Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York (u.a.)
McGraw-Hill
1980
|
| Series: | Advanced book program.
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 423 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0070259070 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hammitt, Frederick G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York (u.a.) |b McGraw-Hill |c 1980 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 423 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Advanced book program. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cavitation | |
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|---|---|
| adam_text | cGRAW-HILL
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Cavitation and Multiphase
low Phenomena
FREDERICK G HAMMITT
The University of Michigan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
References 4
2 Background Literature and Past Research 5
2-1 Cavitation 5
2-1-1 Nucleation of Bubbles and Voids 6
2-1-2 Overall Flow Regime 6
Lumped parameter approaches in straight pipes or ducts 8
2-1-3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse and Damage Mechanisms 9
Single-bubble studies 9
Spherically symmetric bubble collapse 10
Asymmetric bubble collapse 16
Actual damage production in a cavitating field 17
Resistance of materials and correlations with mechanical
* properties 18
Effects of fluid parameters 19
2-2 Droplet and Particle Impingement 20
2-2-1 Test Devices 22
Rotating-wheel facility 22
Rotating-arm facilities 22
Rocket-sled facilities 23
Moving specimen; additional multiple-impact devices 24
Stationary-target moving-droplet devices 24
2-2-2 Theoretical Considerations and Research (Droplet Impact) 27
General considerations pertinent to droplet impact 27
Pertinent basic theoretical and experimental past results 29
2-2-3 Solid-Particle Impingement 32
X CONTENTS
2-2-4 Wet-Steam and Thin Liquid-Film Flows 33
Steam- or gas-driven thin liquid films 34
Choked flows 35
2- 2-5 Primary Sources of Information on Droplet and
Cavitation Erosion 36
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (New York) 36
American Society for Testing and Materials
(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 36
International Congresses on Rain Erosion and Associated
Phenomena, RAE, Farnborough, England 37
Royal Society (London), Symposium on Impact
Phenomena (1965) 37
Other sources 37
References 37
3 Bubble Growth and Nucleation 44
3-1 General Growth and Nucleation 44
3- 1-1 General Background 44
3-1-2 Models and Theories 44
General 44
Microbubble paradox 45
Harvey microparticle and crevice mechanism 46
Alternative nuclei-stabilization mechanisms 48
3-1-3 Bubble-Growth Dynamics 53
General 53
Nucleation versus general bubble dynamics 53
3-1-4 Magnetic and Electrostatic Field Effects 55
3-2 Effects of Air and Gas Content 56
3-2-1 General Background 56
Air-content effects 56
3-2-2 Data Directly Applicable to Sigma and Performance
Effects of Air Content 57
Numachi and Kurokawa 58
Edstrand, Lindgren, and Johnsson 58
Escher-Wyss and Vuskovic 60
Miscellaneous venturi tests 60
Large water-tunnel investigations in the United States 60
Bassin d’Essais des Carenes, Paris 61
National Physical Laboratory water-tunnel tests,
Teddington 62
Colorado State University water tunnel 62
SOGREAH, Grenoble 62
University of Michigan venturi studies 62
Swedish State Power Administration 65
CONTENTS Xi
Technischen Hochschule, Darmstadt 65
National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, and
University of Durham 66
Miscellaneous nucleation studies for nonflowing systems 67
3-2-3 “Nuclei” Measurement Techniques and Inception Sigma 69
General background 69
International Towing Tank Conference studies 71
University of Michigan nuclei spectra and sigma tests 73
3-2-4 Major Basic Research Trends 78
Bubble nucleus and fluid-flow calculations 79
Individual bubble studies 79
3-2-5 Air- or Gas-Content Effects upon Cavitation Damage 79
Venturi tests at Holtwood Laboratory 80
