Evolution of sedimentary rocks:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Norton
1971
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 397 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Garrels, Robert M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Evolution of sedimentary rocks |c Robert M. Garrels ; Fred T. Mackenzie |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Norton |c 1971 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 397 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Géologie historique | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Historical geology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rocks, Sedimentary | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xi i i
1 The Earth as a Whole 1
INTRODUCTION 3
THE SOLAR SYSTEM 5
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 9
ORIGIN OF THE EARTH 12
ORIGIN OF THE MOON 14
METEORITES 17
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH 18
Earth Shells 19
Size, Shape, and Density 19
Internal Structure and Composition 19
Core 21
Mantle 23
Crust 23
DISCUSSION OF EARTH STRUCTURE 25
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 26
MAJOR SURFACE FEATURES 26
ORIGIN OF CONTINENTS 29
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARTH 30
SUMMARY 32
REFERENCES 32
CONTENTS
2 Conditions of the Crust 35
INTRODUCTION 37
IGNEOUS ROCKS 37
SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS 38
HEAT FLOW AND TEMPERATURE WITHIN THE EARTH 41
CRUST-MANTLE RELATIONSHIPS AND PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS 44
UPPER CRUST 48
Porosity 49
Permeability 52
Diffusion 54
P-T Gradients in the Shallow Crust 56
SUMMARY 58
REFERENCES 59
3 Isotopes and the Geologic Time Scale 61
INTRODUCTION 63
EARTH HISTORY 63
Historical Background 64
THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 65
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS AND AGE DATING 67
Age Dating of Minerals 71
Uranium-Lead Dating 74
Potassium-Argon and Rubidium-Strontium Methods 75
Carbon-14 Dating 77
SOME RESULTS OF RADIOACTIVE AGE DATING 80
LEAD ISOTOPES AND THE AGE OF THE EARTH 81
GEOLOGIC TIME AND DAY LENGTH 83
RADIOACTIVE HEAT GENERATION 85
STABLE ISOTOPES 86
Sulfur Isotopes 86
Carbon Isotopes 90
SUMMARY 91
REFERENCES 92
4 Present Fluxes of Earth Materials 95
INTRODUCTION 97
THE HYDROSPHERE 99
RIVER- AND GROUND-WATER FLUX 101
Introduction 101
Dissolved Solids in Rivers 102
Dissolved Solids in Ground Waters 103
Suspended Sediment 104
Atmospherically Cycled Constituents and Marine Storage Times 106
GLACIAL FLUX 110
CONTENTS
MARINE EROSION FLUX 110
ATMOSPHERIC DUST FLUX 111
FLUX OF MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE SUBSURFACE 112
SUMMARY 114
REFERENCES 115
5 Rates and Controls of Continental Erosion 117
INTRODUCTION 119
RUNOFF FROM THE CONTINENTS 119
CHEMICAL VERSUS MECHANICAL DENUDATION 121
CHEMICAL DENUDATION 122
RATE OF ACID CONSUMPTION BY THE CONTINENTS 127
SUMMARY OF CONTROLS OF CHEMICAL DENUDATION 128
MECHANICAL DENUDATION 129
SUMMARY OF CONTINENTAL DENUDATION 130
REFERENCES 131
6 Weathering Processes 133
INTRODUCTION 135
WEATHERING OF MINERALS AND ROCKS 136
Physical and Biological Weathering 136
Chemical Weathering 137
RESIDUES FROM ROCK ALTERATION 163
Compositional Changes 163
Gain-Loss Diagrams 164
Constant Oxide Calculations 165
Normative Minerals 166
Mineral Persistence 166
SOIL TYPES AND CLIMATE 168
Soil Profile 169
Climate and Major Soil Types 169
SUMMARY 170
REFERENCES 173
7 Sedimentation in the Ocean Basins 175
INTRODUCTION 177
FACTORS INFLUENCING SEDIMENT DISPERSAL 177
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE OCEAN BASINS 183
Introduction 183
Continental Shelves 185
Continental Slopes and Rises 191
Ocean-Basin Floor and Oceanic Ridges 193
Deep-Sea Sediments 194
SUMMARY 199
REFERENCES 200
CONTENTS
S Sedimentary Rocks 203
INTRODUCTION 205
SANDSTONES 206
LUTITES 209
CARBONATES 210
EVAPORITES 211
MODERN SEDIMENTS 212
Graphical Representation of Chemical Composition 212
Calcareous Sediments 215
Siliceous Sediments 218
Argillaceous Sediments 219
SUMMARY 221
REFERENCES 222
9 The Origin and Mass of Sedimentary Rocks 223
INTRODUCTION 225
CHEMICAL RELATIONS OF IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 226
