Scientific method in analysis of sediments:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1967
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| Series: | McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 508 S. graph. Darst. |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Scientific method in analysis of sediments |c John C. Griffiths |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 1967 | |
| 300 | |a 508 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pétrologie - Manuels de laboratoire | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Roches sédimentaires | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sciences - Méthodologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Petrology |v Laboratory manuals | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rocks, Sedimentary | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804116576574636032 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Scientific method in analysis of sediments
Autor: Griffiths, John C.
Jahr: 1967
Preface vii
Chapter 1 The Scientific Method 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Nature of the Problem and Solution 7
Chapter 2 Sampling Sedimentary Rocks 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Geological Populations 14
2.3 Definitions and Notation 15
2.4 Sampling Populations 17
2.5 A Model for Sampling Sedimentary Populations 19
2.6 Determining the Number of Samples 21
2.7 Sampling Practices in Geology and Allied Fields 23
2.8 Testing for Randomness 27
2.9 Some Recommended Procedures 29
Chapter 3 The Properties of Sedimentary Rocks 31
3.1 Introduction: Concept of Properties 31
3.2 The Defining Equation for the Population 32
3.3 Interrelationships among the Properties 34
3.4 Interrelationships between Fundamental and Derived Properties 40
Chapter 4 Measurement of Grain Size 43
4.1 Some General Considerations 43
4.2 The Concept and Measurement of Size 45
4.3 Measurement of Grain Size in Sediments 46
4.4 Disintegration of Rocks into Their Constituent Particles 47
4.5 Procedure for the Measurement of Grain Size 54
4.6 Measurement of Grain Size by Pipette Sedimentation 55
4.7 The Limitations and Assumptions Involved in the Use of Pipette
Sedimentation 58
4.8 Measurement of Grain Size by Sieving 61
4.9 Measurement of Grain Size in Thin Section 64
4.10 Measurement of Grain Size in Loose Grains 66
4.11 Procedures for the Determination of Size in Loose Quartz Grains 69
Chapter 5 Expression of Measured Data 72
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Graphical Expression of Measured Data 78
5.3 Statistical Expression of Measured Data 84
5.4 Computation of Statistics Based on Moment Measures 87
5.5 Examples of Grain-size Frequency Distributions 00
5.6 Size Frequency by Indirect Measurement 92
5.7 Size Frequency Distribution by Measurement in Thin Section 94
5.8 Size Frequency Distribution by Direct Measurement 97
5.9 Applications of Size Frequency Measurements 104
Chapter 6 Measurement of Grain Shape 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Determination of Shape by Visual Comparison with a Set of Standards 112
6.3 Axial-ratio Shape Measurement in Thin Section 120
6.4 Three-dimensional Measurement of Shape 129
6.5 Sphericity and Roundness of Quartz Grains in Sediments 133
6.S Conclusions on the Measurement of Shapes of Grains in Sediments 140
6.7 Variation in Grain Shape and Its Interpretation 140
Chapter 7 Measurements of Grain Fabric 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Measurement of Grain Orientation : Initial Considerations 145
7.3 Experimental Procedure 146
7.4 Sampling Procedure 147
7.5 Frequency Distributions of Long-axis Orientation 150
7.6 Data Analysis 150
7.7 An Illustrative Example: Grain Orientation in the Peru Sand 153
7.8 Analysis of the Data 154
7.9 Some General Conclusions from Analysis of Orientation Data 158
7.10 Discussion of Expected Orientation Patterns 160
Chapter 8 Measurement of Grain Packing 164
8.1 Introduction: The Concept 164
8.2 Reducing Packing Concepts to Operational Procedures 165
8.3 Recommended Procedure 172
Chapter 9 Measurement of Mineral Composition : Modal Analysis 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Historical Review of the Measurement of Composition 176
9.3 Defining the Classes of Elements 177
9.4 Testing the Consistency of the Technique 190
9.5 Procedure and Technique 191
9.6 Examples of the Measurement of Mineral Composition of Sediments 194
Chapter 10 Measurement of Mineral Composition: Accessory Minerals 200
10.1 Introduction: The Concept 200
