMoelo-Setarietum 486 — Lamieto-
Veronicetum politae 486
c. Segetal associations of flax fields..................487
Weeds that are flax specialists 487 — Sperguleto-Lolietum remoti 487
3. Ruderal associations.........................491
Difficulties in investigation 491 — Ecology 491 — Taxonomic clas-
sification 492
XI. Communities of cryptogams...................493
1. Introductory remarks.........................493
Methods of study 493 — Relation of cryptogamic aggregations to as-
sociations of flowering plants 494
2. Synusiae of lower plants in associations of higher plants.........495
Synusiae of epigeal bryophytes and lichens 495— Phytoedaphon 496 —
Mycorrhiza 497 — Cap-fungi 498
3. Dependent associations........................498
Epiphytic communities 499 — Ecology of epiphytes 499 — Taxonomy
of epidendral communities 502 — Successions of epiphytes 504 —
Epixylous communities 504 — Epigeal and epilithic communities 505
4. Independent associations of lower plants................505
Pioneer role 505 — Associations of epilithic lichens 506 — Communities
of epilithic bryophytes and algae 507 — Short-lived communities 508
xvi
CONTENTS
Pagk
5. Aquatic communities......................508
Benthos, periphyton, plankton 508 — Plant associations in aquatic
habitats 509 — Psammon, cryoplankton 510 — Aeroplankton 510
D. DYNAMICS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES (By Bogumit PAWtOWSKl)....... 5]()
1. Introductory remarks.........................510
2. The internal dynamics of communities: the regeneration of phyto-
cenoses...............................511
3. Successions of vegetation.......................515
4. Dynamic value of species.......................517
5. Methods of studying plant successions.................519
6. The origin of associations.......................520
7. Colonization of bare ground by plants ................522
S. Examples of succession series.....................523
Colonization of old river-beds in the valley of the upper Vistula 523 —
Invasion of calcareous rocks in the vicinity of Cracow 524 — Develop-
ment of vegetation in the alpine zone of the Tatra Mountains 524
9. General features of succession series. Communities of short and long duration.
Climax communities.........................529
10. Historical successions of vegetation..................532
CHAPTER VI
THE VEGETATION OF THE POLISH BALTIC
By Anna Medwecka-Kornas and Jan KornaS
1. Introductory remarks.........................535
2. The Baltic as an environment of plant life...............535
Geographical character 535 — Water dynamics 536 — Salinity 537 —
Thermic conditions 537 —¦ Substratum 538
3. The most important representatives of the benthic flora of the Polish
Baltic................................540
Green algae 540 — Brown algae 540 — Red algae 540 — Flowering
plants 543
4. Vertical distribution of the vegetation.................543
Vegetational zones 543 — Influence of light 546
5. Plant associations of the Polish Baltic.................547
Present stage of studies 547 — Associations of the littoial 548 — Shal-
low-water sublittoral associations 548 — Successions of associa-
tions 549 — The deep sublittoral 550 — Coastal reedswamps 550
6. Plankton ..............................550
7. Biogeography of the Baltic flora....................551
Present stage of studies of the Baltic flora 551 — Poverty of the
flora 551 — Geographical elements 553 — Derivative character of the
Baltic flora 554 — Cold-water species 554
CONTENTS
xvii
Page
8. The past history of the Baltic flora..................556
The Baltic Ice Lake and the Yoldia Sea 556 — The Ancylus Lake,
Arctic relicts 556 — The Littorina Sea 559 —¦ The present period 559
CHAPTER VII
OUTLINE OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VEGETATION OF
POLAND IN THE LATE-GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL PERIODS
By Andrzej Srodon
1. Introductory remarks.........................561
2. Methods and the development of research...............561
Methods of studying macroscopic remains 561 —• Palynology 562 —
New methods 564
3. The problem of the lower limit of the Holocene and its duration .... 564
The relative and absolute limit 564 — The role of the Late-glacial
Period 565
4. Late-glacial climatic periods......................566
Various stratigraphic schemes 566 —• The Older Dry as 566 — The
Allerod Period 568 — The Younger Dryas 570
5. Post-glacial changes of climate and flora................571
Pollen diagrams and their classification 571 —¦ Period of expansion
of the first forests 572 —¦ Period of expansion of warmth-loving
trees 574 —¦ Period of dominance of warmth-loving trees 574 —
Period of regression of warmth-loving trees in connection with cooling
and humidification of the climate 575 — Period of forest development
associated with human activities 576
6. History of the most important species of forest trees..........577
Common pine 577 — Larches 578 — Stone-pine 580 — Mountain-
pine 582 —¦ Birches 582 —¦ Common spruce 584 —• Oaks 586 —¦ Horn-
beam 587 — Beech 588 — Silver fir 589 — Other tree species 590
7. The role of herbaceous plants in pollen diagrams............591
Non-arboreal pollen (NAP) 591 — Traces of the presence of man 591 —
Weeds 592
CHAPTER VIII
THE ROLE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF MATERIAL CULTURE IN POLAND
