Poplars and willows in wood production and land use:
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| Previous Title: | Poplars in forestry and land use |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Rome
FAO
1979
|
| Series: | Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series
10 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Orig.-Ausg. u.d.T.: Poplars in forestry and land use |
| Physical Description: | XXXII, 328 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9251005001 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Poplars and willows in wood production and land use |c [Urheber]: International Poplar Commission |
| 264 | 1 | |a Rome |b FAO |c 1979 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 328 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series |v 10 | |
| 500 | |a Orig.-Ausg. u.d.T.: Poplars in forestry and land use | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Forests and forestry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poplar | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Willows | |
| 710 | 2 | |a International Poplar Commission |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)2062331-8 |4 oth | |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Früher u.d.T. |t Poplars in forestry and land use |
| 830 | 0 | |a Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series |v 10 |w (DE-604)BV001894993 |9 10 | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001367388 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804116539714043904 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | FAO Forestry Series
No 10
Poplars and willows
in wood production and land use
Published under the auspices
of the
International Poplar Commission
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome 1979
Contents
Introduction to the first edition v
List of illustrations xxi
List of colour plates xxvii
List of figures xxix
List of tables xxxi
1 Introduction 1
2 Historical notes 7
Origins and development of the cultivation of the Salicaceae 7
The International Poplar Commission and its activities 9
3 Poplars and willows in the world 12
Poplars 13
Section Turanga 13
Section Leuce 17
Subsection Trepidae 17
The aspen of Europe and Asia 17
American aspens 18
Hybrid aspens 18
Subsection Albidae 18
Central-eastern group of white poplars 18
Western group 19
Hybrids between subsections Trepidae and Albidae 20
Hybrids tremula X alba 20
Other hybrids 22
Section Aigeiros 22
Black poplar of Europe and Asia 27
Botanical and ecological characteristics 28
xi
Principal cultivars in use 29
Populus nigra cv Italica 29
P nigra cv Chile 29
P nigra var thevestina cv Hamoui 31
Black poplar of eastern North America 31
Botanical and ecological characteristics 31
Principal cultivars in use 32
Euramerican hybrid poplars 34
Early euramerican cultivars 35
Recently developed cultivars 36
(a) Italy 38
(b) Netherlands 38
(c) Belgium 38
(d) Germany, FR 39
(e) Spain 39
Section Tacamahaca 39
Asiatic balsam poplars 39
American balsam poplars 42
Inter-section hybrid poplars 43
Early hybrids 44
Hybrids developed by Stout and Schi einer 44
Recent hybrids 45
Section Leucoides 45
Willows 46
Willows of Europe and Asia 46
Sections Fragiles and Albae 46
White willow 46
Weeping willow 47
Other willows of the sections Fragiles and Albae 47
Section Capreae 50
Section Daphnoides 50
Section Canae 50
American willows 50
Section Nigrae 50
Section Pentandrae 51
Section Triandrae 51
Section Sitchensis 51
Hybrid willows 51
Hybrids between sections Fragiles and Albae 51
Hybrids between sections Nigrae and Albae 51
Hybrids between species of the section Capreae 52
4 Improvement and selection 53
Phenotypes and genotypes 53
Selection and improvement of poplars 54
Selection 55
xii
Controlled hybridization 56
Improvement objectives 60
Adaptation to environment 60
Resistance to disease 60
Resistance to insects 62
Creation of polyploids 62
Selection and improvement of willows 62
Selection 63
Hybridization 65
Artificial induction of mutants and polyploids 67
Experimental procedures 67
5 Ecology and physiology 68
Ecological requirements of the Salicaceae 68
Light 68
Oxygen 68
Water 73
Mineral elements 74
Mineral nutrients 74
Trace elements 75
Role of the soil 76
Physiological features 78
Reproduction from cuttings 78
Capacity to reproduce from cuttings 78
Influencing factors 79
Practical techniques 80
Root development 81
Morphology of the root system 81
Growth and regeneration of roots 82
Mineral nutrients 83
Leaf diagnosis 83
Fertilization 86
Deficiency correction 87
6 Propagation of poplars and nursery techniques 88
Propagation of poplars 88
Vegetative propagation 88
Propagation by cuttings 88
Grafting 91
Phenomena of induction 91
Multiplication by generative propagation 92
Harvesting of seed 92
storage Seed 92
xiii
Poplar nurseries 93
Siting of nurseries 93
Establishment of nurseries 93
Soil preparation 93
Fertilizers 93
Quality of cuttings 94