Chemical Changes in Shaly Rocks as a Function of Age 230
Chemical Changes in Carbonate Rocks as a Function of Age 237
Chemical Changes in Sandstones as a Function of Age 238
Chemical Changes in Volcanogenic Sediments as a Function of Time 239
CONVERSION OF AVERAGE IGNEOUS ROCK INTO AVERAGE
SEDIMENTARY ROCK 240
Mineralogie Changes 244
The Total Mass of Sedimentary Rocks 246
Mass Calculations 247
SUMMARY 249
REFERENCES 251
10 Sedimentary Rock Mass-Age Relations
and Sedimentary Cycling 253
INTRODUCTION 255
SEDIMENTARY MASS AS A FUNCTION OF AGE 255
SEDIMENTARY CYCLING 259
CONSTANT MASS MODELS 261
LINEAR ACCUMULATION MODELS 262
DISCUSSION OF MODELS 264
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODELS 268
Deposition Versus Destruction 268
Metamorphism 269
Mass Half-Age 270
Differential Cycling Rates 270
Selective Destruction Versus Primary Features 272
SUMMARY 275
REFERENCES 276
CONTENTS
11 The Oceans 277
INTRODUCTION 279
CONSTANCY OF COMPOSITION 279
CHEMICAL VIEWS OF THE OCEANS 281
Chemical Mass Balance 282
Silicate Mineral Reactivity 283
Phase Equilibria 285
CHEMICAL HISTORY OF THE OCEANS 285
Evidence For and Against Constancy 285
A Model for Ocean History 288
PERIODIC COMPOSITIONAL EXCURSIONS 297
SUMMARY 298
REFERENCES 299
12 Growth of the Continents 301
INTRODUCTION 303
GEOSYNCLINES AND MOUNTAIN RANGES 303
Development of Mountains 305
Metamorphism 307
CRUST AND MANTLE MOVEMENT 309
Convection 309
Continental Drift 312
Sea Floor Spreading 317
MODERN AND ANCIENT GEOSYNCLINES 321
CONTINENTAL ACCRETION 324
SUMMARY 327
REFERENCES 331
Appendix A Minerals 333
INTRODUCTION 335
MINERAL TYPES 340
Elements 340
Oxides 340
Silicates 342
Aluminosilicates 342
Layered Aluminosilicates 344
Carbonates 344
Sulfates 344
Sulfides 344
Appendix B Mineral Chemistry 345
INTRODUCTION 347
CHEMICAL NOTATION FOR MINERALS 347
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF MINERAL COMPOSITIONS 348
CONTENTS
Bar Diagrams 348
Triangular and Orthogonal Diagrams 349
Compositional Variation in Minerals 352
MINERAL SOLUBILITY 355
Congruent Solution 355
Incongruent Solution 357
REPRESENTATION OF EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN MINERALS
AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 358
Solid Solutions 362
The Chemical Basis for Mineral Stability Diagrams 364
SUMMARY 376
REFERENCES 377
Appendix C Normative Mineral Calculations 379
INDEX 385
|
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| spelling | Garrels, Robert M. Verfasser aut Evolution of sedimentary rocks Robert M. Garrels ; Fred T. Mackenzie 1. ed. New York Norton 1971 XVI, 397 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Géologie historique Roches sédimentaires Roches sédimentaires ram Historical geology Rocks, Sedimentary Sediment (DE-588)4054079-0 gnd rswk-swf Gesteinsbildung (DE-588)4157153-8 gnd rswk-swf Gesteinsbildung (DE-588)4157153-8 s Sediment (DE-588)4054079-0 s DE-188 Mackenzie, Fred T. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001391628&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Garrels, Robert M. Mackenzie, Fred T. Evolution of sedimentary rocks Géologie historique Roches sédimentaires Roches sédimentaires ram Historical geology Rocks, Sedimentary Sediment (DE-588)4054079-0 gnd Gesteinsbildung (DE-588)4157153-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054079-0 (DE-588)4157153-8 |
| title | Evolution of sedimentary rocks |
| title_auth | Evolution of sedimentary rocks |
| title_exact_search | Evolution of sedimentary rocks |
| title_full | Evolution of sedimentary rocks Robert M. Garrels ; Fred T. Mackenzie |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of sedimentary rocks Robert M. Garrels ; Fred T. Mackenzie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of sedimentary rocks Robert M. Garrels ; Fred T. Mackenzie |
| title_short | Evolution of sedimentary rocks |
| title_sort | evolution of sedimentary rocks |
| topic | Géologie historique Roches sédimentaires Roches sédimentaires ram Historical geology Rocks, Sedimentary Sediment (DE-588)4054079-0 gnd Gesteinsbildung (DE-588)4157153-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Géologie historique Roches sédimentaires Historical geology Rocks, Sedimentary Sediment Gesteinsbildung |
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