By Aniela Kozlowska
1. The Mesolithic Period........................594
Palaeolithic Man 594 — Migratory movements after the retreat of the
Ice Sheet 594 — Climatic fluctuations 595 — Food-gatherers and
hunters 596
xviii
CONTENTS
Page
2. The Neolithic Period.........................596
Regional differences in colonization 596 —¦ Culture of striped pot-
tery 598 —• Early Neolithic settlements 598 — Species of wheat and
their origin 600 — Cultivation 602 — Culture of funnel-neck
beakers 602 —¦ Origin of the emmer 603 — Culture of globular am-
phorae 605 — The wane of the Neolithic Period 606
3. The Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age...............607
Decline of agriculture 607 — Indo-European peoples 607 — The
Lusatian culture 607 — Burning of forests 608 — Cultural relations
with the South 608 — Cultivated plants 609 —• Millet 609 — Rye 610 —
Barley 612 — Oat 612 — Broad bean 613 — Pea and lentil 613 —
Oil-bearing plants 614 — Poppy 614—Flax 615 — Fruit-trees 616
4. Gathering of wild plants.......................617
5. The Middle and Late Iron Age up to Photo-Polish times........619
Climate 619 — Invasions 619—-The Wends 620— Pottery-kiln and
ard 620 — Migration Period 620
6. The Early Piast Period........................620
Cultivation of cereal crops 620 — Sorghum 621 — Hemp 621 —
Legumes 621 —¦ Turnip 621 — Cucumber 622 — Onion 622 — Car-
rot 622
7. Orchards in the Early Piast Period..................623
Appele-tree 622 — Pear-tree 623 — Cherry-trees 624 — Plum tree 625 —
Steppe cherry 625 — Walnut 625 — Peach 625 — Grape-vine 626
8. The Late Middle Ages........................626
Gardens 626 — Vineyards 627 — Tartar invasions 627 —¦ Buck-
wheath 627 — Staple plant foods 627 — Condiments 628 — Musk-
melon 629 — Climate 630
9. The period from the Renaissance to the Eighteenth century.......630
Apricot and southern fruits 630 — Vegetables 630 — Kidney-bean 631 —
Tobacco 631—Beet 631 —Gooseberry 633—-Currant 634
10. Recent times.............................635
Papilionaceous plants 635 — Potato 636 — Strawberry 638 — Maize
638 — Tomato 638
CHAPTER IX
FOUNDATIONS OF A GEOBOTANICAL DIVISION OF POLAND
By Wladyslaw Szafer
Aim of the division 640 —¦ Economic significance 640 —• Geographical
divisions 641 — Economic regionalization 641 —. Raciborski s con-
ception and its development 643 — Geobotanical units of the first
order 644 — The concept of altitudinal zones 647 —• Geobotanical
units of the second order 649 — Geobotanical units of the third
order 649
CONTENTS xix
Page
Bibliography...............................655
Index of Latin names...........................709
Other Titles in the Botany Division....................739
Map: Geobotanical Division of Poland — by Wladyslaw Szafer and Bogumil
Pawlowski
Editor s Note: Chapters X and XI forming Volume II of this publication have
not been translated into English. They present a detailed description of Poland s
geographical and vegetational regions.
|
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| discipline | Biologie |
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| geographic | Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV002247654 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:42:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001477013 |
| oclc_num | 4018802 |
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| physical | XXIII, 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1966 |
| publishDateSearch | 1966 |
| publishDateSort | 1966 |
| publisher | Pergamon Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology |
| series2 | [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology : Division Botany] |
| spelling | Szata roślinna Polski The vegetation of Poland ed. by Władysław Szafer 1. ed. Oxford Pergamon Press 1966 XXIII, 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology : Division Botany] 9 Botanique - Pologne Vegetatie gtt Botany Poland Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s DE-604 Szafer, Władysław 1886-1970 (DE-588)119213079 edt [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology Division Botany] ; 9 (DE-604)BV005624625 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001477013&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The vegetation of Poland [International series of monographs on pure and applied biology Botanique - Pologne Vegetatie gtt Botany Poland Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | The vegetation of Poland |
| title_alt | Szata roślinna Polski |
| title_auth | The vegetation of Poland |
| title_exact_search | The vegetation of Poland |
| title_full | The vegetation of Poland ed. by Władysław Szafer |
| title_fullStr | The vegetation of Poland ed. by Władysław Szafer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The vegetation of Poland ed. by Władysław Szafer |
| title_short | The vegetation of Poland |
| title_sort | the vegetation of poland |
| topic | Botanique - Pologne Vegetatie gtt Botany Poland Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Botanique - Pologne Vegetatie Botany Poland Pflanzen Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001477013&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV005624625 |
| work_keys_str_mv | UT szataroslinnapolski AT szaferwładysław thevegetationofpoland |