Setting out cuttings 95
Spacing of cuttings and types of plants 95
Keeping cultivars apart 100
Nursery management 100
Removal of surplus shoots 100
Weeding 100
Protection against pests and diseases 100
Trimming 101
Marketing nursery stock 101
Lifting and handling 101
Quality of plants 103
Identity 103
Health 104
Size and form 104
Varietal control and inspection 104
In the Netherlands 105
Other examples 106
7 Techniques for cultivation of the Salicaceae 107
Cultivation in stands and rows 107
Growing in stands 110
Choice of cultivar 110
Establishment of plantations Ill
Choice of site Ill
Soil preparation and use of fertilizers 114
Spacing 116
Preparation of planting pits 117
Season for planting 117
Choice and preparation of plants 118
Planting methods 119
Mixed cultivation 120
Tending of plantations 120
Care of the soil 120
Tending of trees 123
Experiments with coppice cultivation 125
Nature of experiments 125
Cultivation techniques 125
Choice of species and clones 125
Increasing output 127
Preliminary results 127
Cultivation in rows 127
xiv
Choice of cultivar 128
Cultivation techniques 128
Growing poplars under irrigation 129
Justification for using irrigation to grow poplars 129
Climatic conditions 129
Effects of insufficient water 130
Determination of water requirements of poplars 130
Application of the Turc method 130
Estimation of actual needs 133
Arrangements for irrigated cultivation 133
Various irrigation methods 133
Soil preparation 133
Planting 134
Application of water 134
Choice of clone for irrigated land 135
Traditional forms 135
Modern types 135
Yield and balances 136
Growing Salicaceae on land liable to inundation 136
Site characteristics 139
Configuration of the ground 139
Hydrological conditions 139
Floods 139
Water table 140
Soil conditions 141
Indicator plants 141
Choice of ground 143
Land suitable for poplars 143
Land suitable for willows 143
Choice of clones 143
Planting techniques 144
Soil preparation 144
Planting stock 144
Spacing 144
Poplar growing in the forest 145
Ecological considerations 146
Suitability of species and clones 147
Section Tacamahaca 147
Asiatic balsam poplars 147
American balsam poplars 147
Hybrids 148
Section Leuce 148
White poplars 148
xv
Aspen of Europe and Asia 149
American aspens 149
Interspecific hybrids 149
Section Aigeros 151
Planting techniques 152
Types of plants 152
Soil preparation and planting 152
Spacing 152
Trimming 153
Fertilizers 155
Replacements 155
Tending practices 155
Protection 155
Care 155
Pruning 155
Thinning 157
Silvicultural practices and objects of management 157
Section Tacamahaca 157
Mixed balsam poplar-beech 157
Mixed balsam poplar-spruce or -Douglas fir 157
Section Leuce 158
Future prospects 159
The economics of growing poplars 159
Growing poplars in stands 159
Growth 159
Economic aspects 161
General considerations 161
Examples of economics research 166
Plantations without thinnings 166
Plantations subject to thinnings 175
Short-rotation plantations 177
Conclusions 177
Growing poplars in rows 178
8 Maladies of the Salicaceae 181
Physiological disorders 181
Damage caused by weather 181
Cold 181
Late frosts 181
Early frosts 182
Wind 182
Steady wind 182
Wind storms 183
Hail 183
xvi
Sunscorch 183
Sunlight 183
Maladies arising from poor soil conditions 184
Heartshake 184
Disorders from chemical causes 185
Maladies caused by living organisms 186
Diseases of cryptogamic origin 186
Leaf diseases 186
Taphrina aurea 186
Melamspora spp 187
Septoria populi 190
Marssonina spp 190
Gloeosporium salicis 194
Venturia spp 194
Venturia populina 194
Venturia tremulae 194
Venturia chlorosperma 195
Diseases of trunks and branches 195
Septoria musiva 195
Hypoxylon pruinatum 198
Cytospora chrysosperma 199
Fusarium avenaceum 199
Dothichiza populae 199
Brown spot disease 202
Root diseases 203
Diseases of bacterial origin 204
Bacterial canker 204
Erwinia salicis 204
Other canker diseases of the trunk and branches 204
Virus diseases 209
Injurious higher plants 210
Viscum alba 210
Other phanerogamic parasites 210
9 Enemies of the Salicaceae: insects and other animals 211
Insects 211
Borers 212
Lepidoptera 212
Hepialidae 212
Aegeridae 212
Tortricidae 214
Cossidae 216
Pyralidae 216
Coleoptera 218
Buprestidae 218
Cerambycidae 221
xvii
(a) Saper da c archarias 221
(b) Saperda populnea 224
(c) Other cerambycids 225
Curculionidae 225
Platypodidae 227
Diptera 228
Defoliating insects 228
Lepidoptera 230
Coleoptera 231
Hymenoptera 234
Diptera 234
Sucking insects 234
Hemiptera 235
Homoptera 236
Gall-forming insects 236
Homoptera 236
Diptera 237
Hymenoptera 237
Other animals 237
Mites- 237
Nematodes 239
Vertebrates 239
Birds 239
Mammals 240
Rodents 240
Lagomorphs 240
Ungulates 241
(a) Deer 241
(b) Cattle 241
Other mammals 241
10 Properties and marketing of the wood of poplars and willows 242
Wood characteristics 242
Macroscopic features 242
Colour 243
Texture and grain 243
Annual growth rings 243
Microscopic appearance 243
Physical, mechanical and chemical properties 244