Venturi tests at Escher-Wyss 81
Rotating disc and venturi test 81
Nonflowing vibratory damage tests 82
Cathodic protection and gas content 82
3-2-6 Conclusion and Recommendations 82
3-3 Scale Effects in Machines and Components 84
3-3-1 General Background 84
3-3-2 General Machinery Effects 87
Pumps and turbines—general 87
Effects of size, velocity, and pressure 96
Venturi geometry 106
Orifices 114
Valves 117
3- 3-3 Miscellaneous Fluid Property Effects 117
Shear flow field and cavitation inception 118
Nondimensional fluid-dynamic parameters 126
Thermodynamic effects 127
3- 4 General Conclusions 127
References
Bubble Dynamics in Multiphase Flow 136
4- 1 Cavitation Bubble Growth and Collapse 136
4- 1-1 General Background 136
4-1-2 Ideal Treatment 138
General: Rayleigh and Besant 138
Besant analysis 139
Significant results: Rayleigh analysis 140
Inclusion of internal gas and surface tension in Rayleigh
model 144
4-1-3 Real-Fluid Parameters 146
General 146
xil CONTENTS
Viscosity Compressibility, viscosity, and surface-tension effects 147
and results 152
Surface tension, gas content, and miscellaneous 160
4-1-4 Effects of Bubble Asymmetries 162
General background 162
Analytical approaches 162
Specific cases 167
4-1-5 Thermodynamic Effects for Bubble Collapse 183
General 183
Stepanoff 183
Bonnin 184
Individual bubble-collapse analyses 184
4-2 Boiling and Condensation versus Cavitation 207
4-3 Miscellaneous Engineering Effects 208
4-3-1 Degree and Intensity of Cavitation and Damage 208
4-3-2 Thermodynamic Effects 209
4-3-3 Corrosion and Mechanical-Damage Effects 211
4-3-4 Effects of Asymmetrical Collapse 213
References 215
Cavitation and Jet Impact Damage 220
5-1 Liquid Erosive Wear: Theory and Test Devices 220
5-1-1 Introduction 220
5-1-2 Mechanisms and Types of Erosive Wear 220
Erosive-wear mechanisms 220
Erosive-wear phenomena 221
5-1-3 Multiphase Flow 224
General 224
Solid-particle impingement 224
Liquid-droplet impingement 225
Cavitation 226
5-1-4 Erosive-Wear Testing Devices 229
Applications 229
Actual test devices 230
5-1-5 Conclusions 239
5-2 Basic Cavitation-Damage Mechanisms and State of the Art 239
5-2-1 Introduction 239
5-2-2 Commonly Agreed Basic Principles Related to Cavitation
Damage 240
Primary experimental facts and conclusions 240
More speculative observation and conclusions Additional research for basic understanding of damage 243
mechanisms 248
5-2-3 Semiempirical Results of Utility to Design Engineers 249
CONTENTS XÜi
Basic information 250
Complicating factors 254
Useful additional research 255
5-3 Material-Parameter Effects 255
5-3-1 Introduction 255
5-3-2 Mathematical Model 256
5-3-3 Evaluation of Energy Parameter e 257
General remarks 257
Selection of data for evaluation 258
Best-fit results attained 258
5-3-4 Interplay of Corrosion and Mechanical Effects 268
General 268
Mechanism and results of combined cavitation-corrosion
erosion 269
Cathodic and anodic voltages and other effects 269
5-3-5 Summarization 270
5-4 Cavitation-Damage Scale Effects 271
5-4-1 Introduction 271
5-4-2 Velocity and Pressure Effects 272
Pseudo-scale effects 272
5-4-3 “True” Damage Scale Effects 273
California Institute of Technology tests 273
Industrial experience 274
5-4-4 Venturi-Damage Tests at Constant Sigma 274
5-4-5 Other Parameter Effects 278
Size effects 278
Temperature (thermodynamic) effects 278
Fluid property effects 279
5-4-6 Conclusions 280
5-5 Damage-Predicting Capability and Possibilities 281
5-5-1 Introduction 281
5-5-2 Computer Modeling of Bubble Collapse and Droplet and
Jet Impact 282
General background 282
5-5-3 Cavitation and Impact Erosion-Prediction Techniques 283
General 283
Noise and bubble-collapse pulse spectra 283
Erosion “acoustic emission noise” 288
Erosion particle size 288
Suppression pressure (or NPSH) effects on damage rates 289
Time effects on damage rate 291
Air-content effects on damage rate 292
References 292
XIV CONTENTS
6 Liquid Jet and Droplet Impact 300
6-1 Basic Theory and Analysis 300
6-1-1 General 300