10.2 Historical Review of Accessory-mineral Investigation 202
10.3 Defining the Classes of Elements 204
10.4 Preparation, Procedure, and Technique 207
10.5 Estimation of Proportions of Accessory Minerals 209
10.6 Applications of Accessory Heavy-mineral Analysis 213
10.7 The Principle of Hydraulic Equivalence 216
Chapter 11 Measurement of Derived Properties 220
11.1 Introduction 220
11.2 Measurement of Bulk Density 221
11.3 Bulk-density Variation in Sediments 223
11.4 Measurement of Porosity of Aggregates 226
11.5 Porosity Variation in Sediments 229
11.6 Measurement of Permeability of Aggregates 230
11.7 Permeability Variation in Sediments 231
11.8 Other Derived Properties of Aggregates 232
Chapter 12 Data Processing and Reduction 236
12.1 Introduction 236
12.2 Collecting and Recording Data 237
12.3 Hand Punched-card Systems 239
12.4 Automatic Data Processing 243
12.5 Aspects of Measurement in the Geosciences 245
12.6 Choice of Statistics 249
Chapter 13 Frequency Distributions: The Normal Distribution 253
13.1 Introduction 253
13.2 The Normal Distribution 254
13.3 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution 256
13.4 Conditions Leading to the Generation of a Normal Distribution 256
13.5 Fitting the Normal Distribution to a Set of Observations 257
13.6 Testing a Set of Observations to Decide whether They Are Approximately
Graduated by a Normal Curve 259
13.7 Some Special Properties of the Normal Distribution 263
13.8 The Concept of Confidence Limits 265
13.9 Applications of Confidence Limits 266
13.10 Comparing Two Sample Means 267
13.11 The Log-normal Distribution 270
13.12 Some Theoretical Considerations Suggesting the Log-normal Model for the
Particle-size Frequency Function 271
13.13 An Alternative Model 277
Chapter 14 Discrete Frequency Distributions : The Binomial, Poisson, etc. 279
14.1 Introduction 279
14.2 The Binomial Distribution 280
14.3 Fitting the Binomial Frequency Distribution to a Set of Observed Fre-
quencies 286
14.4 The Poisson Distribution 288
14.5 Fitting the Poisson Frequency Distribution to a Set of Observed Frequencies
290
14.6 Extensions of the Binomial and Poisson Models 292
14.7 The Negative Binomial Distribution 294
14.8 Fitting the Negative Binomial Frequency Distribution to a Set of Observed
Frequencies 297
14.0 The Hypergeometric Frequency Distribution 298
14.10 The Multinomial Distribution 299
14.11 Conclusions 301
Chapter 15 Relationship between Mean and Dispersion 303
15.1 Introduction 303
15.2 Model Relationships of Mean and Dispersion 304
15.3 Transformations Aimed at Attaining Independence of Mean ÷ and Variance
ó2 305
15.4 Examples of Real-world Relationships between Estimators 308
15.5 The Coefficient of Variation 316
15.6 The Concept of Control and the Use of Control Charts 317
Chapter 16 The Commoner Tests of Significance: Student s t Test 321
16.1 Introduction 321
16.2 Students t Test for Specifying the Characteristics of Sample Means 321
16.3 Examples of Application of Student s t Distribution 324
16.4 Comparison of the Means of Two Samples 326
16.5 Example of the Application of Student s t to the Comparison of Two Means
328
16.6 Testing a More Complex Hypothesis 329
16.7 Some Advantages Obtained from Experimental Design 333
16.8 Estimating the Sample Size to Achieve a Signifient Difference with
Stipulated Probability 335
16.9 Relationships between Different Estimates of the Variance 337
Chapter 17 The Commoner Tests of Significance: Chi-square and F Tests 340
17.1 Introduction 340
17.2 Some Characteristics of the Chi-square Frequency Function 341
17.3 Application of the Chi Square to Finding the Confidence Limit for a Variance
342
17.4 Application of Chi Square as a Test of Goodness of Fit 345
17.5 Contingency Tables and Chi Square 348
17.6 Extensions of the Chi-square Test to More Complex Questions 352
17.7 Partitioning of Chi Square 356
17.8 Other Uses of Chi Square 359
17.9 The Variance-ratio Test Criterion 359
17.10 Applications of the Variance-ratio Criterion 361
17.11 Test of whether One Variance Exceeds the Remainder (Cochran s Test)
362
17.12 Testing the Homogeneity of a Set of Variances 363
Chapter 18 Analysis of Variance: One-way Classification 365
18.1 Introduction 365
18.2 Example of a One-way-classification Analysis of Variance: Porosity Deter-
mined by Two Techniques 367
18.3 Computations for the Analysis of Variance 368
18.4 Tests of Significance in the Analysis of Variance 370
18.5 An Experiment Leading to One-way Classification with Two Levels of
Subdivision 371
18.6 Analysis of the Data 374