Physical properties 244
Density 244
Moisture content 246
Mechanical properties 246
Chemical properties 247
Marketing and storage of wood 247
Marketing 247
Storage 248
xviii
Principal defects of poplar wood 248
Defects 248
Remedies 249
11 Utilization of poplars and willows 250
Wood utilization 250
Rural uses 251
Industrial uses 251
Sawnwood (lumber) 251
Sawing techniques 251
Grading of sawnwood (lumber) 254
Drying 255
Utilization of sawnwood (lumber) 258
Conversion 259
Packaging and box manufacture 259
Slicing 260
Veneer peeling 260
Plywood 262
Light packaging and matches 262
Pulpwood 263
Wood-based panels 263
Pulp and paper 263
Miscellaneous uses 264
Total utilization of the woody biomass 265
Other uses 266
Ornamental use 266
Ornamental willows 266
Ornamental poplars 267
Section Leuce 267
Section Leucoides 268
Section Tacamahaca 268
Section Aigeiros 268
Landscape improvement 268
Traditional usages 269
Recent developments 270
Tending of planted stock 271
Nutritional value of the Salicaceae 272
12 Timber consumption trends and production by regions 275
Wood in the world 275
Roundwood removals 275
Forest products 277
Regional differences 277
Consumption trends 278
Poplars in the world 279
Areas of plantations 279
Wood removals 279
Regional situations 282
Europe 282
North Africa 283
Near East 283
Southeast Asia 286
Oceania 286
North America 287
South America 287
Conclusion 287
13 Poplars and farming 288
Different forms of integration 288
Integration on land liable to inundation 288
Integration on permanent pastures (rangelands) 289
Substitution for traditional agricultural crops 289
Rotation with agricultural crops 290
Row planting 292
Attempt at a balance sheet 292
14 Need for fundamental and applied research 305
Background 305
Research objectives 305
Systematics, identification and description of cultivated types 306
Biological characteristics 306
Ecological characteristics 307
Pests, diseases and natural hazards 307
Cultivation techniques 307
Genetic improvement 308
Populetums and experimental plantations 308
Productivity and profitability 308
Technological properties of poplar wood 309
Institutional framework: expenditure involved and returns 309
Research agencies concerned with improvement and cultivation
of the Salicaceae 310
Periodicals dealing with poplars and willows 313
Bibliographic references 314
Index 319
Technical terms 319
Species of poplars and willows 321
Cultivars of poplars and willows 323
Plant pests 325
Animal pests 327
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| id | DE-604.BV002088125 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T15:40:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)2062331-8 |
| isbn | 9251005001 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-001367388 |
| oclc_num | 21628839 |
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| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1028 DE-Eb1 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-1028 DE-Eb1 DE-188 |
| physical | XXXII, 328 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1979 |
| publishDateSearch | 1979 |
| publishDateSort | 1979 |
| publisher | FAO |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series |
| series2 | Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series |
| spelling | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use [Urheber]: International Poplar Commission Rome FAO 1979 XXXII, 328 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series 10 Orig.-Ausg. u.d.T.: Poplars in forestry and land use Forests and forestry Poplar Willows International Poplar Commission Sonstige (DE-588)2062331-8 oth Früher u.d.T. Poplars in forestry and land use Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series 10 (DE-604)BV001894993 10 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001367388&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO forestry series Forests and forestry Poplar Willows |
| title | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use |
| title_auth | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use |
| title_exact_search | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use |
| title_full | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use [Urheber]: International Poplar Commission |
| title_fullStr | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use [Urheber]: International Poplar Commission |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use [Urheber]: International Poplar Commission |
| title_old | Poplars in forestry and land use |
| title_short | Poplars and willows in wood production and land use |
| title_sort | poplars and willows in wood production and land use |
| topic | Forests and forestry Poplar Willows |
| topic_facet | Forests and forestry Poplar Willows |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=001367388&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001894993 |
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