6-1-2 Geometrical Effects 301
6-1-3 Bulk and Elastic Modulus Effects 305
General 305
Bulk modulus of liquid 305
Target material rigidity 305
6-2 Mathematical Models and Computer Analyses 305
6-2-1 General 307
6-2-2 Controlling Parameters for Moderately Subsonic
Collisions 308
6-2-3 Detailed Pertinent Differential Equations for Impact
between Liquid and Rigid Solid 308
6-2-4 Pertinent Numerical Techniques 309
6-2-5 Dynamic Equations for Solid Materials 310
General 310
Calculational procedure 312
Nondimensionalization of liquid equations 313
Nondimensionalization of solid-material equation 313
6-2-6 Results of Numerical Analyses 313
Droplet geometry effects (rigid flat surface) 313
6-3 Experimental and Photographic Studies 330
6-3-1 General 330
6-3-2 Impact-Surface Pressures 330
General 330
Specific investigations 331
6-3-3 Material Deformation, Stresses, and Damage from
Liquid Impingement 332
6-3-4 Impact between Liquid Drop and Elastic Half Space 335
6-3-5 Miscellaneous Effects 339
Liquid relaxation and short time duration of liquid impact 339
Liquid relaxation effects 341
Light-flash phenomena 342
6-4 Overall Erosion Performance 343
6-4-1 General 343
6-4-2 Effects of Velocity and Angle 344
General considerations 344
Specific test results 344
Computer correlation results 345
Generalized erosion model 347
6-4-3 Material Property Correlations 348
General 348
Characteristic erosion-time curves 348
CONTENTS XV
Recent impact-erosion studies
6- 5 Liquid-Impact Test Devices
6-5-1 General: Applications Including Useful Jet Cutting
6-5-2 Moving-Target Devices
Rotating-disc tests for hydraulic-turbine application
Rotating discs for steam-turbine application
Aircraft and missile rain erosion
Basic liquid-impact research test devices
6- 5-3 Stationary-Target Devices
References
Flow of Wet-Steam and Related Phenomena
7- 1 Introduction
7-2 Thin-Film Flows—General Background
7-3 Specific Research Results and Present State of the Art
7- 3-1 General
7-3-2 Primary Liquid Particles in Wet Steam
7-3-3 Liquid Film Behavior
Steady-state
Nonsteady behavior and film breakdown
7-4 Conclusions
References
World Research Laboratories in Cavitation and Droplet-Impingement
Research
Introduction Cavitation Number of institutes and laboratories reviewed
8-2-1 United States 17
8-2-2 United Kingdom 5
8-2-3 Canada 2
8-2-4 France 7
8-2-5 Netherlands 7
8-2-6 Norway 1
8-2-7 Sweden 1
8-2-8 West Germany 6
8-2-9 Italy 2
8-2-10 Japan 7
8-2-11 India 4
8-2-12 Russia 4
8-2-13 Hungary 1
8-2-14 Romania 1
8-2-15 Poland 1
349
350
350
351
351
351
351
353
354
355
360
360
362
362
362
363
364
364
371
386
388
392
392
392
392
397
398
398
399
400
400
400
401
401
402
403
403
404
404
8-2-16 Czechoslovakia 1 404
8-3 Jet and Droplet Liquid Impact 404
8-3-1 United States 7 404
8-3-2 Canada 2 407
8-3-3 United Kingdom 7 407
8-3-4 West Germany 1 408
8-3-5 France 4 409
8-3-6 Russia and Eastern Europe 1 409
409
|
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| spelling | Hammitt, Frederick G. Verfasser aut Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena New York (u.a.) McGraw-Hill 1980 XVII, 423 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advanced book program. Cavitation Multiphase flow HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001410576&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hammitt, Frederick G. Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena Cavitation Multiphase flow |
| title | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_auth | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_exact_search | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_full | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_fullStr | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_short | Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| title_sort | cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena |
| topic | Cavitation Multiphase flow |
| topic_facet | Cavitation Multiphase flow |
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