18.7 Isolating Estimates of Components of Variance 376
18.8 Differences among Means 381
18.9 Homogeneity of Variances 383
18.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 387
18.11 Examples of the Use of One-way-classification Analysis of Variance in
Geological Problems 387
Chapter 19 Analysis of Variance: Two-way Classification 389
19.1 Introduction 389
19.2 Example of a Two-way Classification: Porosity Determined by Two
Techniques 392
19.3 An Example of Two-way Classification with Replicates: Bulk-density
Variation in a Pocono Sandstone 395
19.4 Experimental Design 395
19.5 Preliminary Analysis of the Data 396
19.6 Analysis of Variance 399
19.7 Graphic Illustration of Differences among Means 404
19.8 Estimates of Components of Variance 406
19.9 Other Aspects of the Two-way Layout 408
19.10 Assumptions Included in the Various Experimental Structures of a Two-way
Classification 411
19.11 Differences among Means 413
19.12 Examples of Two-way Classifications 413
Chapter 20 Other Experimental Designs 415
20.1 Introduction 415
20.2 Three-way-classification Analysis of Variance 416
20.3 Other Examples of Three-way-classification Analysis of Variance 422
20.4 Latin Squares 423
20.5 Examples of the Use of Latin Squares in Geological Problems 424
20.6 Incomplete Blocks: Balanced and Unbalanced 426
20.7 The Chain Block: An Example of Unbalanced Incomplete-block Design
429
Chapter 21 Measurement of the Association among Variâtes 436
21.1 Introduction 436
21.2 Some Relationships among Variâtes and Their Linear Representation 437
21.3 Nonlinear, Nonperiodic Curves 438
21.4 Transformation of Scale of the Variable 438
21.5 Computation of the Line of Best Fit by the Method of Least Squares
441
21.6 Relationship between Carbonate Content and Porosity in Cow Run Sand-
stone 444
21.7 Testing the Regression Coefficient and Intercept for Significance 446
21.8 Errors of Estimation in Predicted Values 447
21.9 Estimation of Errors in Predicted X 449
21.10 Testing the Regression Line by Analysis of Variance 452
21.11 Comparing Two or More Regression Lines 453
21.12 Degree of Association among Variâtes 455
21.13 Calculation of the Correlation Coefficient 461
21.14 Tests of Significance of the Correlation Coefficient 461
21.15 The Correlation Matrix 466
21.16 Partial Correlation 469
21.17 Extension from Simple to Multiple and from Linear to Curvilinear Rela-
tionships 471
21.18 Examples of the Use of Simple Regression and Correlation in Geoscience
Problems 471
Chapter 22 Some Principles of Experimental Inquiry 475
22.1 Introduction 475
22.2 The Basis of Inference or Decision Making in Testing Hypotheses 477
22.3 Parametric versus Nonparametric Tests 480
22.4 The Nature of Geoseience Problems 481
22.5 Possible Future Developments of Importance in the Geosciences 483
References 485
Index 503
|
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| spelling | Griffiths, John Charles 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)110341376 aut Scientific method in analysis of sediments John C. Griffiths New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1967 508 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill international series in the earth and planetary sciences Pétrologie - Manuels de laboratoire Roches sédimentaires Sciences - Méthodologie Petrology Laboratory manuals Rocks, Sedimentary HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001392188&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Griffiths, John Charles 1934- Scientific method in analysis of sediments Pétrologie - Manuels de laboratoire Roches sédimentaires Sciences - Méthodologie Petrology Laboratory manuals Rocks, Sedimentary |
| title | Scientific method in analysis of sediments |
| title_auth | Scientific method in analysis of sediments |
| title_exact_search | Scientific method in analysis of sediments |
| title_full | Scientific method in analysis of sediments John C. Griffiths |
| title_fullStr | Scientific method in analysis of sediments John C. Griffiths |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scientific method in analysis of sediments John C. Griffiths |
| title_short | Scientific method in analysis of sediments |
| title_sort | scientific method in analysis of sediments |
| topic | Pétrologie - Manuels de laboratoire Roches sédimentaires Sciences - Méthodologie Petrology Laboratory manuals Rocks, Sedimentary |
| topic_facet | Pétrologie - Manuels de laboratoire Roches sédimentaires Sciences - Méthodologie Petrology Laboratory manuals Rocks, Sedimentary |
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